اکبر زارع

Practical exams in technical and vocational organizations are vital tools for assessing and measuring the skills and technical knowledge of employees and volunteers. Serving as the primary assessment tool, these exams provide standard and scientific criteria for measuring occupational competencies and play a crucial role in human resource recruitment, employee development, and service quality improvement processes. The objective of this research was to design a pattern for the evaluation of practical exams in technical and vocational organizations. The research method was mixed (quantitative and qualitative). In the qualitative section, the participants included experts, trainers, and practitioners with experience in technical and vocational practical exams. Purposeful sampling was used in this section, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The quantitative sample consisted of trainers and learners from the technical and vocational organization in Fars province, totaling 306 individuals selected randomly using the Morgan table. Constructed questionnaires were utilized to collect quantitative data, and the validity and reliability of the tool were assessed using valid evaluation methods. Data analysis was performed using various methods in both sections; qualitative analysis employed open and axial coding, while quantitative analysis utilized factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The results of the analyses indicate that the pattern for evaluating practical exams in technical and vocational organizations should place more emphasis on financial dimensions, budgeting, infrastructure, management, design, structure, evaluation, and assessment schemes. These findings will assist officials and policymakers in technical and vocational education in designing a more comprehensive and effective evaluation pattern.

Nowadays, the handling of claims and the process of resolving disputes in international arbitration has become increasingly important and significant. is. The international commercial arbitration law has included a set of regulations for the parties to the dispute and the arbitrator, which includes many cases, including the terms of the arbitration agreement, to the discussion of the arbitrator's competence and characteristics in the proceedings for the correct method of arbitration. In this regard, the termination of the arbitrator's mandate and the termination of the international drug litigation process during the discussions related to arbitration are of great importance. A set of conditions leads to the termination of arbitration, among which we can mention the discussion of arbitrator's injury, as one of the most important approaches of international arbitration law in the process of the correct method of arbitration and the process of termination of arbitration. Other conditions that lead to the termination of arbitration include the expiration of the arbitration period, the deterioration of the arbitration agreement, the issuance of a decision and the termination of arbitration. This research aims to provide an answer to the investigation of termination of arbitration in international arbitration.

An abuse of emergency is a situation in which an unfair contract is made to a person in an emergency Is imposed and the distressed person, due to these emergency conditions, accepts an excessive commitment against her/his will and consent or waives his right to the other party. In the law of most civilized countries, contracts based on the abuse of urgency are considered distinct from emergency transactions and are subject to separate provisions. In our country's law, Article 179 of the law, which is adapted from the law of France, deals with this issue and in such cases, for the distressed, the right to amend the contract is considered. But most jurists believe that this article is specific to shipping and maritime affairs and cannot be generalized to all cases of emergency abuse. Therefore, different theories have been expressed, including validity, invalidity, right of termination, non-influence and right of adjustment. As one of the results of this research, it can be said that contract modification theory has advantages that other opinions do not have. This theory can also be confirmed by the basis of the abuse of rights in Iranian law, which is the "no harm rule".

Crime and delinquency are considered important in society because the criminal spends his energy on committing crime and delinquency instead of education, employment and other things that are effective for the society. This issue has occupied the public opinion. And in all societies, there is an effort to prevent people from committing crimes by knowing the factors. Also, crime is a natural phenomenon in society and society's responses to crime are studied in criminology and criminology. One of the reasons for a person's delinquency and his subsequent sentencing to prison is the deficiencies in his socialization process in the family. Therefore, the purpose of sentencing the accused to prison is not because of the suffering and torment on him, but to ensure the peace and security of the society. Also, prison causes a person to stay away from family and society, and in addition, they often look at him as a criminal, which sometimes causes the collapse of the family unit. As we can see, today the punishment of prison, which was once one of the honors of mankind, has turned into a breeding ground for delinquency and its correctional and rehabilitation function has failed. For this reason, it has been criticized by lawyers and criminal systems. In this research, we have tried to investigate the criminology of prisoners' delinquency, and the research method used in this research is using the library method and data collection.

The concept of abuse of urgency in its general sense includes both emergency transactions resulting from reluctance and includes emergency transactions that, in the specific sense of the word, abuse the state of emergency. Since Article 206 of the Civil Code considers emergency transactions to be valid, many traders, aware of the state of emergency and special distressing circumstances, take advantage of this situation and enter into a transaction with distressed persons. So, the question that comes to mind here is what is the guarantee of such transactions in Iranian and French law?     

