ایرج تیموری

A timely and comprehensive assessment of the urban ecological environment and its evolving trends is essential for urban planning, human habitation, and sustainable urban development. This research aimed to evaluate the spatio-temporal changes and conduct a comparative analysis of the ecological livability index for the years 2003 and 2023 in the metropolis of Tabriz. By utilizing Landsat and MODIS images, we prepared 5 key variables: Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Normalized Water Difference Index (NWDI) to calculate the ecological livability index. Data analysis was conducted using ArcGIS Pro, Excel, and Google Earth Engine (GEE). The results derived from the CRITIC method for variable weighting indicated an upward trend in ecological livability. Specifically, the average ecological livability index in 2023 was 1.60 compared to 1.58 in 2003, reflecting an overall improvement in livability quality.

Earthquakes are the most destructive and deadly natural disasters. Kermanshah, as the largest metropolitan city in the central-western part of the country, has significant regional influence politically, socially, economically, and demographically. Due to the city's poor urban structure, Kermanshah is highly vulnerable to earthquakes, and the probability of emerging problems and critical situations is very high in the event of an earthquake. Therefore, it is necessary to provide systematic and efficient methods for crisis management to reduce the level of vulnerability. This study aims to identify the factors affecting physical vulnerability and provide a method and model to assess the vulnerability of urban areas to help urban management reduce casualties and damages caused by earthquakes before, during, and after the crisis. The research is applied, and the method used is descriptive and analytical. The study uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model in the ARC GIS software environment to measure and prioritize the vulnerability of different regions of Kermanshah city. The results indicate that 31.69% of the city's buildings are located in very high and high vulnerability zones regarding physical sustainability, with Region 3 being the most vulnerable area. In terms of crisis relief efficiency, 13.65% of the city's buildings are in very high and high vulnerability zones, with Region 5 being the most vulnerable area. Regarding physical vulnerability, 23.78% of the buildings are in very high vulnerability zones, and 34.97% are in high vulnerability zones. Regions 3, 7, 4, and 2 are the most vulnerable areas in Kermanshah in the event of an earthquake.

Improving the quality of urban life in informal settlements is crucial for addressing the socio-economic and environmental challenges faced by their residents. This study conducts a meta-analysis of research on the quality of urban life in informal settlements in Iran, aiming to develop a standardized questionnaire for its assessment. Employing a mixed-methods approach (quantitative and qualitative), this research systematically reviews previous studies and researcher-designed questionnaires. Data analysis is performed using meta-analysis techniques and exploratory factor analysis. Surveys and structured interviews were the primary data collection methods in the reviewed studies. The findings identify four key dimensions essential for measuring urban quality of life in informal settlements: social (six factors, score = 74.983), physical (eight factors, score = 74.194), economic (four factors, score = 72.227), and health & environmental (two factors, score = 69.917). These results highlight the importance of a structured framework for assessing and improving urban life in these settlements. By utilizing standardized indicators, this study proposes a comprehensive tool to evaluate and enhance the quality of urban life in informal settlements in Iran.

Globalization has led to the fact that today, in addition to playing a role locally, cities also expand political, economic, cultural, and international relations. With the continuation of globalization, the management of international relations of cities has emerged in the network of global cities in the form of city diplomacy. Considering its privileged position in the Middle East and Asia, Iran has a lot of capacity to activate diplomacy in its cities. From this point of view, the current research aims to identify and categorize authentic scientific research articles (ranked) by the Ministry of Science, master’s theses, doctoral theses, and authentic authored and translated books in the field of city diplomacy in Iran

This research investigated the studies conducted in the last ten years using a meta-synthesis (systematic) method. By understanding the approaches and nature of each one, he investigated the structure of scientific works, including methodology, indicators, method of data collection and analysis, and the results obtained to find the positive aspects and gaps. Analyze research. First, by searching for the keyword “city diplomacy” in reliable scientific databases (Magiran, Civilica, Jihad University Scientific Information, Google Scholar, and Samaneh Ganj Irandak), scientific works that had the word “city diplomacy” in their main titles were collected. Then, the initial review of articles and theses and limiting them to the valid scientific-research articles of the Ministry of Science, as well as the valid theses and theses of state universities, and their coding was undertaken. The inclusion criteria of the studies included conducting research and publishing the research in the Farsi language and in the form of full text. Among all the studies, 30 studies were selected due to meeting the inclusion criteria. A total of 19 scientific research articles, five master’s thesis titles, one doctoral thesis title, three authored book titles, and finally, three translated book titles were published in the period of April 2013 to March 2014 related to city diplomacy

