امیر پناه علی

The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of emotion regulation training based on Gross and Linehan’s model on the cognitive regulation of female teenagers who suffer from depressive symptoms. The research was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and one-month follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population comprised of female pupils in high schools in the academic year of 2021-2022 in Ardabil. The sampling method was purposeful and 66 female pupils were selected as a sample, who were randomly classified into two experimental groups and one control group (22 individuals in each group). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Educational Self-Regulation (ESQ) were employed to gather data. The research data was analyzed by mixed analysis of variance and repeated measures by SPSS-26 software. The findings indicated that the use of Gross and Linehan’s emotional regulation caused a difference between the experimental and control groups (P<0.05). However, Linehan’s emotional regulation method was more appropriate than Gross’s method in the post-test phase (P<0.05). This difference was also observed in the follow-up phase. In sum, it can be concluded that Linehan’s emotional regulation training was effective in improving the condition of the experimental group in the field of depression and cognitive self-regulation compared to the Gross method. Thus, it is recommended to use for students.

This study aimed to test the fit of a causal model explaining spousal violence through controlling behaviors and differentiation, mediated by psychological stress and spiritual well-being.A descriptive–correlational design using structural equation modeling was employed. The sample comprised 240 women experiencing domestic violence who referred to social emergency services and counseling centers in Tabriz during the first half of 2023, selected via purposive random sampling. Measures included the Haj-Yahya Violence Against Women Questionnaire, the Revised Controlling Behaviors Scale,the Differentiation of Self Inventory, the Psychological Stress Questionnaire, and the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL.Controlling behaviors had a significant direct positive effect on spousal violence (β=0.374, p<0.05), whereas differentiation showed a significant direct negative effect (β=−0.421, p<0.05). Controlling behaviors exerted a significant indirect positive effect on violence through psychological stress (β=0.496, p<0.05) and a significant indirect negative effect through spiritual well-being (β=−0.508, p<0.05). Differentiation was indirectly associated with reduced spousal violence via psychological stress (β=−0.611, p<0.05) and spiritual well-being (β=−0.578, p<0.05). Model fit indices indicated an acceptable fit (CFI=0.926, RMSEA=0.043).Spousal violence is shaped by intertwined behavioral, psychological, and spiritual mechanisms; therefore, comprehensive interventions should target controlling behaviors, enhance differentiation, reduce psychological stress, and strengthen spiritual well-being.

Given the increase number of Worrying divorce in worldwide, which causes psychological damage, social, economic, and cultural difficulties and limitations, a feeling of meaninglessness and dissatisfaction with life, financial problems, and the formation of many disabilities in divorced women. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to improving life expectancy in divorced women is not only a key factor in mental health and adjustment and improving the quality of individual life, but also has positive consequences for the family and society. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and mindfulness therapy on life expectancy of divorced women referring to Behzisti.
The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population consisted of all women referring to the Office of Admission and Coordination of Behzisti Target Groups in Tabriz City in the second half of 2023. The sample was 68 divorced women, taking into account the possibility of participant attrition, from which 60 people were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to a control group and two experimental groups (20 people in each group). The experimental groups received their specific treatment In 15 sessions 90 once a week.The measurement tool was the Snyder Adult Life Expectancy Questionnaire (1991). The data were analyzed by multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) with method using SPSS-22 software.
It showed that a significant difference was observed in the effectiveness of the two intervention methods of acceptance and commitment and mindfulness on the overall life expectancy score, and accordingly, the effect of the two interventions on life expectancy was different (p<0.05). Also, according to the results, Also, according to the results, there was a statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of the two interventions on the components of agentic thinking and strategic thinking.  (p<0.05).
According to the results, the effectiveness of the acceptance and commitment intervention was significantly higher, and the acceptance and commitment intervention was able to cause a greater increase in improving the life expectancy of divorced women. Also, the effectiveness of the acceptance and commitment intervention on the two components of functional thinking and strategic thinking was significantly higher than the mindfulness intervention.

