بهروز فتحی

Exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life and its continuation along with complementary foods until two years old is the safest, cheapest, and most effective method of children feeding. Despite the positive effects of exclusive breastfeeding on the health of the child and mother, most mothers do not welcome it. Determining the factors affecting the intention of exclusive breastfeeding is necessary in adopting this behavior, and in this regard, the use of theories and models of behavior change is helpful. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the predictors of exclusive breastfeeding intention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in pregnant women of Urmia city.

This descriptive cross-sectional correlational study was conducted on 200 pregnant women referring to Urmia Health Centers, Iran. The samples were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. A valid and reliable three-part questionnaire including demographic variables, knowledge, and constructs of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) was used to collect the data. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics methods in SPSS software ver. 22.0.

The results showed a positive statistical correlation between the intention to exclusively breastfeed and the factors of knowledge, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) was able to predict 34.6% of the variation in behavioral intention, with subjective norms (β=0.527, p<0.01) and knowledge (β=0.136, p<0.05) being the most significant predictors.

The results confirmed the effect of subjective norms and knowledge on the exclusive breastfeeding intention of Urmia pregnant women. Therefore, these factors can be considered in educational programs to improve the health of women and children and promote exclusive breastfeeding.

Osteoporosis is a common problem in menopausal women, and adopting preventive behaviors is crucial in addressing this issue. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of an educational intervention based on the health belief model (HBM) on promoting osteoporosis-preventive behaviors in menopausal women.

Methods & Materials:

 This quasi-experimental study with a control group was conducted on 64 menopausal women referred to Urmia urban health centers in 2023. Participants were selected using random sampling and then randomly allocated into two groups: control (32) and intervention (32). The data collection instruments included questionnaires comprising demographic information, knowledge assessments, Health Belief Model constructs, food frequency, and physical activity items. Following pre-test evaluations and needs assessment, a training program was designed and delivered to the intervention group. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26.

The mean scores for knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived self-efficacy, and cues to action in the intervention group significantly increased compared to both the pre-intervention assessment and the control group. Conversely, there was a significant decrease in the mean score for perceived barriers (P<0.05). These changes resulted in a significant increase in the mean score for osteoporosis preventive behaviors within the intervention group (P<0.05).

Education based on the HBM has been effective in shaping the knowledge and health beliefs of menopausal women concerning osteoporosis and its preventive behaviors. Therefore, it is recommended that health educators incorporate the approaches and findings of this study when developing educational interventions related to osteoporosis.

The reduced level of physical activity is a current global concern. To address this concern, encouraging physical activity should be highlighted by public health policymakers of the countries. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the policies on physical activity in Iran.

In this qualitative study, the analytical framework was adopted to interview 23 key informants selected by the targeted sampling with maximum variation from October 2020 to February 2021. The semi-structured interviews were performed and analyzed until the data saturation was achieved. MAXQDA-10 software was used for data management.

Different factors including managerial-structural, socio-cultural, political (i.e., policymaking, legal, and international), and situational factors (i.e., perceived environmental factors, changes in people's lifestyle, and restrictions caused by COVID-19) were the main contextual factors affecting the policymaking process.

It was concluded that several relevant factors affected the policymaking in Iran regarding the physical activity. Therefore, it was recommended that these contributory factors should be considered by policymakers when making policies on physical activities.

Vaccination stands as a paramount achievement in global public health and a key strategy to control COVID-19. Vaccine acceptance is a pivotal determinant of the success or failure of vaccination programs. Leveraging health education models and theories to predict behavioral intention, this study aimed to investigate the determinants of the intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine among the general population of Urmia using the Health Belief Model (HBM).

This descriptive-analytical study employed a cross-sectional approach among 575 individuals aged over 18 residing in Urmia. Sampling was conducted through the snowball and convenience sampling methods. Data was collected using a valid and reliable electronic researcher-made questionnaire comprising four sections: demographic characteristics, knowledge, HBM constructs, and intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS version 16.

