امیر جعفرپور

Iran is one of the countries with the largest number of quarry mines in the world. Diamond cutting wire is usually used in quarries to cut dimension stone cubes, which is accompanied by hazardous events. Therefore, detecting and investigating the possible quarry risks is crucial to have a safe and sustainable mining operation. In mine exploitation, maintaining the safety of vehicles and increasing the knowledge of personnel regarding safety issues can considerably mitigate the number or radius of effect of hazards. Hence, the incidents and risks in the West-Azerbaijan quarries in Iran are investigated in this work. To do so, a list of the hazards and their descriptions are first prepared. Then the hazard risk rating is conducted using the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method. The number of priorities is calculated for each incident based on probability, intensity, and risk detection probability. Finally, the main causes of risks in the studies quarries are identified. The results obtained show that the most likely dangers in dimensional stone mines in West Azerbaijan are diamond cutting wire breaking, rock-fall, and car accidents, with the priority numbers of 216, 180, and 135, respectively. These hazards can be mitigated by applying some preservative activities such as timely cutting wire replacement, utilizing an intelligent system for cutting tool control, necessary personal training, and considering some preservative points.

Nowadays, many of Iran's dimensional stone quarries are affected by safety hazards, economic risks (such as: market demand decline, reducing of the production quality, increasing of production costs and raising of the final price of the product). This has led to a decline in production capacity or the abandonment of dimensional stone mines. So study these problems and safety hazards is very necessary to improve the status of mines and increase exports rates. The current study is a new approach to introducing economic problems alongside safety hazards for dimensional stone mines of West-Azerbaijan province. It also offers solutions to these problems. In this study, the safety and economic hazards were first identified. Then, the risk severity, probability of occurrence and probability of risk in 10 dimensional stone mines of West-Azerbaijan province were assessed by completing a questionnaire. The risk scores of each risk were determined using the FMEA risk assessment method. The results showed that volatility in mining activities laws, mineral prices, housing market, fixed capital, working capital, financing, renting of extractive products to processing plants and the impact of policy on mining economy including the risk is over 80 (high risk area). Of course, by formulating and implementing the right policies we can guide the construction stone industry to a safe margin from an economic point of view.

One of the important steps in designing and implementation of tunneling projects is analyzing and managing the risks from the viewpoint of geotechnical risks. Second part of the Emamzadeh Hashem tunnel is one of the greatest civil projects in Iran that has faced with serious and important challenges in design because of the poor geological structure and geotechnical condition in excavation track. In this research, try to be after the geological studying in the tunnel excavation track, the overall risk amount be assessed by fault tree analysis. During this study, 4 important event including damage to the personnel, damage to the TBM, damage to the restraint system and deflection from the excavation track was identified and studied by using the geotechnical hazards like: encounter to fault and comminuted areas, squeezing, water inrush and tunnel instability. Results of the analysis show that reasons of the higher risk in this project are damage to the TBM and damage to restraint system. So, the higher risk should be reduced by doing some reducer proceedings like concrete injection. After these proceedings, the overall risk came to the poor area in the risk classification. According to the results, in this project, damage to the TBM and damage to restraint system have the highest risks and their risks should be reduced by doing some reducer proceedings like concrete injection. After these proceedings, the overall risk came to the poor area in the risk classification.

The interest of Qajar leaders in minerals and the military and industrial needs of the country for mineral raw materials coupled with the necessity of industrial development of the country prompted state officials to pay greater attention to educating students in diverse fields of earth sciences (especially mining engineering). The recruitment of foreign experts and dispatching students to Europe mitigated some of the problems pertained to expertise and technical knowledge in this industry, but they were not sufficient. With the establishment of the Dar ul-Funun (Polytechnic School) and the recruitment of foreign teachers by Amirkabir, modern education in this field was significantly improved. The development of industry and science on a global scale, the expanded economic views of the Iranian political officials, the contribution of two university professors, Czarnotta and Schlimmer and the publication of new textbooks led to the growth of technical knowledge of mining engineering in Iran. With the graduation of Dar ul-Fonun students and the return of Europe-educated students, there was a surge in mining activity. Historical documents exhibit that in the years following the establishment of Dar ul-Funun, various industries made headway in Iran. The growing trend of mining activity in the late Qajar years can be seen as a manifestation of the education’s impact on the growth of the mining industry in Iran.