The aim of this research was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness training and social competence on self-esteem of sixth grade male students in Tabriz. In regard to the purpose, this research was applicable and in regard to procedure, it was a semi-experimental type (pretest-posttest) with a control group. The study community included all boys studying in the sixth grade of Tabriz City in 2023-2024, that among them 90 students selected as samples and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and a control group (30 people in each group). The first experimental group received the mindfulness training package and the second experimental group received the social competence training package in eight sessions for 75 minutes by available sampling. Research questionnaire included: Cooper smith Self-esteem Inventory (SEI, 1965). mixed MANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test was used to analyze the data. Findings showed that The mindfulness training and social competence training Increased self-esteem in male students. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the effectiveness of mindfulness training and social competence training on self-esteem, and the effect of social competence training on Increasing students' self-esteem and its subscales were greater than that of mindfulness training. mindfulness training and social competence training were effective in Increasing self-esteem and there was difference between their effectiveness.

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on life expectancy and spiritual well-being of divorced women, referring to Behzisti. The method of this research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of this study included divorced women who referred to the Tabriz City Behzisti Office in the second half of 1402. Among the,m 40 people were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to an experimental group (20 people) and a control group (20 people). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to analyze the data. Two questionnaires, Spiritual Well-Being (SWBS) by Palotzin and Ellison (1983) and Adult Life Expectancy (AHS) by Snyder et al. (1991), were used to collect data. The findings showed that by controlling for the pre-test effect, there was a significant difference between the mean post-test of life expectancy and spiritual well-being in the experimental and control groups at the 0.05 level. Therefore, from the above findings, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment therapy was effective in increasing life expectancy and improving spiritual well-being.

Marital infidelity is one of the most serious challenges faced by families, which has many consequences and therefore requires serious intervention. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and emotion-focused therapy on early maladaptive schemas, marital quality, and cognitive emotion regulation in couples experiencing infidelity. This study employed a quasi-experimental design. The statistical population consisted of couples affected by infidelity in Tabriz. A sample of 21 couples was randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. To measure the variables, the following instruments were used: Young’s Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire, the Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire by Busby, Crane, Larson, and Christensen, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by Garnefski and Kraaij. Data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance. The results showed that schema therapy significantly reduced the schemas of abandonment, distrust/abuse, defect/shame, vulnerability to harm, enmeshment, and self-sacrifice, and was more effective than emotion-focused therapy in these areas. In contrast, emotion-focused therapy was more effective for the schemas of emotional deprivation, subjugation, and emotional inhibition, as well as for the marital quality subscales of agreement and satisfaction, and for both adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation. According to the results of this study, psychotherapists should consider using both therapies to address the psychological difficulties of couples affected by infidelity, in order to reduce their emotional distress and improve overall functioning.

The main objective of this study was to formulate an academic failure model based on academic procrastination and academic burnout with the mediating role of mindfulness.

The research method was structural equation modeling, consisting of four variables: academic procrastination and academic burnout as independent variables, mindfulness as a mediating variable, and academic failure as the dependent variable. In this study, the Solomon and Rothblum Academic Procrastination Questionnaire (1984), the Breso et al. Academic Burnout Questionnaire (1997), and the Baer et al. Mindfulness Questionnaire (2006) were used. Participants consisted of 510 male and female upper secondary school students in Ardabil who had experienced academic failure or were at risk of academic failure, selected through purposive sampling.

The results indicated that, in examining direct effects, academic procrastination and academic burnout had a direct, negative, and significant effect on mindfulness (p = 0.001). Academic procrastination and academic burnout had a direct, positive, and significant effect on academic failure (p = 0.001). Mindfulness had a direct, negative, and significant effect on academic failure (p = 0.001). Furthermore, in examining indirect effects, academic procrastination and academic burnout had an indirect, positive, and significant effect on academic failure through the mediating role of mindfulness (p = 0.001).

Ultimately, the academic failure model based on academic procrastination and academic burnout with the mediating role of mindfulness demonstrated a good fit.

Type 2 diabetes as a challenging and multifaceted disease, is closely related to mental health problems. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effectiveness of integrated cognitive-behavioral therapy combined with mindfulness and acceptance and commitment therapy on illness perception, and treatment adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Forty-five patients with T2DM were included in the current study. The MiCBT and ACT interventions were delivered in 8 group sessions. The Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ; Broadbent et al., 2006), and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8; Morisky, 2008) were administered in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages for all three groups. The obtained findings were analyzed using mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests in SPSS 27.