The findings of the research show that the weakness of studies in the field of city diplomacy in Iran in the early 90s is quite evident, which has gradually increased the quality of articles, especially in recent years. The cities of Tehran, Mashhad, and Shiraz, respectively, have the largest number of research works in the field of city diplomacy. In relation to the specialized areas of works published in the field of city diplomacy in Iran, it can be said that the most published works are related to experts in the fields of political science, urban planning, geography, and urban planning. The most important dimensions of city diplomacy investigated by the researchers in Iran include seven dimensions of urban economy: urban culture, urban development, urban security, urban representation, urban networks, and finally, urban research. Also, the other findings of the research indicate that in relation to the nature of the research under review, the frequency of applied research is more compared to basic research, while the research review, especially in the last 5 years, indicates a growing trend of fundamental research in the field of city diplomacy in Iran. Of course, it should be pointed out that from the sum of the analyses carried out in a documentary and meta-synthesis way, it appears that despite the importance of city diplomacy in Iran as one of the most basic tools of decentralization in the management of the international sphere, and on the other hand, as one of the main factors of national and transnational development, the weakness of studies in this field is very tangible, in such a way that the largest number of researches conducted in this field is in the period of 1402-1396. This is even though very few scientific works in this field were able to be reviewed before that. The lack of a publication that is specific to studies in the field of city diplomacy in Iran is very evident. The interdisciplinary capability of the concept of “city diplomacy” has made it possible to use experts in various fields of humanities in studies related to city diplomacy. From this point of view, it is necessary for thinkers related to the field of city diplomacy in Iran to work hard in order to establish a special publication with concepts related to city diplomacy. The results show that in terms of geographical distribution, Tehran province (Tehran metropolis) is in first place, followed by Khorasan Razavi (Mashhad metropolis) and Fars (Shiraz metropolis), respectively, ranked second and third. It seems that one of the main reasons for researchers’ interest in conducting research in the field of city diplomacy in the mentioned metropolises is the significant number of sister cities and also the image of their desired destination, which, as a result, leads to the strengthening of relations in the fields that are different from other cities in the world.

The results of this research show that there are many advantages for Iranian cities, especially big cities, to enter the field of city diplomacy actively and within the reasonable demands of the national government, but one of the main reasons for the inefficiency of the city diplomacy system in Iran, especially in big cities, is a lack of independence in decisions by the local government (big cities); in such a way that all the decisions in this field are completely dependent on the international relations (foreign policy) of the national (central) government. On the other hand, there are legal gaps in the field of city diplomacy in Iran, and the lack of sufficient power to delegate sufficient powers to urban management to facilitate the management of communication between international cities is quite evident. In general, city diplomacy in Iran has not been able to use all its potential capacities as it should, and as a result, it has led to the weakening of city diplomacy in the country.

Smart tourism is a newly emerging concept that highlights the growing reliance of tourism destinations on advanced information and communication technologies. Given the importance of this topic, this study aims to identify the factors influencing the development of smart tourism in the Azad region. The research adopts a descriptive-exploratory approach, with the statistical population comprising experts familiar with the development of smart tourism and the Aras Free Zone. Using the snowball sampling method, 10 experts were selected as the research sample. Structural-Interpretive Modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis were employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that out of 33 initially identified factors, 22 were finalized as the key contributors to smart tourism development. Among these, six critical factors were identified: budget allocation, regional tourism potential, tourist needs assessment, e-government infrastructure, policymaking, and planning. These factors were deemed most influential in driving the development of smart tourism in the Aras Free Zone.

Introduction :

Housing is the main challenge related to urbanisation, so it is both the driver of urban growth and its result. On the other hand, housing has always been considered one of the basic needs in urban societies, which defines the quality of life and well-being of the citizens of every nation. It has always been very important in the life of urban societies. The innovation of the current research can be proposed in the sense that in the research carried out so far, the variables affecting housing prices have been modelled linearly or spatially and simultaneously with the help of regression models or spatial correlation tests. This is even though many variables influence the housing price, especially the social characteristics of the place of residence, economic characteristics on a macro and micro scale, neighbourhoods, and accessibility, which have a moderating and controlling role on the housing price. They say that this issue has not been addressed in the reviewed research. Tabriz metropolis, the sixth metropolis in the country, is facing many problems, such as a high population concentration and high land and housing prices. In the last two decades, the increasing growth of the urban population in the metropolis of Tabriz has significantly changed the housing price equations in this city. Therefore, this article, while examining the factors that influence the final price of housing in Tabriz metropolis, seeks to investigate the mediating role of influencing variables on the final housing price in Tabriz metropolis. For this purpose, by checking the theoretical framework of the research as well as examining the background and theories related to pricing in the housing sector, the selection of the most important components and sub-components influencing the price of housing in the metropolis of Tabriz will be made. In the next step, a certain number of real estate consultants in Tabriz metropolis will be questioned, and then the data will be analysed in the SPSS software environment using various statistical tests. The similarities and differences between the current research and the previous studies will be examined, as well as the conclusions from the research.

