ایرج مهدیزاده

Increasing human resource productivity is one of the most important issues of the new decade. Consequently, new organizational policies, including educational systems, have emerged, with a focus on organizational well-being. This study aims to analyze the lived experiences of primary school teachers regarding the factors and concepts of organizational well-being in the education system.

This qualitative research was conducted using thematic analysis. Purposeful criterion sampling was used, and data saturation was achieved through in-depth interviews with 20 primary school teachers. Data from the teachers' lived experiences were analyzed using thematic analysis and the MAXQDA 12 software.

The findings were categorized into four groups: satisfaction, values, job satisfaction, and work motivators, with 13 main themes: "mental satisfaction", "psychological satisfaction", "social satisfaction", "psychological values", "social values", "spiritual values", "mental values", "satisfaction with work conditions", "satisfaction with communication", "satisfaction with work content", "economic motivators", "social motivators," and "organizational motivators".

The results indicate that the job well-being of primary school teachers is influenced by job satisfaction, values, and internal and external motivators. Major challenges include the government's consumerist approach to education, declining teacher status, and lack of educational and financial equity. Solutions include establishing educational and financial equity, restoring teacher status, decentralization, and creating an appropriate incentive system. According to the findings, enhancing the status and dignity of teachers in society is essential for improving their efficiency.

Organizational silence is a prevalent issue in contemporary organizations, and neglecting it can have negative consequences on individual, group, and organizational levels. This research aims to explore the lived experiences of faculty members and staff to identify the factors contributing to organizational silence at Iranian Farhangian University.

This research adopted a qualitative approach with a phenomenological method. The participants were faculty members at Farhangian University in the 9th region of eastern Iran. To identify the factors influencing organizational silence, a purposive sampling method with maximum variation was used, taking into account participants' educational backgrounds, personal experiences, and perceptions of organizational silence. The number of participants reached theoretical saturation with 16 individuals. The research instrument was a semi-structured interview. To ensure the reliability of the interviews, the Guba and Lincoln criteria (credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability) were applied. The inter-coder reliability was 86%, and confirmability was achieved through peer review. Data analysis was conducted using Smith's 6-step content analysis and coding process with Max.Q.DA software.

The interview analysis results were organized into three main categories: external organizational, internal organizational, and individual, with 11 main themes and 64 subthemes. In the external organizational category, the main themes are political and social factors. In the internal organizational category, the main themes include structural, communicative, managerial, human resources, supervisory, economic factors, and organizational climate. In the individual category, the main themes are knowledge and motivation. Upon further review, it was determined that the structural theme consists of organizational breadth, decision-making centralization, hierarchical structure, disregard for organizational values, and cumbersome rules and regulations. The communication theme includes external organizational interactions, one-way communication flow, visibility of a specific group, prevalence of informal relationships, use of social media within the university, and negative reactions to colleagues' comments. Several management issues were identified, including a lack of critical thinking among managers, failure to implement ideas, managers ignoring reality, lack of transparency in decision-making, authoritarian management, and intolerance for negative feedback. Gender discrimination in the delegation of authority, lack of promotion based on merit, lack of recruitment and employment based on openness and creativity, absence of a meritocracy, lack of appreciation for employees' efforts, and job insecurity were grouped under the human resources theme. The supervision and control theme revealed that securitization of the work environment, emphasis on employee control, university control processes, external regulatory bodies, and the silent punishment and marginalization of employees are significant factors. In the economic theme, the focus was on rewarding practical proposals, the prevailing economic conditions of individuals, and urgent economic needs such as salary increases and job security. Concerns about freedom of speech, compliance and obedience, poor quality of the work environment, lack of a supportive atmosphere, prevalence of a culture of indifference, and flattery and praise were raised in discussions of the organizational climate theme. In the individual category, the knowledge and motivation themes were explored. The knowledge theme encompasses several key issues: organizational knowledge insufficiency, low experience among administrative staff, attention to rumors instead of official information channels, lived experiences of the consequences of participation, and the inability to articulate issues. The motivation theme includes individual expectations, personal goals, perceived inability to effect change, psychological safety, work motivation, distrust, resilience, reduced self-confidence, learned helplessness, lack of belonging, suppression of voice, job insecurity, inability to voice concerns, work overload, and individual considerations such as expediency, position-taking, and vested interests.