One of the most crucial factors involved in the optimum design and cost estimation of rock sawing process is the rock abrasivity that could result in a significant cost increase. Various methods including direct and indirect tests have been introduced in order to measure rock abrasivity. The Schimazek’s F-abrasiveness factor ( ) is one of the most common indices to assess rock abrasivity.  is the function of three rock parameters including the Brazilian tensile strength ( ), median grain size ( ), and equivalent quartz content ( ). By considering its formulation, it has been revealed that the coefficient of each parameter is equal, which is not correct because each parameter plays a different role in the rock abrasion process. This work aims to modify the original form of  by introducing three correction factors. To calculate these correction factors, an integrated method based on a combination of the statistical analysis and probabilistic simulation is applied to a dataset of 15 different andesite rocks. Based on the results obtained, the values of -0.36, 0.3, and -0.89 are suggested as the correction factors of ,  and , respectively. The performance of the modified Schimazek’s F-abrasiveness factor ( ) is checked not only by the wear rate of diamond wire but also by the cutting rate of the wire sawing process of Andesite rocks. The results obtained indicate that the wear rate and cutting rate of andesite rocks can be reliably predicted using . However, it should be noted that this work is a preliminary one on the limited rock types and further studies are required by incorporating different rock types.

The computer-based 3D modeling of ore bodies is one of the most important steps in the resource estimation, grade determination, and production scheduling of open-pit mines. In the modeling phase, the volume of the orebody model is required to be filled by the blocks and sub-blocks. The determination of Block Size (BS) is important due to the dependence of the geostatistical issues and calculations related to mining capabilities on it. There are some factors effective in the determination of an optimal BS including the metal content, estimation error, recovery percentage, mining ability, safety, and dilution. In this work, an optimal BS is determined using a two-stage approach. In the proposed approach, the Fuzzy Delphi Analytic Hierarchy Process (FDAHP) and Fuzzy Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis (FMOORA) methods are used. In the first phase, the weight of each criterion is calculated based on the opinions of the experts using the FDAHP method. In the second phase, the FMOORA method is applied in order to determine a suitable BS for the design and operation of mining considering the extracted weights in the previous phase. The block model of the Sungun copper mine is studied as a case study to evaluate the capability of the proposed approach. The results of implementation of this approach are desirable because of converting the opinions of the experts to fuzzy values, weighing the experts according to the experience and technical knowledge, weighting the criteria by FDAHP, and choosing the optimal option with FMOORA. Furthermore, the 12.5×12.5×12.5 m3 block (A5) is chosen as an appropriate BS, which is compatible with the real conditions of the studied mine.

Predicting the ampere consumption in carbonate rock sawing process is very important for the determination of the electrical energy cost per unit of production. In addition, ampere consumption prediction may be used for selecting the optimum operation parameters to obtain high production rate. In this study, it is aimed to develop fuzzy classification systems to evaluate and classify the carbonate rock based on physical and mechanical properties such as Brazilian tensile strength, equal quartz content, grain size, uniaxial compressive strength, Young modulus and Mohs hardness. Varieties of seven carbonate rocks such as Azarshahr travertine, Hajiabad travertine, Dare-bukhari travertine, Harsin marble, Salsali marble, Anarak marble and Haftooman marble were classified by developed fuzzy classification system. To validate the classification’s results, ampere consumption was recorded during sawing process for each studied rocks. The results of the study show that the three-class fuzzy classification system is capable to evaluate the carbonate rock saw-ability and ampere consumption during soft dimensional stone sawing process.

Nowadays, very important issues are considered by geological and mining engineers in extraction process of minerals. The important goals are: productivity and high production rates, improve working conditions and lower operating costs. The most suitable option to achieve these goals is to replace the traditional extraction methods with full-mechanized methods. The mechanization of the extraction operations is time consuming process and it requires high investment costs. So, cause special sensitivity in all design and implementation phases. Therefore, it is important to design, investigate and identify the capability of mechanization of coal layers in the first stage. For this purpose, the engineering capabilities of the coal layers of different mines should be analyzed that is important and necessary to achieve the above goals. Therefore, criteria affecting the mechanization of coal layers were identified. Then, 17 Stopes were studied that located in the Eastern Alborz Basin and Tabas mine. The combined used method to evaluate mechanization capability is combination method of Fuzzy set theory and FDAHP. The results of the fuzzy classification system presented in current study show that the T layer of Tabas has a good quality, the K11 layer of the Takht mine is located in the middle class and other layers have not qualify for mechanization properly. In the following, the results of this study were validated with current mining conditions. The results of the study showed that the multifactorial fuzzy classification system can reliably use to classify the mechanization of coal layers based on geological conditions.

The Coal Mine Methane (CMM) process involves: exploration, extraction and drainage of methane gas in underground mining during extraction process. Various factors affect the CMM operation efficiency. Investigating the relationship between these factors and their effect on the process of CMM is very important which has been less attractive to researchers so far. In this research, the effective criteria on the efficiency of CMM were identified using previous studies and expert opinions. Then, the criteria were classified in different levels using the Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) method. Then, the underlying relationships between the variables were determined using the experience and practical knowledge of the experts. Finally, a multi-level structural model was created. The results of this study indicated that the coal rank, geomechanical parameters and technical specifications of drilling holes of gas drainage are in the first level with the maximum impact on the process of CMM of underground coal mines. The capital and operational costs related to the CMM process are also at the fifth level of the model and have the least effect on CMM operation. Eventually, by charting the “Matrice d’Impacts Croises-Multiplication Appliqúe an Classment” (MICMAC) and its review, the categorization was done for each criterion based on the degree of influence and dependency. The results of this research can be used for management purposes and methane optimization of underground coal mines.