The current research is in the category of applied research. In terms of methodology, it is included in the category of correlational research in which regression methods are used to investigate the mediating role of economic, social, and accessibility variables in estimating The final price of housing in Tabriz metropolis. The studied population included all the entrepreneurs of the Tabriz metropolis, 55 cases of which were selected from real estate consultants who were ready to cooperate using the snowball method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data, and its face validity and reliability were calculated through Cronbach’s alpha 2 test. This questionnaire included four physical, economic, social, and access variables and had 39 items. After questioning, the data were entered into the SPSS 26 software environment, and the pre-tests of Kolmogorov Smirnoff, Shapiro Wilke, Durbon Watson, Tolerance, and VIF were used to determine the statistical tests and also verify the validity of the used tests. It was taken advantage of. In this way, normal distribution pre-tests (Kolmogrove-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk) were used to determine the statistical tests, and Durbon-Watson, VIF, and Tolerance pre-tests were used to verify the correctness of the regression model. After the pre-tests, the main tests were conducted as follows: First, using stepwise regression, the number of items was reduced from 39 items to 18 items, and then the inter-regression method was used to investigate the mediating role of the mediating variables of the research. Finally, Sobel’s test confirmed the control and mediation role of mediating variables.

After reviewing the literature and background of the research, the most important criteria and sub-criteria influencing determining the final price of housing were identified: The physical-physical criteria (13 sub-criteria), economic (9 sub-criteria), social (10 sub-criteria) and access and proximity (7 sub-criteria) were chosen as the four main criteria of this research. Then, in the next step, using step-by-step regression, a deeper investigation of the relationship between the dependent variable of the research (housing price) and the independent variables of the research (physical-physical, economic, social, and access) was done. At first, by entering the dependent variable (housing price) and 39 other sub-criteria of the research as independent variables, only 18 items are known to be effective on the dependent variable of housing price, which have been entered into the model in the order of influence, as well as 21 other sub-criteria. They were removed from the model. The first variable entered into the stepwise multivariate regression equation is the distance of the residential unit from the nearest medical-sanitary use. The second variable that has played a very important role in determining the final price of housing in Tabriz metropolis is the level of education of the residents. After the residents’ education level variable, 15 variables that have the most influence in determining the housing price in Tabriz metropolis are related to bank interest rate, building size, household size, price of construction materials, renovation fees, and age. The building, the distance of the residential unit from the nearest public transportation stations, the number of newly built units, the type of skeleton (structure), the good reputation of the citizens, the age of the head of the household, investment, the facade of the building, the distance of the residential unit from the nearest green space and Park and finally the distance of the residential unit from the nearest religious place. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the effect of each independent variable on the final housing price in the Tabriz metropolis. Also, the Durbon-Watson test was used to verify the validity of the presented model. According to the results, social factors are more important in predicting the “final housing price” variable. Therefore, it can be said that determining the final price of housing in the Tabriz metropolis is more influenced by social factors than any other variable. After ensuring there is no correlation between the influential mediating variables in determining the final housing price in the Tabriz metropolis, Sobel’s test was used to investigate the mediating role of each mediating variable. In general, it can be said that the mediating role of economic, social, and accessibility variables in increasing the influence of the independent variable (physical factor) in determining the final housing price (dependent variable) in the Tabriz metropolis is evident. Among the mediating variables, the social variable (6.998) has the greatest effect in determining the final housing price in the Tabriz metropolis. After that, access (4.667) and economic (2.736) mediating variables are ranked second and third, respectively.

The results obtained from the multiple regression indicated that the physical-physical factor only explains 48% of the changes in the final housing price in the metropolis of Tabriz, and the rest (52%) are related to economic, social, and access factors. In general, it can be said that in connection with determining the final price of housing in the Tabriz metropolis, the physical factor (independent variable) is not the only determining factor, and social, access, and economic factors are mediating and mediating factors in the increase The influence of the physical factor in determining the final housing price (dependent variable) in Tabriz metropolis has a significant role, among the influential factors, the most influential factors are related to social factors (Beta = 0.435), physical-physical factors (Beta = 0.302) ), access (Beta = 0.290) and finally economic (Beta = 0.272). To put it better, According to the respondents, social characteristics are more influential in determining the final price of housing in Tabriz metropolis compared to other characteristics. In the final step, Sobel’s test was used to confirm the controlling and mediating role of mediating and mediating research variables (economic, social, and access). The obtained results indicate the confirmation of the mediating role of the mentioned variables in increasing the influence of the independent variable (physical factor) in determining the final housing price (dependent variable) in Tabriz metropolis and also the significant correspondence of the results obtained in The Sobel test with the results obtained from the multiple regression is evident in such a way that among the mediating variables, the social variable (6.998) has the most influence in determining the final housing price in Tabriz metropolis, and then the order of the mediating variables. (4.667) and economic (2.736) are in the second and third ranks. In a better way, it can be said that the social bases of residents in Tabriz metropolis, as well as the good reputation of citizens, have a significant effect compared to other factors (physical-physical, economic, and accessibility) in determining the final price of housing in Tabriz metropolis.

