اکبر احمدی

Finding effective and effective solutions and methods with comprehensiveness and a high level of inclusion in the matter of combating and controlling and preventing drug abuse is an important concern and the highest level of need. Measures must be taken. This research has been done by examining religious jurisprudence rulings in the field of drugs and addiction for the purpose of combating, controlling and preventing.

This article is descriptive-analytical. The materials and data are qualitative, and in collecting the materials and data, the fiche method was used.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

Islamic jurisprudents have used the breath of narcotic drugs as a criterion for the evaluation of mandatory rulings and conditional rulings. The jurists consider the ruling of drugs to be deadly poisons and their rulings apply to other drugs as well. Some of them have considered the personal and social effects of drugs and have ruled and given fatwas regarding personal and social harms.

Regarding the disciplinary and preventive nature, the Islamic ruler has the right to adopt policies and measures regarding enjoining the good and forbidding the evil, and even the evidence of the necessity of preserving and surviving the Islamic system in preventing harm and crimes resulting from narcotics and psychotropic substances.

One of the serious issues that has been considered and examined by policymakers, economic, and trade professionals in Iran for many years is the development of non-oil exports and the existing obstacles to its development. This issue arises from the fact that export development, as a trade strategy, is recognized as the engine of economic growth, progress, and development in countries. Similarly, identifying and striving to remove the factors that hinder export development is also of particular importance. This is because export development and foreign exchange generation, in addition to increasing national income and improving the foreign balance, can also enhance the country's bargaining power on the international stage, especially in times of economic sanctions and from a political perspective. Some of the problems and shortcomings in export development or target market expansion are domestic, such as the high production cost of Iranian goods compared to competing products due to the unreal exchange rate, exporters' lack of awareness of various banking export services, the lengthy process of granting loans, and low productivity of production factors, among others. On the other hand, some problems are external, such as the hostile trade policies of powerful global countries and the inability to participate in international trade-facilitating forums and organizations. Prioritizing these issues and challenges for resolution is of great importance."

The research follows an applied methodology using a descriptive-survey approach for data collection. It analyzes customs records from 2001 to 2018 and qualitative data from a 2017-2018 survey of exporters by the Trade Promotion Organization of Iran to identify and prioritize export barriers.
The data analysis is conducted using the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP), a method designed for decision-making under uncertainty. FAHP uses triangular fuzzy numbers to evaluate and compare export barriers based on multiple criteria. This method allows for flexibility in the number of independent variables but may face reliability issues if expert judgments are inconsistent. The study aims to systematically rank the key barriers to non-oil export development.

The findings of this article reveal that the country's non-oil exports from 2001 to 2018 fell short of the projections outlined in the Sixth Development Plan. Both market concentration and the diversity of exported goods have declined. On average, 25% of the total annual value of non-oil exports during the study period came from the sale of just five products. The number of countries importing goods from Iran also decreased from 170 in 2008 to 147 in 2018. In 2018, more than 80% of the value of non-oil exports was concentrated in just nine countries. This indicates that despite an increase in export value, non-oil exports have become heavily concentrated in a few countries, largely due to factors like political and economic sanctions. In fact, the combined export value to four countries—UAE, China, Iraq, and South Korea—exceeded the total export value to the other 145 countries in 2018.
 

According to the prioritization of export development challenges in this article, the most important issues relate to the "production of export goods," followed by the "export process" and the "overall political and economic environment" of the country. The ten main barriers to the development of non-oil exports in Iran are:  High production costs, High exchange rates for imported raw materials, U.S. sanctions against Iran, High transportation costs to target markets, Short-term product pricing strategies focused on immediate profit,
Foreign policy issues, Lack of understanding of customer preferences and needs, High tariff rates imposed by target countries, High costs for obtaining sales permits from domestic authorities, High taxes on the import of raw materials and high customs clearance costs.

Addiction and abuse of drugs is one of the most important social harms in our country, which is very worrying due to its increasing scope, depth of influence and bad consequences, and as the most important harms and social problems of the country. In this research, the jurisprudential foundations of addiction have been investigated with the aim of reducing the cost of the family and society. 

The current article is descriptive and analytical and library method was used to collect data. 

  Ethical considerations:

 In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.                          

It indicates that most of the Islamic jurisprudents have declared the use of drugs as haram if it brings harm and they believe that it destroys the human intellect and with this ruling, it can to some extent solve social issues and problems such as Addiction should be effective to prevent people's tendency towards drugs through religious beliefs and making spirituality stronger.                                                                          

In jurists, they believe that prevention is always better than treatment because the treatment of problems requires a lot of social and family costs and as a disease it paralyzes the society. Although Islamic jurists' views on preventing drug addiction are not the same, the majority of jurists believe in the sanctity of drug use. And this fatwa has an effect on reducing the cost of the family and society.