The HBM effectively explained 67% of the variance in the intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. Within the model's constructs, individuals' perceived self-efficacy (β = 0.505, P = 0.001) emerged as the strongest predictor of the intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccination. Other influencing factors included perceived susceptibility (β = 0.158, P = 0.001) and perceived barriers (β = -0.109, P = 0.001).

Given the robust predictive ability of the HBM for the intention to vaccinate against COVID-19, this model can be utilized in educational and behavioral programs and interventions. Special emphasis should be placed on effective constructs, particularly self-efficacy, to enhance citizens' willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.

Evaluation and monitoring of implementation for control and prevention of The Hypertension and Diabetes Screening National Program are important. This study was conducted to identify the challenges of health workers performance evaluation in The Hypertension and Diabetes Screening National Program and provide corrective strategies via exploring the viewpoint of the people involved in this program.

The study was a conventional qualitative content analysis as part of a larger multi-method study. It was conducted in Ahar Healthcare Network in Iran, in year 2017. The sampling was done using purposive model with maximum variation, and the data were collected through three focused group discussions.

Twenty-seven healrh workers, observer coaches and senior staff who were involved in the blood pressure Program were selected for the study. Four main categories including contextually, structural, process problems, and results of performance evaluation were identified from the concepts derived from viewpoints of the participants.

Regardless of the success in preventing and controlling diabetes, Iran's primary health care system faces challenges in reducing and controlling hypertension and diabetes due to the lack of a national plan with comprehensive guidelines. The major problem address the the process of staff performance assessing. Findings of this study will help managers to address the performance evaluation system.

Snake venom is a complex mixture of diff erent compounds which have potential pharmacological properties and may aff ect mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In this study we investigate the eff ects of two Iranian vipers; vipera albicornuta and vipera latifi i crude venoms on the viability of MScs in vivo and in vitro. Th e cells in in vitro tests were treated with diff erent concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 μg/100μl) of mentioned venoms for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Th e cells in in vivo experiment only were treated with v. Latifi i venom at the concentration of 1μg/100μl and time intervals as in vitro tests. Th e cell viability in in vitro experiment was assessed using MTT assay. Th e results of in vitro experiments showed that maximum cell viability was observed at concentrations of 1 and 2 μg/100μl of v. albicornuta and v. latifi i venoms aft er 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Th e results of in vivo experiment showed that the cells treated with v. Latifi i venom for 72 hours in situ have the highest proliferation rate aft er passages three, four and fi ve in comparison to control. Th e results of this study showed that the v. albicornuta and v. latifi i venoms can aff ect the confl uence and viability of the MSCs.

Village’s managers’ selection as a new rural management can be considered as a turning point in the history of rural management From the beginning, the village management have been using cooperation, people's participation, government grants to resolve the public needs, improve and clean the environment, maintaining and exploiting infrastructure, to do their activities. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the functioning of the organizations in a proper governance framework from the point of view of the residents of the villages of the central part of Ardabil city.The present research is practical in terms of its purpose and the descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of this study is 34 villages with a population of 28199 and 8151 families. The sample size was estimated at 380 people based on the Cochran formula. The dispersion of samples' numbers in the villages was distributed based on their populations and the selection of samples in rural areas has been systematically random. In order to analyze of the village’s managers, eight indicators (Participation, legitimacy, accountability, accountability, pivotal justice, collective agreement, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness) were used in 60 items. The questionnaire was designed with closed questions in the form of the five-choice Likert scale. The formal validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of expert professors. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.784 based on Cronbach's alpha. The results of one-sample t-test with a mean of 2.07 showed that the proper governance of the villages of the central ardabil villages was lower than the average. The results show of the work of the governors is less than the average according to the proper rule of the residents of villages in the central part of Ardebil and is not in desirable conditions.