Today, the water crisis is mainly a governance issue. Enhancing water governance is vital for tackling present and future water challenges. Water governance involves the political, institutional, and administrative regulations, procedures, and processes that steer decision-making and execution, allowing stakeholders to voice concerns, express opinions, and hold decision-makers accountable for water management. The water governance principles set forth by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) strive to establish effective, efficient, reliable, and participatory public policies. This research utilizes the OECD water governance index framework to identify gaps and obstacles in water governance, using it as a diagnostic tool for assessment. Employing a descriptive-analytical research approach, the study collects data from various sources such as library resources, international reports, articles, and online materials. The results indicate a strong legal framework and executive bodies in water management, with a positive correlation between them. Nonetheless, the key challenges identified are in the tools, which are either partially implemented or inadequately executed.

In recent decades, the topic of sustainable cities has become one of the main and challenging discussions in the field of sustainable development. Universities and research centers worldwide are progressively focusing on sustainable city research. However, the range of comprehensive bibliometric studies that can be conducted to comprehensively assess the trends and patterns of this research is restricted.The Web of Science database is employed to analyze global bibliometric research on sustainable cities in this study. Data were extracted from 1974 to 2024 using the keyword “sustainable cities” and analyzed using bibliometric techniques and VOSviewer software. Scientific outputs, citations, international collaborations, co-citations, co-occurrence, bibliographic coupling, and research areas comprised the indicators that were examined.The field of sustainable cities has experienced a substantial increase in scientific output, and international collaborations are expanding at a rapid pace. The research topics have gradually transitioned from conventional disciplines, such as meteorology, computer science, and architecture, to more modern areas, including urban studies, engineering, and environmental ecology. The United States, the United Kingdom, and China are among the advanced countries that are pivotal to this research. New keywords,including “machine learning,” “COVID-19,” “sustainable cities,” “security,” “governance,” “sustainable development goals,” and “perspective” are becoming more prevalent in related studies and are being regarded as critical indicators for future research.The findings suggest that there has been a rise in scientific output, an expansion of international collaborations, and a shift in thematic area to more contemporary topics. Innovative technologies and concepts of sustainability and resilience will be the primary focus of future research, as they are essential for the development of sustainable cities

Considering the challenges ahead in the way and type of management of free zones, including non-democratic management structure, unstable income, achieve a bright future for the Aras Free Zone, it is necessary to identify and outline the key drivers. The current research, with the perspective of future research, tries to identify the vital factors affecting the state of good governance in Aras Free Zone and investigate the effect of these factors on each other. This research, in terms of practical purpose and from library methods, survey, its nature is based on new methods in future research with an analytical and exploratory approach, using quantitative and qualitative models and analysis methods and structural cross-effects, such as Micmac and Delphi method. has benefited Based on this, during numerous discussion sessions and opinion gathering of experts and expert group of Aras Free Zone, 15 people as a statistical sample of the target population, 60 items or variables were identified in the form of 8 main indicators of good urban governance. Then, the above variables were weighted in the form of a 60x60 matrix of cross-effects by the elite group and defined in the Mic Mac software. What can be understood from the state of the dispersion map of the variables is the instability of the system. Therefore, according to the ranking of the direct and indirect effects of the variables and their scoring, the number of 21 variables that had more weight in both cases were identified as the main drivers of good urban governance in the free zone. Among the variables, citizens' and officials' trust in each other has the highest score and the most vital factor affecting good urban governance in Aras Free Zone, and administrators' adherence to the law, strategic vision, and social justice are ranked in the next ranks.