The analyses of variance and post-hoc tests indicated that the MiCBT and ACT interventions had significant effects on improving illness perception, and treatment adherence in patients with type II diabetes, and these improvements were sustained during the two-month follow-up. Furthermore, following the results of the post-hoc test, both interventions, MiCBT and ACT, showed similar effects on enhancing illness perception, and treatment adherence in patients with type II diabetes, with no significant differences reported in the effectiveness of the two interventions on psychological functions.

The results of this study emphasize the importance of using cognitive-behavioral therapy integrated with mindfulness and acceptance and commitment-based interventions to enhance the psychological capabilities of patients with type 2 diabetes in Iran. Therefore, specialists, researchers, and therapists in this field can utilize these interventions as effective treatment options based on research evidence to improve the psychological functioning of patients with type 2 diabetes alongside their medical and pharmacological treatments.

One of the challenges faced by women who experience recurrent abortion is a decrease decline happiness. There Various methods methods aim increase enhance happiness well-being these women, including yoga-based intervention interventions positive-oriented intervention. interventions. purpose of this study was to to conduct a study analysis the effectiveness of yoga-based intervention interventions positive-oriented intervention interventions on the of pregnant women with who have experienced.

This semi-experimental study employed a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a follow-up period of two months. The statistical population consisted of all pregnant women experiencing recurrent abortion, abortion who visited centers of in city in during winter of 2023. In the first initial phase, women with experience of more than 2 recurrent abortion were selected and then randomly into assigned to two (15 women in each group) and a control one (15 women) were women). The underwent yoga-based participated in a (10 sessions of 90 minutes) and minutes each) and a (14 sessions of 90 minutes), but minutes each), while group received no training and remained in the waiting list. Data were collected using the questionnaire Happiness Questionnaire Hills developed by Argyle. Data analysis was performed using conducted software with software, employing variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni correction.

The results of the study indicated that both interventions had a significant effect on happiness (P < 0.05). Additionally, the results of Bonferroni post hoc test revealed that the positive-oriented intervention had a greater impact on reducing unhappiness compared to the yoga-based intervention (P < 0.05).

It can be concluded that, in addition to the effectiveness of both treatments, prioritizing positive-oriented interventions is essential for improving the happiness of women who have experienced recurrent  abortions.

The present study aimed to compare recognition memory and memory confidence among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) subtypes—washing and checking—and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) using an experimental post-event design. The sample consisted of 45 patients referred to Razi Hospital Clinic in Tabriz in 2023, divided into three groups of 15 each: washing-type OCD, checking-type OCD, and GAD. Participants were aged 20 to 45 years, had at least a high school diploma, and included both genders. Memory was assessed using two computerized word lists, comprising recognition and recall tasks. Data were analyzed through multivariate analysis. Findings indicated significant differences among groups in recognition memory and memory confidence (p < 0.05), with the checking-type OCD group demonstrating poorer performance compared to the other groups. These results highlight the differential impact of emotional disorders on cognitive memory components and emphasize the need for targeted cognitive and psychotherapeutic interventions to improve memory functioning in OCD and anxiety patients.

The purpose of this study was to comparative study of the effectiveness of yoga-based intervention and positive-oriented intervention on sleep quality of pregnant women with recurrent abortion.

This semi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with control group and follow-up 2 month. The statistical population was all pregnant women with recurrent abortion, referring to the health centers of Qazvin city in the winter of 2024. In the first stage, 45 women with experience of more than 2 recurrent abortion were selected and and then randomly divided into 2 experimental groups (15 women in each group) and a control group (15 women) were replaced and experimental groups underwent yoga-based intervention and positive-oriented intervention, but the control group received no training and remained in the waiting list. To collect data Pittsburgh sleep quality Index (PSQI) of Buysse and et al. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-28 software with analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni.

The results of the study showed that of both interventions had a significant effect on sleep quality (P<0.05). In addition, the results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that yoga-based intervention has a greater effect than the positive-oriented intervention on reducing sleep quality. (P<0.05).

It can be concluded that in addition to the effectiveness of both treatments, the priority of using yoga-based intervention in improving sleep quality of women who have women with recurrent abortion.