Twelve year-old is selected as the global indicator of age group to compare and monitor oral diseases at the international level. The aim of this study was to assess the state of oral health in the 12 year-old students to determine their needs and design oral health prevention programs in Jolfa.
Material and This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was done on 146 students, with 12 years of age that were selected on a multistage cluster sampling method through the seven health centers which provided health services to schools in 2014 academic year in Jolfa city. Data were collected through interview and dental clinical examination using World Health Organization Oral Health Assessment Form for Children, 2013 questionnaire that consists of two parts: 1) demographic information and 2) the mouth status, including: dentition status, periodontal status, dental erosion, dental trauma, oral mucosa. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software and applying descriptive statistics (Mean and Frequency), chi-square tests and logistic regression.
The mean of DMFT in the studied population was 4.30 ± 2.93 with 4.38 ± 2.26 for the boys and 4.21 ± 3.60 for the girls. According to the results, 92.5% of the students had at least one decayed tooth and 85.6% of those surveyed had at least one of the first permanent molar. Also, a significant association was observed between male gender and tooth decay (P value The results of this study showed poor oral health status in the students of Jolfa and needs to serious attention to community-based health programs in education and implementation of preventive dentistry.

Injury and vulnerability happen in of all disasters. Evidence shows that in the history elderlies are one of several vulnerabe groups during disasters; therefore¡ the present study was designed and conducted with the purpose of developing interventions to increase the possibility of earthquake preparedness and its subscales with risk reduction among elderlies in Hadishahr¡ Jolfa¡ Iran.
This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest posttest design with a control group. Fifty communities dwelling elderlies were chosen through simple random sampling method from two health centers and were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. The intervention consisted of educational sessions with slideshows¡ group discussions and sending reminder materials via mails to elderlies'' addresses one week later. The data were collected using a researcher developed preparedness questionnaire consisting of 36 items and subscales (communication¡ during and after the earthquake period). Inferential analyses of data including analysis of covariance were conducted by SPSS version 16 software.
Based on the results of demographic data¡ the elderlies were within the age range of 60-80 years old¡ whose mean age was 66.80 ± 5.66 years. About 56% of them were male; 62% had passed elementary education and the rest had a higher level of education. About 90% of the participants lived with their families¡ among which 76% hardly had any dispute with other family members. Furthermore¡ 56% of the individuals did not have any experience of offering assistance in disasters. Comparing the mean scores of experimental communication preparedness (P = 0.001)¡ preparedness during earthquake (P = 0.004)¡ and preparedness after earthquake (P = 0.017)¡ post-intervention had a significant increase¡ which indicates the effectiveness of the educational intervention program.
The results of our study showed that implementation of risk reduction program improved earthquake preparedness subscales in the communities dwelling elderlies. Thus¡ it can be concluded that such compound educational interventions are able to enhance disaster preparedness of these vulnerable groups in the society.

This study aimed to analyze existing data to achieve a comprehensive understanding of human brucellosis trend and its current situation in Jolfa city for implementing appropriate prevention and controlling program. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 91 patients with brucellosis who referred to Jolfa city health centers and private clinics from 2010 to 2014 and standard form of the brucellosis disease was completed for them. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 16 and descriptive statistics and chi-square test. The mean incidence of brucellosis was 34. 6 per 100،000. About 60. 4% of the patients were male and 86. 6% were living in rural. Disease was more common in men but there was no significant difference between the genders (x2 =2. 72، p-value=0. 85). The mean age was 36. 7 years old (SD=1. 78) with a range from 4 to 87 years old. The most cases of diseases were aged 40-50 years old. The most contagious seasons were spring (40. 65%) and summer (26. 37%). About 85. 7% of the patients had a history of animal contact and 78 % of the patients had a background of consuming unpasteurized dairy products. According to the findings، 94. 55% of the patients were new cases and 38. 5% had a history of disease in the family. The most cases (34. 1%) were in Komar-Sofla village. Despite the decrease of brucellosis disease in the East Azerbaijan province، trend of disease is increasing in Jolfa and brucellosis is still one of the common diseases. According to the results and considering the nature of the disease، applying ecological theories based on the multi-sectoral collaboration of the society can be effective in preventing the disease.