Today, worn-out and inefficient textures are a major part from urban contexts and they have problems and specific structural and functional barriers which need to be examined importance-performance the urban regeneration indicators regarding the regeneration of inefficient textures. In this context, the present research has been done with the aim of assessment of importance-performance the urban regeneration indicators based on damages from inefficient urban texture of Saqqez city which has been identified the highest level of risk from injuries resulting from inefficient texture and it has also been assessment of importance-performance the Indicators. The current type of research is applied in terms of purpose and has been descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection and the field-library method has been used to collect information. In this research FMEA has been used of the infrastructure in the first stage to identify the damages from inefficient urban texture from Saqqez and specifying the risk priority number and determining operators and the IPA model has been used to assessment of importance-performance the indicators in the city of Saqqez in the next step. The investigations have shown in the FMEA method of the 31 risks raised in the10 potential; 6 potential effects have a high risk level (first stage; vulnerability to earthquakes, financial inability, managerial weakness and next stage;, increase in social abnormality, decrease in belongingness and increase in pollution) and the results of the IPA model have shown that there was no compatibility between the importance-performance the regeneration indicators of Saqqez and it is necessary to and it is necessary to be the first priority The Pay attention to the indicators of integrated urban management, organizing narrow roads, and access to main streets, compatibility of users, Supervision of construction and control of buildings, employment and income, investment in the neighborhood, improve participation and improving belonging to reduce the damage of inefficient textures.

Improving entrepreneurship and businesses of tourism destinations, especially rural tourism, has a very important role in the sustainability of villages and can provide the basis for reducing heavy damages caused by COVID-19 and achieving sustainability. the goal of this research; The analysis of the key driving forces in entrepreneurship and post-corona tourism businesses on the sustainability of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari tourism target villages. The current research is of an applied type and based on its nature, descriptive-analytical, data collection was done by documentary and field method. The questionnaire was prepared in the form of a mik-mik questionnaire and distributed and completed among the members of the sample community in order to extract the key drivers of entrepreneurship and post-coronavirus tourism businesses on the sustainability of the target villages. A total of 36 questionnaires were prepared for the experts of the rural area and the relevant organizations. Mic Mac software was used for data analysis and structural analysis of the impact of each of the indicators in entrepreneurship and post-corona tourism businesses on sustainability. The results of the research show that among the 54 investigated factors, 15 influential key drivers have been identified, which according to the high score of direct and indirect influence, in the order of the factors: creating businesses related to ecotourism accommodations with influence, direct (12+) indirect (20228+) ), encouraging local investors to create job opportunities with impact, direct (10+) indirect (17266+), activity level of rural managers to expand entrepreneurship, familiarization with new business fields with impact, direct (8+) indirect (6202+) They are more effective than other engines.

Throughout history, cities are the most important works made by humans and have seen many changes during their lifetime. Today, most of the world's population lives in cities. This growing trend of urban population has created problems in cities. Among the various approaches that have been proposed to free cities from problems, livability is the most important approach that has increased the need to address it. Factors such as environmental pollution, climate changes, and lack of ecological resources somehow affect urban livability, and it is necessary to pay attention to their mutual effects. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of environmental parameters, climate and ecology on the urban livability of ten areas of Tabriz metropolis. According to the research topic, the research method is descriptive-analytical and with practical purpose. The data used are also collected from the comprehensive plan of Tabriz city, statistical blocks of Tabriz city, and information of air quality monitoring stations of Tabriz metropolis, TerraClimate products and OSM site data. Then the data and information after membership and normalization using geographic weighted regression (GWR) and modified geographic weighted regression (MGWR) analyzes to investigate and discover the spatial relationship between the dependent variable (sustainability) and independent variables (environment, ecology and climate) has been analyzed in MGWR software and ArcGIS 10.8.2 software. The results of the analysis showed that the impact of these parameters on the areas that are not suitable for livability is more than other areas. The climate parameter with the value of R2 - 0.5 has the greatest impact among the parameters on the urban livability of Tabriz metropolis.

Housing indices are a suitable tool for understanding the housing situation in different dimensions. The current research aims to investigate the physical quality of housing and compare it in formal and informal settlements in the Tabriz metropolis. The current research is in the category of applied research and terms of methodology, it is among descriptive-analytical research. For this purpose, by using library studies, the research of 7 variables; Building life, structure type, building quality, number of floors, housing area, occupancy level, and building density were used as indicators of the physical quality of housing extracted from the detailed plan of Tabriz metropolis 2015. The factor analysis method and factor loading of the variables were used to weigh the variables and the data analysis was done separately through spatial analysis in the Arc GIS software environment and the Electre method in the Excel software environment. Through spatial analysis, the present study achieved the evaluation of the spatial distribution of the physical quality of housing at the neighborhood level, and also through the Electre method, the neighborhoods were ranked according to the physical index of housing quality, and then both findings were compared. The findings of the research showed that based on the spatial analysis, Golpark, Zumard, Valiasr, and Golkar neighborhoods have the largest area in terms of quality, and according to Electre's findings, Zumard, Valiasr and Golkar neighborhoods are ranked first to third.

Context and Purpose :

The tourism industry has been greatly impacted by the outbreak of the Coronavirus, resulting in a period of stagnation and job losses. To improve conditions and expedite the reconstruction of this industry, it is important to understand the factors and components that affect tourism businesses in the post-coronavirus era. To this end, a research study was conducted to investigate and identify these factors, particularly as they apply to rural tourism businesses.

