امیر سماواتی پیروز

Cyberspace, while having capabilities such as wide range and universality, has destructive content that threatens the children’s social and sexual mental health. Therefore, in order to protect children's mental health, it is necessary to perform pathology at the beginning and to adopt a proportional criminal policy to protect the possible victims. The purpose of this research is to study the harms of cyberspace in children and to adopt a suitable criminal policy to protect the children’s right to social and sexual mental health. The importance and necessity of this research is that these injuries cannot be prevented without identifying the harmful ways and if the victims are not protected against the harmful cyberspace, serious risks will treat their mental health.

The research is theoretical and its method is descriptive-analytical.

Due to the lack of effective criminalization, injured children are not given differential criminal protections. According to the results, social interactions of children who use cyberspace too much decrease and they suffer from social isolation, which increases the possibility of depression in them. With the development of new technologies, children are not immune and are exposed to destructive data, which causes abnormal and dangerous sexual behaviors in them. Victimized children need support from the family, the government, government agencies and Non-Governmental Organization to reduce the amount of damage that has been done to the victim.

In spite of various benefits in different fields, virtual space has unfortunately damaged real social relationships in some cases. Children have not been excluded from this development and since they spend more time online, their physical and mental health is naturally exposed to serious risks. Therefore, by providing solutions such as creating a platform for the healthy and controlled productivity of the cyberspace by families and relevant institutions, a lot of harm can be prevented. Educational institutions can support children by creating culture and providing necessary training. In Iran's legal system, as long as the criminal laws do not provide independent criminal regulations for children’s mental, social and sexual health, the right to health will not be supported by an effective and deterrent criminal law and the vulnerability of the victimized children will be doubled.

Crime prevention in the digital environment is one of the important issues that has always been the subject of discussion. The role of media activists in the prevention of crime in the digital environment has not been paid much attention, and in this research, an attempt has been made to address this issue. Do they have crime prevention?

The present article investigated the mentioned question with descriptive-analytical method and using library method.

Media activists are effective in dealing with crime in the digital environment through criminal prevention in the light of criminal policy and through non-criminal prevention in the light of digital criminology. The role of media activists can play an important role in the criminal prevention of crime through the reflection of judicial events and public condemnation of crime, helping to detect and prosecute crimes, trial and conviction of criminals, searching and helping the police. Also, through social control, jurisprudence and criminology, and informing and warning, be effective in the non-criminal prevention of crimes in the digital environment.

Exercise can lead to cases of criminal or civil liability that have been more or less studied in some research. What has been reviewed in this research using descriptive-analytical research method; It is criminality and misconduct that are in fact the origin of the aforementioned responsibility. It should be noted that in sports operations, despite the fact that athletes explicitly or implicitly, both at the beginner level and at the professional level; Aware of the dangers, they have given consent to perform sports operations, and this satisfaction has been based on the fact that individuals are the owners and rulers of their physical integrity; This satisfaction is not absolute and faces an exception. In fact, whenever a crime or violation is committed in accordance with the rules of sports regulations or general criminal law, it creates liability for the offender. One of the most important ambiguities is to determine the diagnostic criteria for the crime or violation of the action. The complexity of the issue becomes more apparent when we know that most of the existing bylaws have not gone through the formalities set for approval and have often been approved and passed by the board of federations.

Deprivation of liberty is one of the most severe punishments in the world's criminal systems. Criminological and criminological ideas in the form of punishmentism and utilitarianism have always challenged the penal systems in applying this punishment. The lack of a coherent criminal policy and the adoption of contradictory positions towards incarceration and de-incarceration in Iran require that by studying the comparative criminal policy of an advanced legal system like England and identifying the criteria and measures of punishment in it, we should find out what are the effective components of Iran's legislative criminal policy in incarceration and de-incarceration? What changes have been made in this policy according to the law of 2012 as well as the law on reducing penal imprisonment in 2019? 

The research method in this article is a qualitative content analysis with a directional approach, which tries to emphasize the necessity of adopting a clear and codified legal criminal policy in the application of imprisonment by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the recent actions of the legislator.