The longwall method is the most commonly method used in extraction of coal layers. The mining review records shows that the majority of the dangers of coal underground mines related to the sudden and uncontrolled roof fall-out of the stopes. Predicting the behavior and the ability to destroy the roof rock is very important for the successful execution of longwall method and reducing its risks. In this study, we will present a new fuzzy classification system by using the theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy multi-criteria approach to evaluate the roof quality of the coal mines. 

In the first step, 8 parameters were selected as effective factors in the classification system. This selection was performed after reviewing the parameters affecting the roof quality of coal mines. The parameters include: Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), Brazilian Tensile Strength (BTS), moisture sensitivity, spacing and continuity of discontinuities, thickness of layers, joints slope and difference of stopes’ and critical joints’ orientation.
 

Fuzzy classification system was presented after determining the parameters weight. The fuzzy classification system can evaluate and categorize the roof quality of coal mines. The classification qualitatively classified the quality of roofs in 3 classes (good, fair and poor). 

In order to evaluate the performance of the fuzzy classification system data of to 15 stopes in Eastern Alborz coal mines were evaluated. The results of this study showed that we can evaluate the quality of the roof rock with fuzzy classification system with high reliability in for coal mines roofs.

Due to the dimensions of the issue of transportation has gradually proven strategic managers and today is one of the comprehensive look at their concern is transportation. Iran's strategic position and the need for long term planning and foresight based and macro elements involved, the importance of high-level transportation management, while avoiding the waste of capital importance to a comprehensive look at it highlights (especially occasion 9-year-old and 2-year-old from the perspective of decades of progress and justice). In this study, at first transportation issues are identified, then the question of what and why transportation, its elements, their relationships through content analysis and macro-thinking move, credible sources, are answered. With qualitative research and using the snowball method of transportation experts in strategic dimensions, responded to questions about the separation and analysis of the transportation system. After analyzing the views collected the transportation pattern, and assessment and accreditation is final. Accordingly, priority of transportation issues are determined and the three elements of migratory transportation, moving and relocation network is formed in the policy-making and strategic management approach to planning, field preparation, implementation and evaluation of all three elements together and be the contemplated to be seen. The pyramidal pattern to the first with the ability to extend the surface transportation logistics, discussed and presented.

Today, one of the challenges in safety management of under-ground excavations is the water inflow into them. The tunnels and underground constructions are causing to remove a pile of soil and rock area and significant changes in the state of tension it’s around environment. Invasion of groundwater in-to the excavation area is a major problem in excavation of tunnels that is located below the hydrostatic levels. The un-derground-water inflow into the tunnels is an important issue in the tunnel engineering. The subsidence of the ground in hydrostatic levels, reduce the aqueduct water resources and springs that are located in downstream of the tunnel, are en-vironmental problems of the tunnel excavation operations. In the present study, the groundwater inflow into the Kouhin tunnel railway is modeling with FLAC2D software. The effects of groundwater inflows in the tunnel that while excavation are studied by numerical model. In other hands, initially in-vestigated the adverse environmental effects caused by the Kouhin railway tunnel excavation (subsidence the ground water levels and changes in the groundwater inflow in the region) and then provide some strategies for reducing these effects. The strategies that can be used in prevention of groundwater flow into the underground tunnels are: Under-ground water level recovery with application of concrete sealing operations without drainage and simultaneous use of forepoling methods that to be presented as a solution to re-duce environmental impact. Doing this requires using of con-crete lining with high strength properties to withstand hydro-static pressure of water collected on the back cover.

The process of pollutant adsorption from industrial wastewaters is a multivariate problem. This process is affected by many factors including the contact time (T), pH, adsorbent weight (m), and solution concentration (ppm). The main target of this work is to model and evaluate the process of pollutant adsorption from industrial wastewaters using the non-linear multivariate regression and intelligent computation techniques. In order to achieve this goal, 54 industrial wastewater samples gathered by Institute of Color Science & Technology of Iran (ICSTI) were studied. Based on the laboratory conditions, the data was divided into 4 groups (A-1, A-2, A-3, and A-4). For each group, a non-linear regression model was made. The statistical results obtained showed that two developed equations from the A-3 and A-4 groups were the best models with R2 being 0.84 and 0.74. In these models, the contact time and solution concentration were the main effective factors influencing the adsorption process. The extracted models were validated using the t-test and F-value test. The hybrid PSO-based ANN model (particle swarm optimization and artificial neural network algorithms) was constructed for modelling the pollutant adsorption process under different laboratory conditions. Based on this hybrid modeling, the performance indices were estimated. The hybrid model results showed that the best value belonged to the data group A-4 with R2 of 0.91. Both the non-linear regression and hybrid PSO-ANN models were found to be helpful tools for modeling the process of pollutant adsorption from industrial wastewaters.