The research method was a fundamental research in terms of its purpose, and a quantitative research in terms of its nature, and a descriptive-correlational research in terms of its implementation method, which was carried out in the form of non-experimental studies and with the structural equation modeling method, and the statistical population included all couples who had at least one experience of virtual infidelity. Text messages or phone calls and sex in Khoi city were in the first six months of 1401. According to the rule of thumb, 480 people were selected by purposive sampling method for each observed variable. The questionnaires of marital infidelity, spouses' attachment styles and cognitive flexibility were used to collect information. Data analysis was done with SPSS27 and AMOS24 software and the results showed that the research model fits the collected data. There is a negative relationship between secure and rejecting attachment styles with marital infidelity, and there is a positive relationship between fearful and preoccupied styles with marital infidelity. Also, the mediating role of flexibility in the relationship between preoccupation with marital infidelity was confirmed. There was a direct and significant effect coefficient between compatibility (-0.38) and sexual satisfaction (-0.49) with marital infidelity (P<0.001). A direct and significant effect was observed between compatibility (0.29) and sexual satisfaction (0.44) with cognitive flexibility (P<0.001). However, due to the non-significance of indirect coefficients, the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between adaptation and sexual satisfaction with marital infidelity was not confirmed.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of emotion management strategies based on emotion-oriented couples therapy approach on sexual satisfaction and communication patterns in married women. The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population included all married women working in the education department of Tabriz city in 2022. The sample of this research included 30 sample people who were willing to participate in the research and were selected through available sampling. Then, among the research sample, 15 people were randomly replaced in the control group and 15 people in the intervention group (emotion management strategies based on emotion-oriented couple therapy approach). Data were collected using Hudson et al.'s (1981) sexual satisfaction questionnaire (ISS) and Christiesen et al.'s (1984) communication patterns (CPQ). The intervention of emotion management strategies based on the emotion-oriented couple therapy approach was carried out during 9 sessions of 40 minutes once a week; But the control group did not receive any intervention. The research data was analyzed by mixed variance analysis (repeated measurement). The results showed that the effectiveness of emotion management strategies based on emotion-oriented couple therapy approach was significant on sexual satisfaction and communication patterns (p<0.05). According to the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that emotional management strategies based on emotional couple therapy approach are effective on sexual satisfaction and communication patterns in married women.

 Discovering the interaction of psychological structures and the collective effect on attitudes towards marriage in our society seems to be a vital issue and addresses a significant gap in psychology and marital counseling. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship of self-esteem and spiritual intelligence with fear of marriage in college students with the mediation of mental toughness.

 The present study was descriptive-correlational in nature. The statistical population comprised all male and female students at the Islamic Azad University, Sardasht Branch, totaling 670 individuals, of whom 358 were selected through purposive sampling. For data collection, standardized tools were employed including Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (1965), King's Spiritual Intelligence Scale (2000), Ahvaz Psychological Hardiness Scale (2006), and Richard's Fear of Marriage Scale (2007). Data analysis was conducted using Spearman's correlation tests and Structural Equation Modeling on SPSS and AMOS Version 24.

 Self-esteem had a significant inverse effect on fear of marriage (β = -0.330, P < 0.001). Similarly, spiritual intelligence significantly inversely affected fear of marriage (β = -0.210, P < 0.001). Psychological hardiness also had a significant inverse effect on fear of marriage (β = -0.20, P < 0.001). The indirect effect of self-esteem on fear of marriage through psychological hardiness was significant and inverse (β = -0.054, P < 0.001). Likewise, the indirect effect of spiritual intelligence on fear of marriage through psychological hardiness was negative and significant (β = -0.062, P < 0.001).

 Self-esteem, spiritual intelligence, and psychological hardiness significantly inversely affected fear of marriage, underscoring their diminishing role in this phenomenon. Specifically, it was found that self-esteem and spiritual intelligence not only directly but also indirectly reduced fear of marriage through enhancing psychological hardiness.

Pregnancy anxiety is prevalent among women with a history of recurrent miscarriage and can have negative consequences for maternal and fetal health. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectivness of yoga-based intervention and positive-oriented intervention on pregnancy anxiety of pregnant women with recurrent abortion.

This quasi -experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with control group and follow-up 2 month. The statistical population was all pregnant women with recurrent abortion, referring to the health centers of Qazvin city in the summer of 2024.  In the first stage, 45 women with experience of more than 2 recurrent abortion were selected and then randomly divided into 2 experimental groups (15 women in group yoga-based intervention and 15 women in group positive-oriented intervention) and a control group (15 women) were replaced and experimental groups underwent yoga-based intervention and positive-oriented intervention, but the control group received no training and remained in the waiting list. To collect data pregnancy-related anxiety scale (P-RAS) of Huizink and et al (2004). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-28 software with analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni.