Based on the research findings, the following recommendations can be made to reduce and prevent organizational silence at Farhangian University as a negative organizational behavior:Strengthening a robust organizational culture and creating a supportive, safe, and empathetic environment.Organizing empowerment workshops for faculty members and managers on the administrative system and familiarity with laws.Decentralizing the university and delegating more authority to provincial university managers.Establishing a suggestion system within the university.Formulating necessary economic regulations to encourage and motivate members.Eliminating discriminatory behaviors and utilizing the capacity of all individuals in proportion to their expertise and skills in university management.Emphasizing the holding of freethinking forums and trust-building initiatives for presenting opinions.Implementing a meritocracy system, merit-based selection, and merit-based appointments, especially in key positions within the university.

The aim of the present study was the pathology of research culture in Farhangian University. On the basis of the purpose this study follows applied research that has been done by a mixed- methods and a sequential exploratory design. The Participants of the qualitative part of the study included all faculty members of Farhangian University of South Khorasan province selected as participants using purposive sampling method. The statistical population of the quantitative research included all the professors of Farhangian University that were selected as the statistical sample using the available sampling method (118 people). To collect the data, an interview and a questionnaire were used. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed based on factor load coefficients, Cronbach's alpha (0.80) and combined reliability (0.78). the results of the qualitative part of the research showed 62 open codes, 13 axial codes and 3 selected codes Moreover, the results of the quantitative part of the research showed that the pathology culture model of research culture had three dimensions of content, structural and environmental. the results showed that these dimensions explain 0.85 of the changes in the culture of research in Farhangian University.

Organizational silence is a prevalent occurrence within companies, which can lead to serious adverse outcomes. Consequently, managers and researchers studying organizational behavior recognize it as a noteworthy challenge faced by organizations. The primary goal of this study was to predict and clarify the phenomenon of organizational silence by implementing positive leadership strategies and investigating the potential mediating effect of psychological empowerment.
For practical and managerial purposes, this study employed a combination of developmental instruments and phenomenology based on lived experiences in order to identify the sub-constructs of organizational silence. Additionally, a descriptive correlational design was utilized to investigate the relationship between variables. The statistical population consisted of all staff and faculty members at Farhangian University in the 9th district of Eastern Iran. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 26 participants selected up to theoretical saturation. Data were then categorized through theme analysis in four dimensions (context, causal, process, and intervention) and 10 components, including socio-communication, economic, organizational, political, cultural, informational, regulatory, managerial, human, and human resources. A 65-question questionnaire was developed based on these themes. In the quantitative part of the study, 180 people were selected using stratified random sampling according to Cochran's formula. The Kaiser, Meyer, and Olkin (KMO) index was used to investigate the adequacy of the sample, and the index for all data was over 0.6, indicating the adequacy of the sample data for factor analysis. The study utilized Cameron's Positive Leadership Questionnaire (2008), Spritzer and Mishra's Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire (1997), and a researcher-made Organizational Silence Questionnaire. The reliability of the instruments in terms of Cronbach's alpha was 0.94, 0.77, and 0.93, respectively. The convergent validity of the questionnaires was 0.86, 0.50, and 0.62, respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24 and Smart PLS software.
The study investigated the model from two criteria, R2 and Q2 values, and the overall model of structural equations was evaluated using the "goodness of fit" criterion. The goodness of fit value was 0.324, and considering the three values of 0.01, 0.25, and 0.36, the appropriate fit of the overall research model was confirmed. The results showed a negative and significant relationship between positive leadership strategies (positive communication, positive human relationships, positive significance, and positive atmosphere) and psychological empowerment (meaningfulness, competence, self-determination, effectiveness, and trust) with organizational silence. Additionally, psychological empowerment plays a mediating role between positive leadership and organizational silence.
The study concludes that utilizing positive leadership styles and employee empowerment can effectively reduce employees' silence. Therefore, it is recommended that administrators at Farhangian University establish an environment that fosters employee growth and well-being. Managers can facilitate empowerment among their employees by taking into account their psychological needs, fostering trust and involvement, and delegating authority to grant independence and self-determination. Additionally, managers can provide positive and constructive feedback, establish positive relationships, and create a positive atmosphere to create a safe and comfortable environment for employees to comment more easily. At the organizational level, employees should have access to professional development programs. In general, dedicating resources to the enhancement and cultivation of positive leadership and employee empowerment can enhance the growth and efficiency of the organization through increased employee engagement and collaboration.