Design/methodology/approach: 

The study used a quantitative research method and was carried out through the descriptive-analytical approach in the spring of 2023. The study area was in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, and the statistical population of the research included all heads of rural households living in 13 villages targeted for tourism in this province. The questionnaire used in the study was validated by professors and elites, and its reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha.

The results of the study showed that seven factors extracted from the data explained 62.56% of the total variance of the dependent variable.

The explanation percentage of the seven extracted factors in order of importance is as follows: the first factor is infrastructure-support, 16.75; the second factor is educational-cultural, 12.42; the third factor is potential measurement and recognition of capacities, 9.97; the fourth factor is recovery of health and mental conditions, 8.74; the fifth factor is technology development, 5.26; the sixth factor is change of approach and management flexibility, 4.83; and the seventh factor is central environment explain, 59.4% of the total variance of the dependent variable.

Originality/value:

 Reviewing the literature related to the factors affecting rural tourism businesses and their extraction in the post-Covid era can be very valuable as a guide for policies and operations. Based on this, a study was conducted to identify the factors affecting tourism businesses and entrepreneurship in the post-Covid era in tourism villages of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces.

Today, smart tourism is growing and developing as a new type of tourism industry. Due to the growth of new technologies, countries can not act on tourism development without considering their impact and at the same time guarantee its sustainability. However, there are problems and challenges in this regard. Aras Free Zone as an example of this study is no exception and the main purpose of this study is to identify the challenges of smart tourism development in this area. In this regard, the research method of the present article is exploratory in nature and practical in purpose. The required information has been collected through library and field studies (questionnaire). The statistical population of the study was the experts in the field of tourism in Aras Free Zone. Using snowball method, 10 people were interviewed as a statistical sample of the research. Also, for the validity of extractive indicators, content analysis (CVR) method and for identifying the most important challenges of smart tourism, structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) and Mick Mac analysis have been used. In this regard, the research findings have shown that out of 20 challenges extracted from theoretical foundations, 14 challenges have acceptable validity. The challenges of manpower, organizational-management, information and communication technology, financial resources and infrastructure are considered as key challenges in the development of smart tourism in the Aras Free Zone, which have a great impact on the development of smart tourism.

Unreasonable urban sprawl has adverse effects on the natural and cultural environment of societies. Many efforts have been made to eliminate the negative effects of the scattered expansion of cities, the most important of which is the smart growth strategy. In fact, smart growth has emerged as a response to the continuing problems of fragmented development and its negative results. The purpose of this research is to identify the physical capacities in order to develop intermediates by relying on the principles of smart growth in Qanbar Cheshmeh Marand neighborhood.The current research is applied-practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research consists of 200 dilapidated pieces of dilapidated buildings in Qanbar Cheshme neighborhood. In order to analyze the data, the weighted overlapping model (WLC) was used in the GIS environment.By using ten indicators of smart urban growth, the rank of smart urban growth capacity was prioritized and mapped in the form of 5 sub-neighborhoods, and to prepare the final map, the highest rate of smart urban growth coefficient was calculated from the average of the ten ranks and the rank obtained as a percentage in GIS format. used. due to the current inefficiency of Baft, it cannot benefit from this increase in population. If 40% of the freed occupation area, which is an area of 15,476 square meters, is dedicated to green infrastructure, mixed uses, creating pedestrian-oriented communities and widening roads, the environmental quality of the worn-out area of Qanbar Cheshme will definitely increase. will find

Dust at different levels in the city can be a good indicator of the presence of these heavy metals in the city, therefore the main goal of the present study is the spatial analysis of heavy metal contamination of surface dust in the northwestern area of Tabriz city. For analyzing, Moran's index, hot spot analysis and ANOVA test were used in Arc Gis10.8 and Spss20 software. The studied heavy metals included; lead, chromium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron. For this purpose, samples were taken from 12 stations in the area. After the initial preparation, the concentration of heavy metals in the samples was obtained using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Based on the findings of the Moran index, the research showed that the spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution follows a cluster pattern, . Moran's index analysis shows the highest z score of 204.24 and 140.12 respectively for zinc and copper metal, which shows the intense spatial concentration of these two polluting elements in the studied area.The results of the ANOVA test also showed that the level of heavy metal pollution changes with the type of use. In fact, it can be said that the spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution differs according to the type of urban use. The most observed pollutions were in commercial-service, administrative and law enforcement uses.