The results of the study showed that both interventions had significant effects on pregnancy anxiety (P<0.05). In addition, the results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that yoga-based intervention has a greater effect than the positive-oriented intervention on reducing pregnancy anxiety (P<0.05).

It can be concluded that in addition to the effectiveness of both treatments, the priority of using yoga-based intervention in improving pregnancy anxiety of women who have women with recurrent abortion. It is suggested that therapists and psychological specialists in this field use such therapeutic interventions to reduce the problems of pregnant women who experience recurrent abortion.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between infertility stress and social support with post-traumatic growth, considering the role of resilience mediation in infertile couples in Mahabad city.The method of this research was descriptive-correlation using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research included all infertile couples who referred to the infertility centers of Mahabad city in the winter of 2022, and 140 eligible people were selected from the sexual impotence and infertility clinics of Mahabad city through targeted sampling. The tools used are post-traumatic growth questionnaires - Tedeschi and Calhoun (1996); Infertility stress Newton et al (1999); Social support was by Zemen et al (1988) and resilience by Connor and Davidson (2003). The findings showed that according to the direct and indirect coefficients and the Sobel resilience test, it did not play a mediating role in the relationship between infertility stress and post-traumatic growth of infertile couples. But resilience was able to play a mediating role in the relationship between social support and post-traumatic growth of infertile couples. These findings have significant implications for practice and clinical research that may provide guidance for professional counseling and psychological interventions for couples experiencing infertility.

This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of Bowen's family therapy and solution-oriented therapy on emotional divorce, marital burnout, and emotional differentiation of couples seeking divorce. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included all couples applying for divorce referring to the courts of Sari city in 1400. The sample was selected from the psychological service centers of Sari City purposefully. The sample size was 42 people, randomly assigned to two experimental groups of Boen family therapy and solution-oriented and control therapy, with 14 people (7 couples) in each group. The tools used in this research were Gutman's emotional divorce (2010, GED), Kaiser's marital distress (1993, MDS), and emotional differentiation (1988, DSI). The experimental groups received Bowen's family therapy and solution-oriented therapy during 8 60-minute sessions. The data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference at the level of 0.05 between the mean of the post-test of emotional divorce and marital exhaustion and emotional differentiation in the three groups. Also, the follow-up test results showed no significant difference between the two experimental groups at the 0.05 level. Considering the effectiveness of Bowen's family therapy and solution-oriented therapy in couples applying for divorce, the use of these interventions in counseling centers is suggested.

Birth of a mentally retarded child as a crisis can affect the mental health of family members, especially mothers. Aim of the research was to compare the effectiveness of life-skills training and meaning-therapy on psychological well-being and parenting stress of mothers of mentally retarded children. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population was all the mothers of mentally retarded students in exceptional schools of Urmia(2020-2021), using available sampling method, 60 people were selected as a sample, and assigned to two experimental groups(40 people) and a control group(20 people). Ryff questionnaire(to measure psychological well-being), Matson questionnaire(to communication skills) and Abidin questionnaire(to mothers' parenting stress) were used. The first group received life-skills and the second group received meaning-therapy through a 10-session training package, and the control group didn’t receive any educational intervention. The data were analyzed using one-way and multivariate covariance tests. Results life-skills training was effective in increasing psychological well-being and its five subscales, and reducing parenting stress and its subscales(p<0.05), meaning-therapy training has been effective in increasing psychological well-being and its four sub-scales, and reducing parenting stress and its sub-scales(p>0.05). In comparing the effectiveness of life -skills and meaning-therapy in psychological well-being; sub-scale of purposeful life and under parenting stress; the sub-scale of problematic child characteristics and stress-parenting had a higher effectiveness than meaning-therapy.