Self-efficacy means an individuals perception of his ability to perform an activity and educational engagement is the quality of an effort that individuals spend on purpose-oriented activities. Both variables are the most important indicators of the quality of education. Therefore, in this study, in addition to comparing these indices in two universities such as Birjand University of Medical Sciences and Teachers university, the predictive value of these indicators in the academic performance of students has been studied. This study is a descriptive-comparative research. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students entering the years 2014-17 of the University of Medical Sciences and University of Teachers. a sample size, According to the Cochran formula, 180 students were selected by stratified random sampling method. A two-part questionnaire including self-efficacy questionnaire and academic engagement was used to collect data. students performance was also measured based on their overall grade. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 24), using Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical tests, t and regression. In this study, totally 180 students with an average age of 20.7 ± 1.27 were from teacher students (110) and medical students (70). Comparison of the average of academic self-efficacy showed that teacher students had higher academic self-efficacy (P <0.001). There was no significant difference in the comparison of educational involvement among the two groups (P = 0.476). Beta coefficient of academic self-efficacy in medical students has a larger contribution to predicting academic performance. The results of this study showed that the academic self-efficacy variable is one of the predictors of academic performance. Also, due to the findings, more and deeper research is needed on academic self-efficacy variables and academic engagement in the two groups.

Academic procrastination is one of the prevalence variables in students and the varibles affecting it, such as academic self-handicapping and self-efficacy should be examined. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of academic self-efficacy and academic self-handicapping In Academic dawdle Bahonar University.

This study is a correlational study that stratified sampling, 120 students from Birjand Shdndabzar. Research tools Scale Academic dawdle Rasblvm & Solomon (1984), academic self-handicapping Medgley & et al (2000) academic self- McIlroy & Bunting (2002).Were completed. For data analysis, descriptive statistics such as frequency tables, mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics, correlation and multiple linear regressions were used.

Results showed that academic self-efficacy and Academic dawdle (R = -0.34) academic self-handicapping with Academic dawdle (R = 0.21) There was a significant negative correlation. Together these two variables also predict Academic dawdle amount of variance 16.0.

The results of the study and operators more attention to education and higher education institutions in the field of Academic dawdle sectors.

The entrance to third millenniums from the viewpoint of global system of education has a distinguished aspects and special features. In this sense that with contemporary changes in technological، management aspects and modern structural resources، it is necessary to exploit from each kinds of opportunities in direction of school’s development and moving to the pivotal capacities of learners and the better inclinations of them. The approbation of establishing of educational complex plans in 2010 are counted among the actions of the educational systems of Iran for the accomplishment of school based slogan as an essential policy. The present research with the aim of inspecting the enjoyments scale of educational complexes from learning viewpoints in the school time 2013-2014 is research based and descriptive and measurable one from research methodology. By considering of statistical community of 153 complex، the number of 85 principal of school and 243 teacher has been selected from category mensuration method suitable with each regional district. For the aim of data collection the interviews، library referral and two prepared questionnaires for principal of schools has been used. The content and formal reference of them has been inspected by theoretical principles and expert university professors. The value of teachers’ questionnaires computed by Corn Bach Alfa method and its amount was 98/2 and the obtained amount of Corn Bach Alfa for principal of schools’ questionnaires was 95/8. For analyzing the collected data from descriptive statistic and also for its meaningfulness the deductive statistic of the SPSS software has been used. The finding of present research indicated that the training complexes achieved to their goals from educational dimensions. And also the scale of fulfilment training goals in rural and citizen education complexes did not have any meaningful differences in other factors except for first rate experience of students. From the other side، formation of consolidating and extracurricular classroom programs is the significant programs of principals for preventing educational falling and the majority of teachers and principals believe that the lack of equipment and modern technologies is the important coming challenges of education complexes in presenting effective and qualified training.