The right to health is an important issue in international and domestic documents. The purpose of this research is to analyze jurisprudence and legal guarantee of the implementation of this right for children by parents. This means that with a normative approach, an effort has been made to clarify the needs and shortcomings in this field.

This article is qualitative and descriptive, and its method is analytical, which was done by referring to documentary sources.
Ethical Considerations: Ethical principles, including accurate citation and use of sources, have been observed in accordance with the principles of referencing.

The right to children's health is not very clear in domestic laws, including the constitution. But its dimensions can be found in some other special laws related to children and teenagers. However, the patriarchal approach, neglecting injuries and injuries against children by parents are important weaknesses of the laws related to child-parent relations.

The right of parents to the health of their children in Iran, despite the emphasis of jurisprudence, is not given much attention by the legislator. Among other things, the legislator's approach towards the right to life, the right to prevent the persecution of children is not clear. Because the legislator does not consider the parents as deserving of punishment until the child's corporal punishment leads to a fracture or visible injury. In addition, mental and spiritual health, which is very evident in the jurisprudence and tradition of Imams, has been neglected by the legislator.

Please cite this article as:Hossein Mardi M, Ahmadi A, Afzalnejad NA. Guaranteeing the Implementation of the Right to Children's Health by Parents from the Perspective of Jurisprudence and Law Analysis. Medical Law Journal. 2023; 17(58): e34.

The growth of mining is a sign of people's desire to reduce their dependence on centralized economic and legal systems in the age of information technology. In this article, an attempt has been made to investigate the role of mining in the development of trade with a jurisprudential approach.

This is a descriptive-analytical article using the library method to investigate the question.

Ethical considerations:

 In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Findings indicate that the extraction and sale of cryptocurrencies are not in conflict with rules such as high risk transaction, usury and the principle of maintaining order and has been accepted in terms of the principle of compromise. Meanwhile, cryptocurrencies are influential in business development. Cryptography has facilitated monetary and trade relations by eliminating intermediaries. In addition, cryptocurrencies are secure and transparent; It is international and is not sponsored by any bank. The result of such features is the development of international trade.

Given the development of cyberspace and its functions in human life today, it may not be necessary to avoid the use of cyber money and it is necessary for economic policymakers to have a clear approach to digital currency in regulating this phenomenon. Iran can not be indifferent to domestic and international monetary, commercial and economic events and needs and its political and social consequences.

Economic development and political system have reciprocal effects on each other. The present study seeks to investigate the role of economic development in maintaining the Islamic system from a jurisprudential and legal perspective.

The present study is qualitative and theoretical. The method used is also descriptive-analytical and referring to documentary sources including jurisprudential sources.

Economic development in Islam, if based on the revival of the dead and the spread of work culture, the use of charity and the denial of usury, the promotion of endowment and moderation and avoidance of luxury, important legal consequences such as deprivation, poverty alleviation, creation Peaceful relations between the people will lead to the denial of dependence on foreigners, the strengthening of the Islamic system and the establishment of justice.

In the present study, fidelity in the use of resources and accurate referral has been observed.

The model of Islamic economic development that can be achieved in the shadow of economic security, in practice should implement the elimination of deprivation, creating satisfaction among the people, providing services and promoting the economic model of Islam based on the interaction of material and spiritual affairs. In this case, the people are satisfied with the political system and the political system is protected from internal and external threats.

The optimal pricing of goods and services is one of the most challenging issues in economics. Scarcity of resources which causes a good or a service priced more expensive, on the one hand, and its costs of production on the other, motivate researchers to find optimum price. This paper investigates an optimal pricing scheme for Iran’s IXPs services including 1Ge ports, 10GE, and 100GE ports through a Fuzzy Geometric Programming model. “Internet exchange points” (IXPs) are infrastructures through which Autonomous Systems (AS) such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs), Content Delivery Networks (CDNs), Content Providers (CPs), and other internet networks, peer with each other to exchange internet traffic more efficiently. These points provide their members with a wide variety of services. How should these services be priced so that the maximum number of potential members can be connected to IXP and also the profit of IXP is maximized? The FGP model answers these questions. According to the results of this paper, the demand for the services of IXPs is a function of the price of ports and the number of services provided in each IXP. This demand function is normal; i.e., the quantity demanded has a negative relationship with the port price and a positive relationship with the number of services. The demand function for 1GE ports is price inelastic, while the elasticities of the price for 10GE and 100GE is greater than 1. Also, it has been shown that the optimal price of the Iranian IXP services based on the FGP model proposes a higher price of 10.3% compared to its current price, and a lower price for 10GE and 100GE ports of 1.75% and 14.5% respectively compared to the current price. The sensitivity analysis shows that the changes of price elasticity up to 90%, have no impact on the profit of IXP, but it has a small effect on the optimum price.