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of family therapy based on emotional divorce, marital burnout, and emotional differentiation of couples applying for divorce. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included all couples applying for divorce referring to the courts of Sari city in 1400. The sample was selected from the psychological service centers of Sari city purposefully. The sample size was determined to be 28 people who were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The tools used in this research were Guttman's emotional divorce (1995, GED), Kaiser's marital distress (1993, MDS), and Skowron's emotional differentiation (1988, DSI). A pre-test was taken from both groups before the intervention. The experimental group received solution-oriented treatment during 8 sessions of 60 minutes. The research data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance at a significance level of 0.05. The data analysis showed that by controlling the pre-test effect, there was a significant difference between the post-test mean of marital boredom and emotional differentiation in the two experimental and control groups at the level of 0.05, but this difference was confirmed in emotional divorce. did not happen This means that solution-oriented family therapy has reduced marital boredom and increased the emotional differentiation of couples applying for divorce. Therefore, solution-oriented family therapy is an effective way to reduce marital boredom and increase the emotional differentiation of couples applying for divorce.

Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between self-esteem and secure style with fear of marriage in students mediated by psychological hardiness.

The present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population was all male and female students of Islamic Azad University, Sardasht Branch, 670 of whom were selected through purposive sampling. Rosenberg's self-esteem questionnaire , Hazan and Shaver's attachment styles, Ahvaz psychological hardiness, and Richard's fear of marriage were used to collect data. Data analysis was also performed using Spearman's correlation tests and structural equation modeling in SPSS and AMOS version 24 software.

Self-esteem had an inverse and significant effect on fear of marriage (β=-0.330, P<0.001). Safe style also had a significant and inverse effect on fear of marriage (β=-0.210, P<0.001). Psychological hardiness also had a significant effect on fear of marriage (β=-0.20, P<0.001). The indirect effect of self-esteem on fear of marriage through psychological hardiness was also significant (β=-0.054, P<0.001). At the same time, the indirect effect of safe style on fear of marriage through psychological hardiness was also significant (β=-0.062, P<0.001).

Self-esteem, safe style, and psychological hardiness had a significant inverse effect on fear of marriage, which emphasizes their reducing role in this phenomenon. Specifically, it was found that self-esteem and a secure style reduced fear of marriage not only directly.

The aim of the current research was to determine the effectiveness of the emotion-oriented approach on early maladaptive schemas, quality of married life, and cognitive regulation of emotion in couples who have experienced infidelity. The current research was semi-experimental. The statistical population of the current research included couples who had witnessed betrayal (the betrayer and the betrayed) and visited the counseling centers of Tabriz city from April 1400 to August. The sample including 14 couples was selected and randomly divided into 2 groups. The experimental group received emotional intervention and the control group did not receive any intervention. The measurement tools included Young's early maladaptive schemas questionnaire, Busby, Curran, Larsen and Christensen's Marital Life Quality Questionnaire and Garnevsky and Kraij's Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Multivariate analysis of covariance using Spss software was used for analysis. The results showed that emotional therapy has significantly reduced emotional deprivation, abandonment, social isolation, deficiency, dependence, distress, sacrifice and emotional inhibition in the post-test stage. Also, the emotion-oriented approach has significantly increased the components of the quality of married life, agreement, satisfaction, and cohesion, as well as increasing the cognitive regulation of compatible emotions and reducing the cognitive regulation of incompatible emotions.

Attention to the emotions related to school and education is important because the students spend much time in school. Some of the researchers concluded that emotions are under the influence of people's intelligence. Mathematics teaching based on Gardner multiple intelligences is considered one of the relatively novel educational methods whose effectiveness on the students' academic performance has been confirmed in several studies. It is said that Gardner's multiple intelligences are effective on the students' mathematics achievement emotions (joy, tiredness, and anxiety). Achievement emotions appear in different academic situations: while the student is in the classroom, and while the student is studying, and at the time of an exam. Measures should be taken to ensure that educators and teachers use education based on multiple intelligences so that the impact of these methods on students' academic emotions (pleasure, anxiety, and fatigue) can be witnessed. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of mathematics teaching based on Gardner's multiple intelligences on mathematics achievement emotions (joy, tiredness, and anxiety) in sixth–grade female elementary school students.

The present research was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all sixth–grade female elementary school students studying in Tehran City, Iran, in the academic year 2021–2022. A total of 40 students were selected through multi–stage randomized sampling. First, one district (District 2) was randomly selected from the educational regions of Tehran (19 districts), and a list of girls' elementary schools in this district was prepared. Among these schools, one non–governmental school was randomly selected, and two sixth–grade classes were randomly selected and placed in the experimental and control groups. To control for the role of the intelligence variable in the research results, students with average IQ were selected, and the Raven Intelligence Test scores in the student's academic records were used to select these students. The sample was randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received a mathematics teaching package designed based on Gardner's multiple intelligences for 8 sessions, and in each session, they studied mathematics for grade six for 30 min. The control group received the usual method (traditional method) of teaching mathematics. Data were collected using the Mathematics Achievement Emotions scale – Elementary Grade (Lichtenfeld et al., 2012). The data obtained from the pretest and posttest were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods such as frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistical methods through 1–way multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) in SPSS software version 26. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.