Today, the city, as a place for human activities, must be able to meet the real needs of its residents and their desires, and at the same time be able to provide creativity for citizens, but in practice, cities have the necessary ability for optimal distribution and justice-oriented infrastructure. Do not have The present study aims to investigate and measure spatial justice in having urban infrastructure from the perspective of a creative city. The research method is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical based on the nature. In this regard, eight indicators of tourism, communication, industrial, academic and educational, social, culture and art, architecture and urban planning, and management to identify the situation of the 12 districts of the Bonab city in terms of services and facilities from the perspective of the creative city, using the future method A study based on Mic Mac software and multi-criteria decision models (weighting network analysis process and multi-criteria electric decision model) was reviewed. The results of the analysis performed using Mick Mac showed that the components of Bonab Kebab, communication position, and heavy industry activity are the three components that have the greatest impact on the realization of spatial justice from the perspective of the city, respectively. Creative in the middle city of Bonab. Also, the results of the results using the electre method showed that the distribution of infrastructure is not balanced at the area level. Among these, the highest score is related to areas 11 and 6.

Effective factors are considered in recreation of urban inefficient textures as one of the measures that can be effective in reducing vulnerability of urban inefficient textures. This research has been done in order to evaluate the effective factors in regeneration of urban inefficient textures. After identifying the factors, it has prioritized the neighborhoods of Saqqez to intervene with a regenerative approach and has been used in order to collect information from two library and field methods MICMAC software is used in order to examine the relationship, effects and extracting key factors and the kiriging model has been used in a GIS environment to display the distribution of these factors in the neighborhoods. The CoCoSo decision-making model has been used according to key factors to rank localities in the city of Saqqez which is used from the FARE model to determine the weight and the importance of each factor in the CoCoSo and the research results showed that11 indicators have had the most impact among the 31 indicators as key factors in the regeneration of urban worn-out textures and the results show that Localities 2, 8 and 22 are acceptable and in opposite, Locations 6, 16, 17, 18 and 19 are inappropriate and unbearable, with high vulnerability according to the key effective factors in the regeneration of urban inefficient textures in the neighborhoods from the city of Saqqez (social participation, sense of belonging, employment and income, investment in the neighborhood, integrated management, supervision of construction and control of buildings, quality, passages, access to main roads and transportation, distance from incompatible uses, access to health services - medical, fire department, park and sports). It is one of the most important reasons for the inefficiency of these neighborhoods; The migration of villagers to these areas, Instability of buildings, sudden changes in urban management, disorganization, inconsistency in urban management, parallel operations on different devices and lack of interaction between citizens and city management. It is necessary attention to key effective factors in the realization of regeneration to reduce a lot of damage resulting from inefficient textures and the realization of regeneration in the neighborhoods from the Saqqez.

Due to the continuous existence of crises and dangers and the increasing and damages caused by them on cities, in the present era, the concept of urban resilience has become a global consensus to achieve sustainable urban development. In this regard, in order to plan and realize a resilient city, the first step is to identify the dimensions and components of this approach in different urban spaces and textures. Due to the importance of the subject, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors explaining resilience and to investigate the desirability of its various dimensions in the new and old texture of Tabriz metropolis. Therefore, the research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of exploratory-comparative nature that structural equation modeling in Amos software has been used for data analysis. The statistical population of the study also includes citizens of the new and old context of the city of Tabriz, which has been determined as a sample size based on the Cochran's formula of 384 people. Findings indicate that the most important factors explaining resilience in the old texture of Tabriz are individual, social and managerial-institutional factors with a value of 0.63, 0.61 and 0.54, respectively, and in the new texture of the city physical-environmental and economic factors and managerial-institutional with a value of 0.77, 0.72 and 0.69, respectively. The results also show that the new urban texture is in a better position in terms of structural and physical strength, while the old texture has more appropriate human and social capital. This issue is due to the ruling management system, ie technocrats, which has had different effects on the old and new textures of the city.

Smart tourism is a new applied term that describes the increasing dependence of tourism destinations, industries and different forms of tourists on new forms of information and communication technology that transform massive amounts of data into valuable propositions. Despite the growing importance of smart tourism, as one of the most basic sources of income for societies, not so many studies (especially inside the country) have been conducted in this regard. Therefore, the purpose of this research was document analysis of authentic domestic articles about smart tourism in an analytical way. The current research is descriptive-analytical and its method is analysis. The statistical population of this research includes all scientific-research articles that have been published in scientific-research publications approved by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology in the country, and due to the small number of them (12 cases), the full enumeration method was used. The results of the analysis show that from 2016 to now (2021) there are only 12 scientific research articles in the country, which indicates the lack of attention to research on smart tourism in Iran. Also, the results show that in terms of geographical distribution, Isfahan city is in the first place and the field of management, especially Market management, has played the most important role in the field of smart tourism in Iran. Also the superiority of the combined method over positivism or positivism is quite evident. Another finding of the research is that the method of collecting most the printed articles was documentary and combined (questionnaire and interview). Also the data analysis in most of the articles has been using the typical T-Tech test, structural equation model and composite model, and regarding the widely used software in the field of domestic smart tourism articles, we can mention SPSS software along with Smart PLS.