In the Iranian penal system, there is basically no coherent penal policy, especially in the case of deprivation of liberty, although the legislator has periodically reduced the term of imprisonment and encouraged the use of quasi-criminal responses and fraternal institutions, but the last determination of the legislator in line with De-incarceration in the form of the Law on Reduction of Imprisonment due to the adoption of a contradictory criminal policy in the field of sentencing and punishment of similar crimes, the lack of rules to measure the severity of crimes, the lack of macro decision-making in criminal policy, the superiority of the paradigm of punitiveness over utilitarianism in the thinking and behavior of legislators and judges, and the lack The necessary infrastructure for the correct implementation of imprisonment and its alternatives, while not reducing the prison population, has also failed in the implementation of macro policies of de-incarceration.

preventing the crime of self-injury among the conscripts when on duty plays an effective and significant role in establishing an integrated behavioral and disciplinary system in the military environments. The purpose of this article is to prevent the occurrence of self-injury crime among conscripts and to address behavioral issues and problems and their criminal factors.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The data were prepared and evaluated using library study through collecting fiche cards and referring to legal sources and intra-organizational documents.

The results showed that intra-organizational and extra-organizational factors have a significant effect on self-injury among the conscripts. Individual, social, situational, welfare factors along with the quality of life of conscripts while serving play an important role in preventing self-injury. Regarding controlling the facilitating causes to this crime and in order of priority, adopting preventive measures, teaching, counseling and increasing the level of mental health of conscripts, and supervising the behavior of managers and officials have a direct effect and quick return.

Management issues and problems arising from the interaction of commanders and conscripts as well as special training for commanders on how to deal with conscripts and supportive measures in terms of intellectual strengthening and cultural training, spiritual development and correction of individual behaviors of conscripts play an important role in preventing the crime of self-injury in the conscripts. Therefore, serious and appropriate measures should be taken by the officials to minimize the thoughts of self-injury in the conscripts.

Pedophilia is one of the paraphilic mental disorders and is one of the groups of child abuse in heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual pedophiles. This disease is caused by a person's emotions and imagination. One of the best ways to identify pedophiles is to examine the person's instinctive reactions to audio and video stimuli related to children. The results of this research, based on descriptive-analytical method and using library tools, include that there is no definite and acceptable treatment for this disease, and that the measures proposed by experts include drug treatment and creating impotence. These measures are very effective in preventing crime because a pedophile, like other criminals, initially investigates the cost of the crime, and if he closes the government sponsors the act and can hide behind the mask of a patient, commits the crime. However, high penalties can be a serious deterrent to crime prevention. In Iran, according to recent cases and in accordance with Islamic jurisprudence, the perpetrators of these crimes, along with having elements constituting a crime, have considered class punishments in such a way that the legislator in articles of the law criminalizes acts against children and It has considered the punishment of imprisonment and flogging, and in other articles, it has considered a heavier punishment in case of sexual offenses such as intercrural sex and tribadism, and a much higher punishment in case of adultery and sodomy.

Crime prevention is one of the most important and usable issues in criminology and jurisprudence that in the years after the Islamic Revolution has always been considered by thinkers and elders and a lot of researches are conducted on how a crime may be committed.

The present study is a descriptive-analytical research and its data were collected by referring to related documents, speakers, books and articles.

The findings of the study show that according to the orders of the Supreme Leader, the prevention of crimes by only one branch (judiciary) is not possible and is faced with many problems; Therefore, the High Council for Crime Prevention is one of the most accurate and scientific, and in order to fully arrest it, it is necessary for other powers and government institutions to play a serious role.

Lots of efforts on crime prevention has been conducted, but the aims are not fulfilled yet. Uncertainty of crime prevention priorities, change of prevention priorities in the judiciary, lack of expertise and training in crime prevention (especially in the field of economic crimes), lack of approval of the approvals of the Crime Prevention Council, single command for the first time, participation and lack of expertise in crime prediction, lack of proper framework for culture building in this field and parallelism of some people, are among the reason of these unsuccessful efforts.

Compensation for innocently detained defendants and convicts is a relatively new legal establishment. Compensating the government for the mistakes of judicial personnel is a change in respecting the rights of criminal litigants. Decisions based on error or fault issued by judicial institutions, which result in irreparable damages, have a wide range of dimensions that, by not recognizing and paying attention to their nature, They will never be fixed; However, with the aim of preventing detainees due to judicial error, the present article is a comparative study of the criminal policy of Iran and the United Kingdom. - Inductive and in some issues has been done in a inferential way. Legal restraint, providing facilities for the implementation of new social punishments, preparing public opinion and legal elites with the disadvantages of imprisonment and the benefits of alternatives to imprisonment, are the most important requirements. The prevention of detainees from judicial error is based on the optimization of the adaptation of Iran's criminal policy to the achievements of British criminal policy in response to the strategy of using the teachings of release from prison. Therefore, if the number of judges, judicial staff, judicial officers and even lawyers and the use of electronic systems for judicial affairs are appropriate and on the other hand, the utmost care and effort is used in their training and recruitment, then the errors The conviction of innocent people is dramatically avoided.