The formation of a political system in Islam is one of the basic ways to implement religious rules and regulations. However, the preservation of the political system is also an important step in this direction, which is pursued in various ways by the five religions of Islam. Due to the position of protection of the Islamic system, the present article seeks to discuss how to protect the Islamic system in the eyes of the Fifth religions.

The method used in the present study is comparative, descriptive and analytical and the collection of articles is done by library and documentary methods.

In the political system considered by Imami jurisprudence, the basic principles in protecting the system are followed through jurisprudential rules, i.e. the sanctity of disrupting the system, the rule of expediency, denying the separation of religion from politics, observing moral principles, government rules and the basis of justice, but in the four Sunni jurisprudences, the protection of the political system revolves around coercion and domination and giving authority to the ruling person to govern society.

Ethical considerations: 

In writing this article, ethical principles such as fidelity in the use of resources, the use of original and scientific resources, as well as accuracy in the use of documentary material have been observed.

The protection of the political system in Shiite jurisprudence is based on the observance of justice, the establishment of religious rule, legitimate jihad, the necessity of maintaining order and also the interest of the general public. But Sunni jurisprudence reinforces non-patriarchal tendencies and seeks to empower the ruler and shape rigid relationships for protection, rather than based on the rights of the masses, their well-being, and the implementation of sharia law. It is from the political system.

The present paper aims to identify the most important factor that explains productivity changes in energy use in Iran over the period of 1385-1394-. Towards this end, the authors have utilized three symmetric industry by industry input-output tables namely, IOT at 1385 constant prices introduced by research center affiliated to Iranian parliament, IOT at 1390 constant prices introduced by Iran’s statistics center and the 1394 -IOT updated by RAS method. Jacob (2003) attribute productivity Changes in energy use to six factors.  The authors have applied the Jacob formula to decompose productivity changes into six cause factors namely, changes in value added, changes in energy consumption, changes in domestic energy supply, structural changes -technology factor, final demand changes, inter industry final demand changes pertaining to agricultural, industry, power, transportation and other service sectors. The results of this study reveal that productivity changes in energy use is negatively affected by value added changes while changes in energy consumption in agriculture and power sectors had a declining impact on productivity and the effect of other factors in productivity changes has been negligible over the period under study.

In recent years the business model has been attracted researchers' and practitioners' attention due to its impact on the success of every business. A collection of research in the field of art shows little attention to the selection and design of the art business model, and this issue can be considered as one of the reasons for not doing the right thing in the business of this area. This subject has been grounded to investigate business models to identify suitable methods for Iranian handicraft activities in the present study. Using mixed-method, after reviewing the literature related to the topic, the theoretical framework was identified. Then, in the quantitative section, using the Correlation method, we studied a set of methods used in the Laljin pottery business based on the Osterwalder model. We found that the Osterwalder model, does not cover handicraft business in several elements and there is a need for a different business model. In the qualitative section using grounded theory, based on the effectuation theory, we propose a new efficient business model, called "Fish Business Model". In this model, entrepreneurs are like fishes moving in the wavy sea, and using their real capabilities they build their business model. This model presents suitable managerial and executive methods of a business of production and supplying handicraft products as a coherent process and covers all international rules and regulations.

The issue of the liability of the usurper in respect of the profits derived from ‎the usurped property has long been a bone of contention among Muslim jurists. Differences of opinion among the Islamic jurists, and the variety and ‎insufficiency of the previous arguments are the reasons for ‎writing this article. On this issue, Abu Hanifa and his early followers believe that the usurper is by no means liable for the profits derived from the usurped property. ‎Malik b. Anas also believes that the usurper shall not be liable in the case of not using. The Shafi'iyya, the Shi'a and the Hanbali, however, believe that the usurper shall be ‎liable whether or not he derives benefit from the property. ‎The inaccuracy of applying usurpation to profits, the opinion that profits are not capable of being owned (property), the tradition of Al-kharaj bial-ziman (profits against ‎liability), and deductive analogy ‎(qiyas) form the basis of the arguments posed by the jurists who believe in the non-liability of the ‎usurper.‎ On the other hand, assessment of profits, profits being customarily considered as capable of being owned (property), the rule of the sanctity of Muslim property, the permission to similar transgression, accuracy of applying usurpation to profits, the conduct of the wise and the ‎liability for the forfeiture resulting therefrom, the rule of “no harm” (la zarar) in addition to ‎authentic traditions and consensus among the jurists are the most important arguments by the jurists who believe in the liability of the usurper for the profits derived from the usurped property provided that profits are capable of being bartered in a rent contract.