Competent governance is of particular importance as a basic precondition for the good functioning of markets and creating conditions for investment attraction and sustainable allocation of physical investments and improving the efficiency of organizations and the performance of cities. On the other hand, it can be effective in increasing public welfare and economic security by affecting other components of the region's development and providing the basis for the sustainable development of free zones. The type of research is applied-developmental and the research method is descriptive-analytical, as well as the method of collecting library and survey information using a questionnaire. SPSS software and single-sample T-test, Pearson correlation and multivariate regression methods were used in data analysis. The studied area is the entire area of 51 thousand hectares of Aras Azad Zone, and the sample size is 400 people using Cochran's formula. The results of the research show that despite the failure of Aras Free Zone in achieving sustainable development goals, there is a significant relationship between good governance indicators and sustainable development indicators, and good governance models with a 62% realization rate have the ability to predict and realize development indicators. have stable in the region.

With the global surge of urbanization and population growth, the well-being of children within modern urban developments has been largely overlooked, necessitating an urgent need for attentiveness towards their needs in cities. Consequently, the assessment of urban neighborhoods in terms of child-friendly city components becomes an essential area of research. This study employs a survey method to evaluate the dimensions and components associated with a child-friendly city. Utilizing a cluster-spatial sampling approach, ten neighborhoods from five regions of Ardabil are selected as representative samples (two neighborhoods per region). A total of 400 researcher-developed questionnaires are then distributed proportionally based on the population of each selected neighborhood. The collected data is subsequently analyzed using one-sample t-statistics in SPSS software, as well as multi-criteria decision-making models to prioritize the neighborhoods according to the research criteria. The findings reveal distinctive characteristics of child-friendly city dimensions and components across the various neighborhoods of Ardabil. Interestingly, when comparing the dimensions, the environmental-physical and organizational-managerial dimensions emerge as the most problematic areas within the studied neighborhoods. Additionally, it is noteworthy that despite the inherent spatial disparities between neighborhoods, Neighborhood No. 1 in District 4 and Neighborhood No. 3 in District 2 of Ardabil Municipality exhibit greater challenges compared to other neighborhoods under investigation.

Residential energy consumption is one of the largest areas of energy consumption in the world, and among all energy consumption, building energy consumption has the largest share, which accounts for the most carbon emissions. The aim of the current research is to analyze the effect of the parameters of reducing energy consumption in urban housing in order to identify the effective parameters in reducing the energy consumption of urban housing in Chahar region of Tabriz, and to find practical solutions to improve and reduce energy consumption in residential units in region 4 of Tabriz city. . The present research is of applied type in terms of its purpose and qualitative-quantitative in terms of its nature and research method. The qualitative part includes the identification of influential parameters in reducing the energy consumption of urban housing in the 4th district of Tabriz city by examining the theoretical and theoretical bases of the research and conducting a Delphi analysis with the participation of 15 experts of doctoral students, experts of the Road Housing and Urban Development Department of Tabriz and housing experts, university professors as panel members. In the quantitative part, using the structural equation analysis model, the type of components has been determined according to the influence and effectiveness on other components. Based on the results obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis model, all the manifest indicators have a strong relationship between their hidden variables; So that the household composition indicators include the age of the head of the household, the number of family members aged 7 or less, the number of family members aged 21 to 8, the number of family members, the number of family members aged 22 to 59, the number of family members aged 60 and over. have given.

CityEngine is a software program for urban modeling based on specific rules. This program is presented as a flexible communication channel to convert 2D data into 3D urban models. The special applications of this software program include data processing of geographic information systems, mapping, as well a two-dimensional urban information system (GIS) with three specific goals, these goals are; Creating a 3D urban model is creating a detailed picture of the proposed settlement process, or even exploring the design space of a potential project. The main part of modeling with Esri's CityEngine software has unique advantages based on specific commands and rules; The possibility of building big cities as easily as small cities with the same quality, even on a larger scale, is one of the unique advantages of this approach. Additionally, the rule-based approach means that large design spaces can be quickly, interactively, and analytically explored and compared. Such advantages must be carefully balanced against the excessive time required to develop and parameterize the rules and sometimes to create stylized models or approximate models. (Approximate models are used for ease of calculation, and stylistic models are used to interpret the factors used.) CityEngine's communication channel, which derives from more traditional workflows, may be very effective at first. We introduce the main workflows and modifiability of this approach, outline the procedural programming language used, and discuss ways to change existing file formats.