Univariate covariance analysis showed the implementation of mathematics education based on the intelligence theory. Gardner's multiple intelligences had a significant effect on increasing the emotions of mathematical achievement related to pleasure in the three situations of math class, math homework, and math test (p<0.001) so that the implementation of the educational intervention increases the emotion of joy in the experimental group compared to the control group. Also, the results show that implementing the educational intervention reduced the emotion of math achievement related to anxiety in math class, math homework, and math exams (p<0.001). Finally, implementing math education based on Gardner's multiple intelligences reduced the emotion of math achievement related to fatigue in math class and math test situations (p<0.001).

According to the present research findings, the multiple intelligences–based educational intervention method effectively improves the level of emotions of mathematical progress.

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of an educational package of math lessons based on Gardner's multiple intelligences on the components of academic well-being and tolerance of ambiguity in female students. The research utilized a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group. Participants included female students in the second year of elementary school in Tehran during the academic year 2021-2022. They were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (20 people each) and a control group (20 people). The experimental group received training through a math package based on Gardner's multiple intelligences for 8 sessions of 30 minutes, while the control group received traditional training. Data collection tools included academic well-being questionnaires (AWQ, Badri-Gargari et al., 2018) and ambiguity tolerance questionnaires (MSTAT-II, McLean, 1993). The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Findings, after controlling for the pre-test effect, revealed a significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean post-test scores for behavioral, mental, and social well-being, as well as tolerance of ambiguity in the two experimental and control groups. Based on the results, it can be concluded that utilizing Gardner's multiple intelligences in the form of educational packages is effective in enhancing psychological variables such as tolerance of ambiguity and academic well-being in students.

Emotional divorce is one of the most common phenomena in Iran. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of Glasser reality therapy in a group manner on marital adjustment, emotional differentiation and intimacy in couples with emotional divorce. The research method was a semi-experimental one-group type with a time series design. From the statistical population, married couples with emotional divorce who had referred to Andisheh and Allameh Amini Centers for counseling, 16 couples (8 couples) were included in the sample group in a targeted way. The participants completed 8 sessions of couple therapy based on reality therapy in a group manner (two sessions per week), each session lasting 1.5 hours. Before the intervention, after the end and one month after the end of the intervention, the participants answered the questions of the Marital Compatibility Questionnaire, the Couple Differentiation Scale, and the Marital Intimacy Scale. The obtained data were analyzed by the repeated measures ANOVA. The results of the research showed that the intervention of Glasser reality therapy in a group manner increases marital compatibility and intimacy of couples in couples with emotional divorce. Also, the results showed that this increase continues in the follow-up phase. The results of this research didn't confirm the effectiveness of Glasser reality therapy in a group manner intervention on the emotional differentiation of couples with emotional divorce

This research was conducted with the aim of developing a causal model for predicting marital infidelity based on attachment styles with the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in couples. The present research method is part of fundamental research in terms of its purpose, quantitative research in terms of its nature, and descriptive-correlational research in terms of implementation method, which was conducted in the form of non-experimental studies and with structural equation modeling method. The statistical population included all couples who had at least one experience of infidelity in virtual form, SMS or phone call and sexual intercourse in Khoi city in the first six months of 1401. According to the rule of thumb, 480 people were selected by purposive sampling method for each observed variable. In order to collect information from the marital infidelity questionnaires of Yenisari and Kokdemir (2006), spouses' attachment styles (1991) and cognitive flexibility of Dennis and Vanderwaal (2010) was used. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling using SPSS27 and AMOS24 software. The results showed that the research model fits the collected data. There is a negative relationship between secure and rejecting attachment styles with marital infidelity, and there is a positive relationship between fearful and preoccupied attachment styles with marital infidelity. Likewise, the mediating role of flexibility in the relationship between busyness and marital infidelity was confirmed.