Due to environmental pollution caused by various contaminants through mining activities, over the years, many chemical and physical methods used to purge ecosystems which often associated with high costs. Hence, today the biological resources of the environment are used to clean up contaminated areas with a variety of pollutants. One of the most inexpensive methods for removing contaminants from wastewater, water and soil, is phytoremediation processes. Summary: Given that in the real world, environmental factors affect each other, to achieve real results, the interaction between these factors should be considered. In this study, the cognitive map method to evaluate the impact of the environment on phytoremediation efficiency factors with regard to relations between them have been used in a case study. The development of mining activities and non-compliance with environmental requirements, has caused the huge amounts of contaminants of mining industry such as wastewater of mine concentrator plants enter to the environment through water. On the other hand, in recent years, the use of biocompatible phytoremediation processes in purify the wastewater of mine concentrator plants have been significant results. Evaluate the efficiency of phytoremediation process and identify different effective environmental factors on it, not only reveal the wider dimension of the application of this new technology, but also help to the designers of this natural systems to implement it. Methodology and Approaches: In this study, the cognitive map to identify causal relationships between environmental factors affecting the efficiency of phytoremediation mineral wastewaters and how each factor affect the efficiency of phytoremediation is used. Also determine the most effective identified factors assuming enabled each of the factors identified in cognitive map and implementing hybrid learning algorithm will be obtained that represents the impact of environmental factors on the efficiency of inorganic wastewater phytoremediation process. Results and Conclusions: The results of the study wastewater phytoremediation Sungun copper mine concentrator plant shows that "the amount of heavy metals in the tailings dam," with the relative weight of 0/37, "the metal content of ore," the relative weight of 0/34 and "dissolved heavy metals in wastewater, "the relative weight of the criteria 0/33, have been the most important environmental factors and have great impact on the efficiency of phytoremediation process.

The Dār-ol-Fonoun (Polytechnic) School of Tehran founded by Amirkabir in the Qajar Period along the European scientific progress, with the aim of teaching engineering, technical, military and medical sciences and promoting the level of the Iranian youth. A major step in advancing the goals of the engineering education in Iran was taken by recruitment of the European teachers in the various engineering fields. The engineering education at Dār-ol-Fonoun School needed to compile the academic books and scientific resources which was conducted by teachers and graduates of the School. The “Ma’dan-Shenasi” (Mineralogy) is one of the college books that was supposedly written by Dr. Johan Louis Schlimmer (1818-1880). He was one of the masters of the Dār-ol-Fonoun School. Three copies of this book are available in the Melli, Malek and Ayatollah Marashi libraries of Iran. In this research, this scientific work has been introduced and the various dimensions of this book have been examined. The research method has been a library study and all of the scientific sources and historical documents have been used. This book is based on De Re Metallica and De la Pirotechnia books which are considered to be the most significant in scientific and technical mining in Europe, written in the 16th century. In other hand, reviewing the old academic books shows the evolution and development of engineering education. Also, it can be useful for the purposes of university education and complete the historiography of the mining science education in Iran.

Dimensional stone mining includes tedious activities. It is necessary to study the safety and risk analysis with respect to the large volume of the diamond wire saws used and the number of accidents occurs in quarries. In this study, a safety risk analysis is done for Badeki marble quarries using FMEA method identifying the accidents happened in the mines. The results of analysis and ranking the risk of accidents showed that, wire saw tearing and rock fall are the biggest thread in these quarries. The average safety risk before and after reducer action in the quarries studied are 17.33% and 5.33%, respectively. It indicates a 69.23% decreasing trend in the total risk in these quarries. The results of this study showed that the initial risk in these mines can be greatly reduced by doing some changes and some preventive notices to secure the equipment and personnel.

Currently, the environmental protection has found an important role in most countries. The effluents of the Sungun Copper Mine Concentration Plant (SCMCP) have the destructive effects. The location of farms, especially around the mine, should be performed based on technical and economical topics. In the present study, in order to the consideration of the main aims of the Mine management, a multi-objective approach is used. The effluents of SCMCP have some destructive effects on the Arasbaran forests. Thus, determination of the proper locations to discharge the wastewaters of the SCMCP is one of the important issues which should be considered. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method is an appropriate method for measuring the efficiency. The development of uncertainty in the world, indicates the importance of DEA method and its applications.