The criminal intervention of the government in individual rights and freedoms in the form of criminalization of certain actions and behaviors is associated with, of course, is very controversial. This criminal intervention is based on various principles, including expediency. Based on this, the question arises whether criminalization has been done in the Iranian penal system on the basis of expediency? Also, how can the application of this rule in the criminalization of transnational crimes be justified?

This article is written analytically-descriptively

In the realm of criminal law, the principle is based on the freedom of individuals in society and criminalization and restriction of the freedom of individuals is an exception and needs a reason. In this regard, the powers of legislators in the field of criminalization of various behaviors are not unlimited and without any reason, the freedom of individuals can not be violated.

In the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the principle of expediency is accepted as one of the principles restricting freedom, and in this system there is the possibility of criminalization or criminal intervention of the government based on the principle of expediency. But its rules and criteria are not clear. Sovereignty is definable. The application of this principle in the form of transnational crimes is justified on the basis of the protection of national interests.

Today, there is no clear boundary between the sciences, many specialties are located between the sciences, including e-health and telemedicine. Of course, in general, this science can not be considered specific to health sciences or only in the field of information technology. However, telemedicine is one of the technologies that is expected to dramatically change the pattern of health care delivery, as it has already revolutionized many areas of this science, namely medicine. This technology is used as a communication tool that connects healthcare professionals and patients in different areas through telephone, wireless, fax, video conferencing and the Internet and many other means of communication and the possibility of providing medical services to patients without need. Provides for their physical presence. On the other hand, many other problems and issues related to the relationship between the patient and the physician, events and incidents that may occur in this regard and following various medical and therapeutic operations, although in traditional medicine and in other words where between the physician And the patient is not a barrier and the distance is largely resolved, but in relation to telemedicine this issue is debatable and needs to be studied and pondered. In medical services provided to the patient through the medical system remotely, the medical center where these services are provided is a party to the patient's contract, although in this case the contractual relationship between the patient and the telemedicine is not assumed, Subordinate form and based on principles such as employer responsibility, replacement responsibility and apparent representation with the medical center is discussed.

Writing of present research aims to investigate strategies in the course of reducing black record of crimes against children and to discover and reveal such offences in terms of their vulnerability. This study has been conducted using descriptive- analytical method and by means of librarian references. The conducted studies about this topic may interpret that due to some various reasons, the victimized children may not report the offences perpetrated against their own and as a consequence not only have not they been supported by what anticipated in law, but also they are undergone double injuries by secondary and repeated victimization. The child victims, who are called as ‘silent victims’ and or ‘suffering in silence’, should have potential to reflect the offences perpetrated on them and led to breach their rights in order to enjoy criminal supports and otherwise. Thus, it has been tried in this paper to display image of requisite for culture-building and public sensitivity to recognize basic rights for children and to report the infringement cases of such rights as well as their right of expression of victimization and right of hearing (in the court) in order to break silence in children and also to acquire trust from the victimized children in criminal justice system through providing some facilities in proceeding process. Such measures result in further discovery and revealing of crimes against children

Telemedicine covers a wide range of services such as teleconsultation, teleradiology and telecurgery; Providing telemedicine services to patients requires their informed satisfaction with the way services are provided, the treatment method and the potential risks of this method; the advancement of technology and the use of robotic surgery services is an effective step in medical science, including the benefits of patient access. Areas deprived of the expertise of this science do not need to travel long distances through the Internet and related technologies, but the potential dangers of this new technology require clarification of related laws, regulations and legal interpretations to maximize patients' rights. And better supported. Software and hardware disorders disrupt the surgical process and cause injury to the patient and may lead to the patient's death, so it should be considered separately and according to the consequences of each of these disorders, The differential criteria explained the criminal responsibility of the surgical team.

Sometimes problems and Difficulties happen in a humen’s life that unbalance the Compatibility a mental equivalence, therefore tensions and sadness come to life that maybe result in a mental disorders. The issue of Psychiatric patients with law and committing crime is one of the dilemmas of fair trial. Thus the court are responsible for attracting and capturing psychiatrist expert’s ideas. In all criminal laws checking the deserve punishment or removing penalties, of an offender is related to demonstrating this issue that whether a person who has a mental disorder ,due to the understanding the nature of criminal behavior has the ability to detect the criminal result or not. In this paper, we try to survey the approach of criminal justice system of Iran with problem and subject of unti-social personality and it’s effect on the attribution of crim to offender.