بهرام کارجو اجیرلو

The Mawlawi Order, attributed to Jalal al-Din Muhammad Balkhi (Rumi), held a prominent position in the politics and society of the Ottoman government. However, in the 11th century AH, the Kadızadeliler movement emerged, influenced by Salafi ideas, with the goal of fighting innovation (bid‘ah) and promoting religious reform. The Kadızadeliler scholars, by gaining influence in the Ottoman government, advanced their hostile actions against Sufis, especially the Mawlawis, believing that Sufism was far removed from true Islam. They claimed that the Mawlawis, through practices such as the Sama and dance, had fallen into heresy and infidelity, and that the problems facing the Ottoman state were a result of such innovations. In response to this extreme ideology, the Mawlawis defended the cultural legacy of Mawlawi.This study, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, examines how the Mawlawis confronted the ideas of the Kadızadeliler movement in the 11th century AH. The findings of the research indicate that, with the support of the Ottoman government centered in Istanbul, the Kadızadeliler movement contributed to weakening Mawlawi cultural legacy within Ottoman society. In response to these challenges, the Mawlawis, particularly Ismail Rusuhi Ankaravi, defended the ideas, customs, and principles of the Mawlawi Order through scholarly and cultural activities. As a result of these efforts, Mawlawi's cultural legacy was revitalized and continued to thrive with even greater popularity, much like in the early centuries of the Ottoman government.

In the first years of the Mongol invasion, science and civilization stagnated, but scientists and ministers such as Khajeh Rashid al-Din Fazlullah Hamedani during the Ilkhanids period established the Rabi-e Rashidi Scientific Center in Tabriz and concentrated the sciences and scientists of different lands in it. There was a new era of prosperity in the education and research of various sciences in Islamic civilization.

The present study aims to investigate the motivations that cause scientific modernization and revitalization by establishing an important educational and research center by relying on a case study of the Rabi-e Rashidi Scientific Center of Khajeh Rashid al-Din Fazlullah Hamedani.

The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the research tool is fishery and it is mostly based on first-hand sources in history and civilization and the works of Khajeh Rashid al-Din.

In the study of scientific modernity in the Ilkhanate period, with the establishment of the Rabi-e Rashidi Scientific Center, the role of spiritual, scientific, political-religious and economic motives is very prominent.

The Ilkhanids played a key role in motivating some scientific development. The inner motivations of Khajeh Rashid al-Din Fazlullah Hamedani also led to the modernization of education and research and the establishment of the important and effective scientific center of Rabi-e Rashidi. Undoubtedly, in any period, if there are public incentives in the people of the society and the rulers also strengthen these incentives, the means of progress of the nation and the government of that society will be provided.

The observance of the citizenship rights of immigrants in the Islamic society in the peak centuries of its civilization, rooted in the beliefs derived from Islamic teachings, is the focus of attention of thinkers around the world. This article seeks to answer the question of whether the Qur'an addresses the issue of immigrant citizenship rights with its various dimensions.  This study tries to explore and extract information using library resources. Research findings show that, first, the Qur'an is concerned with justice for immigrants migrating for the sake of God. Secondly, Islamic countries are obliged to provide a place of residence for the immigrants, to solve the problems of immigrants, including membership (citizenship), education, health and social security. The rich of the Islamic society are supposed to solve the financial problems of the immigrants. They should try to solve the socio-cultural problems of the Immigrants. They should treat the immigrants in accordance with Islamic ethics such as forgiveness, self-sacrifice, and not being jealous or mean towards them and finally love them.

One of the important financial resource tax in the tax system of Islam. This type of tax in Egypt, many developments were the prime causes social and political evolution taxes in this period as well as political, social and economic change governors and the financial relationship governors of the Caliphate and also how to impose taxes and obtaining Egypt and other changes in the financial resources of the community have the greatest impact. The consequences of changes in financial resources can be said that these changes will have the greatest impact upon the subjects and citizens left the government and caused riots and protests, some are social.

Mukus tax (customs duty), a type of special tax on the import and export of commercial goods, was an important financial resource for governors in Egypt (19-254 AH/ 640-868 CE). The Mukus tax initiated by the Byzantine tax law of Egypt was adopted and applied in a modified form under the Muslim governors’ rule. The governors tried to capitalize on the proceeds of import and export, improve foreign trade and set up ports and to make them economically prosperous. Drawing on earlier sources, the study will examine the law associated with Mukus tax under Egyptian governors, the similarity of the mucus system with other systems like ʿushūr and how it affected Egypt’s economic system.