This research is performed to Relation Spiritual Healthwith quality of life of Birjand sacrified and disabled. By this،60persons (30 sacrified and 30 disabled) are selected through random sampling tho groups are peer (body-motor disability) and demographic information have been gathered to research. Spiritual well-being and quality of life in both groups responded to the questionnaire. Research plan evaluation method is Correlation. To analysis data، descriptive ststitical mwthods are used as average،standard deviation،inferential statistical method as independent t-test and regression. . independent t-test resuts show there is no significant relation between Spiritual Healthdisabled and sacrified and there is no significant relation between quality of life disabled and sacrified. Regression findings show there is significant relation between Spiritual Healthand quality of life disabled and sacrified، The spiritual health can be a predictor of quality of life in sacrified. However، this relationship was not significant disabilities. Spiritual health in veterans can be a predictor of quality of life.

A social phenomenon, which has dramatically developed and influenced individuals in recent years, is sports. Media can play a great role in promoting sports. The educational system also has the most important responsibility in the development and progress of any country. Cultural, political, social and sports promotion in each society depends on the attention officials pay to the qualitative and quantitative expansion of education in that country. The main reason behind this study is determining the scale of relationship between the four major roles of mass media (informing, educating, culture building, and social participation) and the development of sports in schools of Birjand. The method used in this survey is a descriptive-analytical one. To collect data we used a questionnaire consisting of 48 questions. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by specialists and a reliability of α= 0.82 was achieved. The target population consisted of specialists (school principles and sport teachers) working in elementary, and high schools in Birjand. We used random sampling and the size of the sample was 102 (54 mangers and 48 sports teachers). To describe the data we used descriptive statistics, and in the inferential statistics part we used the Kolmogorov's test to determine the normality of our data; and to determine the meaningfulness of our data we used the Friedman and Che-Square test. The results showed that there is a meaningful relation between the four roles of the media and sports promotion at schools. The research was also able to prioritize the four roles of the media in promoting sports at schools as follows: informing, educating, culture building, and social participation.

In every organization ,man power is the most important element. of excellence and progress and is the essential factor in the realization of its goals. Since job satisfaction plays a significant role in achieving organizational goals as well as individual and social health, thus the influencing factors must be examined by the public sector so they cold correct the weaknesses and reinforce the strengths through careful recognition of opportunities and threats . the present study was conducted toward the above-mentioned objective. 

The study is a descriptive - analytical research conducted on 324 randomly selected personnel of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. The data collection tool was job description index. The data were analyzed by Analysis of variance (ANOV A) and k2 by means ofSPSS software.

The findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between gender and job satisfaction regarding promotion system and salary (P < ',' 0). There was also a significant relationship between the personnel with different educational backgrounds in five job types. Personnel vlith degrees higher than bachelor were more satisfied with their jobs and salaries. Theses People, however, showed less satisfaction with their supervisors, colleagues, and promotion system. A significant relationship was also observed between service rank and job satisfaction. The Most amount of dissatisfaction concerning payment was related to clinical and "health" care Personnel. 

In order to increase job satisfaction, modifications must be done in areas like the present evaluative methods, payment systems, personnel's attitudes toward their jobs, and manager - personnel relationships. Taking personnel's needs into account, and planning precise long-term schedules can also be effective in this regard.