In poultry breeding، use of any antibiotics as a food additive that promotes growth، prevention or treatment of infectious diseases will increase the chance of drug residues in poultry meat products. In this study، the presence of different antibiotics in ten broiler flocks، which were later transported to Mashhad poultry abattoir have been investigated، using four plate test (FPT) method. A total of one hundred breast muscle and sixty liver samples (10 breast muscles and 6 liver samples from each flock) were collected randomly. The results of this study showed، the 18. 75% of samples were positive for antibiotic residues and 6. 88% of samples were suspected. The results also showed that sulfonamides residue in meat and liver samples were higher than other investigated antibiotics (22% in meat and 11. 7% in livers). It can be concluded that the withdrawal time of antibiotics before slaughter has been ignored in many of these farms therefore، the administration of antibiotics in poultry farms must be more rigidly controlled to prevent drug residues in food-producing animals.

Theranekron®is commercially available, alcoholic extract of the tarantula cubensis(brown spider).Ten healthy thoroughbred mare racehorses were used at the present study. Blood samples were taken 30 minutes before and 8, 24, 48, 72 and 168h aftersubcutaneous administration of 10ml Theranekron (1mg/48kg or 0.02mg/kgbw) via a jugular catheter. The results of this study showed that sampling time had a significant effects on the amount of PCV, hemoglobin concentration, RBC number, total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, BUN, creatinine, bilirubin, activity of ALT, and ALP (P0.05).In conclusion, most of the observed changes in hematological and serum biochemical parameters were statistically and not clinically significant. Thus it seems administration of Theranekron has not any adverse reaction in experimental horses.

Wound is a break in the outer layer of skin. There are several different methods to provoke wound healing process, consisting topically or orally administration of medicinal drugs or herbal remedies. Persian shallot, Allium hirtifolium which belongs to the same genus of garlic, naturally grows in different parts of Iran. In this study, we have avaluated the wound healing activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of A. hirtifolium Boiss. Four bilateral full-thickness wounds (2 on each side) were made on the dorsal area of four adult albino rats weighing 165±35 gr under general anesthesia. Right side wounds were treated in experimental groups, while left side wounds were considered as control littermates. One day after surgery, a gellike 1:1 mixture of A. hirtifolium extract and methylcellulose were topically applied (100 mg/kg/day) to the experimental wounds while the wounds in control groups were treated with the extract-free gel for 12 days. At days 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12, digital photos of wounds were taken using of Scion image software, for analyzing the percentage of wound contraction, epithelialisation and speed of healing. The results revealed that A. hirtifolium can accelerate wound healing by increasing the rate of epithelialisation. We concluded that A. hirtifolium extract may be clinically useful in management of open wounds treatment procedures.

Although some venoms and their isolated compounds have been shown to have antibacterial properties, most have not been investigated for such activity. Echis carinatus is one of the most venomous snakes in the world and has an effective haematotoxic venom that destroys endothelial cells and causes haemorrhagia.In this study, the antibacterial activity of Iranian snake Echis carinatus venom against six different bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7), were investigated. Crude venom (100µg/ml) and different standard antibiotic disks as positive controls were tested by the gel diffusion method. Since the results showed that Echis carinatus venom has a significant antibacterial effect against S. aureus and MRSA, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were also determined for these two susceptible bacteria: this was 80µg ml-1 against both strains. Also, the results determined that Echis carinatus venom dose not have a noticeable effect on other tested bacteria.

Cellular warehouse management is a new way of managing warehouses that originates from the SMOAD approach and is based on the partial approach to the whole; This type of management believes that by planning, controlling and guiding the smallest component of the warehouse, ie the cells, it is better to manage a warehouse in general. Also, only with this type of management can you move towards smartening and modernizing; This is because these types of warehouses are no longer dependent on human memory and physical activity, and if they are dependent, they contain a very small percentage, and this will be achieved by managing the cell's warehouse by receiving processing and storing cell information. In this article, according to the studies and practical research that has been done, a complete description of cell management has been given.