This is a qualitative and applied research in terms of purpose and in terms of collecting information by documentary method and studying international documents, sources related to the subject and the obtained information has been analyzed descriptively-analytically.

In the law of most civilized countries, such as France, contracts based on the abuse of urgency are distinguished from emergency transactions and are subject to separate provisions. In our country's law, Article 179 of the law, which is adapted from the law of France, deals with this issue and in such cases, for the distressed, the right to amend the contract is considered. Accordingly, various opinions have been expressed about distressed transactions in case of abuse of urgency, which can be summarized in five comments: 1- The validity of the transaction 2- The validity of the transaction with the right of termination for the distressed 3- No influence of the transaction 4- Transaction; It seems that considering the realization of the spiritual element of reluctance, the non-influence of the transaction in this case is more compatible with legal logic.

Certain norms of international law which are peremptory in nature such as prohibition of torture and genocide has been recognized as jus cognes by international society and any conflicting rule is declared as void. However, international law has its root in State wills as always. Thus, international society has not managed to enumerate examples of its peremptory rules but also to define its concept without any ambiguity. It is evident that there are some rules such as prohibition of use of chemical weapons which are not declared as peremptory rules but their general nature resample to peremptory rules and meet the criterion of peremptory rules of international law. Common feature of rule the rule prohibiting use of chemical weapons with the rules such as prohibition of torture is that all of these kind of rules prohibit heinous acts which cannot be tolerated by Conscience of any human being. This article seeks to answer the question that whether the rule of prohibition of use of chemical weapons is a peremptory rule. Although, the rule has not expressly been declared as a peremptory rule, but it is in conformity with the criterion and elements of general nature of the rule as embodied in the report of international law commission in 2017.

The most recent reactions of States to the use chemical weapon in Syria, whether in the form of institutional co-operation, for example, measures set forth in UNSC Resolutions 2118 dated September 27, 2013, 2209 dated March 2015 and 2235 dated August 7, 2015, or individual reactions, including the US response to the use of chemical weapons in Khan Shaykhun suggests the obligations arising under Article 41 of the draft Articles of 2001 International Law Commission, following a breach obligation arising under a peremptory norm of general international law. Therefore, this paper seeks to answer the fundamental questions whether the rule in question is acceptable as a peremptory norm of general international law. A positive answer to this question will lead to questions about how to respond to the breach. According to the criteria set out in the report of International Law Commission reporter of 2017, the aforementioned rule has made its way to the top of international law norms, but practice of States in reacting the breach of the rule shows that any reaction to its violation must conform the relevant legal framework and using legitimate means.

driving violations rate in IRAN are very high and adverse consequences resulting from it has led that driving violations are one of the most important social issues in the country. Due to increasing violations in Iran in recent years, present study has attempted to examine risky driving behaviors.
This study was cross-sectional study. In this study, the target population was all light vehicle drivers in the Yazd city who have committed a traffic violation. The sample size for performing the study was 300 subjects. Sampling method was cluster. Data was collected using a questionnaire during the pilot study had proven the validity and reliability of different parts. After gathering, data was analyzed using spss18 software, Anova, T-test, correlation and regression.
Participants in this study were 288 men and 12 women. Average age of subjects was 33.29 years that 49% of subjects, were in age group 18-30 years. 73 (24.3%) of subjects were single and 227 (75.7 percent) were married. High-risk behaviors are reported while driving, talking with other passengers (73.6 percent), consuming foodstuff (42.7 percent), unfasten the safety belt (38.7 percent) and talk on cell phone (36.7 percent), non-compliance gap length (27.4 percent), the illegal speed (34 percent), illegal overtaking (22 percent) and driving fatigue (17%). Between age and risky driving behaviors, there was an correlation that dangerous behavior is increased by increasing age. there was an relationship between driving experience and risky behavior.
Extraordinary expansion of driving offenses and its harmful consequences has made it as one of the country's most important social issues that should be considered. Therefore, it is recommended that driving offenses are more considered as a social problem in scientific public. According into the results of this study suggest that a systematic plan should be performed to train people about the traffic rules until to keep traffic under control.

The purpose of this paper is to study the determinant factors of education and age equality in the marriage. The Sample was 419 subjects of Yazdian couples by the method of cluster sampling. Most respondents were Females and they believed that the equality of marriage and age would cause better situation for marriage. In other words, the findings showed that there was a positive and meaningful relationship between equality of age and education with media and there was an inversely relationship between equality factors as mentioned above with media. Regression test indicated that 84 percent of changes in equality of age and education in marriage could explain 4.2 percent of equality of education in marriage.