بهزاد عمران زاده

The city can be seen as a dual outcome of both design and policy or as the product of a process where policymaking provides the managerial framework and design serves as a platform for creativity and generating new urban conditions at both large and small scales. The objective of both sides is to enhance urban quality of life, which is achievable only when these domains operate continuously and interactively, allowing their interplay to materialize within the spaces and forms of the city. A review of past experiences in Iran shows that design has often been treated as separate from urban policymaking processes. Despite emphasizing the importance of a qualitative, design-oriented approach, urban policy has not managed to create a structured mechanism that effectively integrates design practices at architectural and urban levels. In response to this issue, the present research aims to develop a theoretical framework to clarify the role of architectural and urban design within the urban policymaking process by reviewing specialized literature on urban policy in Iran. This qualitative study uses a descriptive-analytical approach, examining library sources, documents, and previous experiences to propose a theoretical model that defines the role of design in urban policymaking. The findings suggest that if policymaking outputs are framed as part of the civilizational process of the city through design policies, then purposeful design intervention becomes possible. Policies can be transformed into actionable design guidelines by accounting for the factors, components, and attributes central to architectural and urban design. These guidelines serve as a crucial link between policy and design, addressing the multifaceted aspects of urban development.

The Islamic city is one that embodies the principles and values of Islam, providing the conditions necessary for realizing an Islamic lifestyle. This embodiment manifests in various forms across different regions and climates. In this context, the fundamental Islamic principle that should be realized in the social life of Muslims and within the urban environment is the principle of justice. The primary aim of this research is to develop a scientific theory based on Islamic sources regarding social and spatial justice as one of the pillars of the Islamic city or the ideal city in Islam. This is approached through the production of indigenous and Islamic knowledge in urban management and planning, utilizing grounded theory methodology. Ultimately, this research seeks to contribute, however modestly, to the theoretical foundations of the Islamic-Iranian city, guiding the pursuit of an Islamic-Iranian model of progress. The findings of this research reveal significant foundations that provide a precise definition of social and spatial justice, elaborating on the dimensions of this concept—including principles, criteria, and consequences—within a conceptual model. This model offers a comprehensive explanation of the current state of injustice and the process of achieving social and spatial justice in society. For instance, based on the results of this research, the definition of social and spatial justice is the “entitlement” of citizens regarding the distribution of services and resources, achieved by “placing everything in its rightful position” based on principles of “equality,” “public benefit,” and “equal access” to “public rights,” while recognizing “inequality” in “acquired rights” in human settlements. Based on this definition and the reviewed sources, the principles of social and spatial justice include:Public benefit in public affairs, Equality in public law, Equal access to public services, Inequality in individual-social acquired rights. The criteria for social and spatial justice are: Membership, Need, Performance, Value of action, Time and place requirements.

High-rise construction is one of the controversial issues in the urbanism, both theoretically and practically. The various opinions and the agreements and oppositions that exist for it and the need to take a correct position on this matter indicate the necessity of analysis and Critique of this issue. What makes the issue more sensitive in a country like Iran is the connection between identity, culture, Islamic-Iranian lifestyle and religious beliefs with high-rise construction. The approval of the supreme council of urbanism and architecture of Iran regarding the location and criterias and regulations for the construction of high-rise buildings in the city of Tehran (1400) and its content also doubles the need to investigate this issue. Therefore, these questions are raised: What are the consequences of high-rise development in physiological, social, economic, transportation and traffic, environmental, physical and visual dimensions, and how it is evaluated from the perspective of Islamic worldview, Islamic culture and jurisprudence? How has the approval of the Supreme Council of Urbanism and Architecture of Iran paid attention to the results of various researches and the values of Islamic worldview, Islamic-Iranian culture and Islamic jurisprudence in relation to high-rise construction? What strategies can be pursued to avoid the disadvantages of high-rise construction in the country?The purpose of the current research is to provide an analysis and explanation of the consequences of high-rise construction in the country with an identity and cultural perspective and with an emphasis on the criteria of Islamic worldview, as well as criticizing the approval of the supreme council of urbanism and architecture of Iran, and finally to provide appropriate strategies for high-rise construction. This is achieved by examining the history of high-rise construction in the world and Iran, meta-analysis of various researches on the evaluation of consequences of high-rise construction and precision in the opinions of researchers in this field.The results of the research indicate that high-rise construction - especially in residential use - in spite of the benefits have been mentioned for it, works against its primary goals in the long run and it imposes various negative effects in terms of physical-spatial, environmental, transportation, social, economic, landscape, etc. on the city and citizens. Examining the criteria, principles and values of the Islamic worldview, Islamic-Iranian culture and lifestyle, and jurisprudential opinions also show that high-rise construction conflicts with them from various aspects. This has left extensive damages in social interactions, lifestyle, quality of people life and especially the foundation of the family. Therefore, the development and promotion of high-rise construction is not logical, it does not improve the quality of living in the city, but it also causes its degradation. So, the action of the supreme council of urbanism and architecture in approving the high-rise construction permit in Tehran is not evaluated positively and can be the source of future problems for Tehran. The recent resolution of this council is flawed in terms of theoretical approaches, necessity, goals, possibility, implementation guarantee and content. Most of the goals that are mentioned in the justification of this resolution are due to the acceptance of the current flawed trend governing economic relations in cities, especially in the field of land and housing, which is based on capitalists' speculation, personal gain, monopoly and hoarding in the land and housing market. Clearly, the consequence of such a view results in high-rise construction. While in this regard, it is necessary to reform the economic system of the cities and eliminate the brokerage and speculation market, and the realization of the goals should be sought in them. According to the studies, the following strategies and solutions are presented to solve the damage of high-rise construction and to move away from this model: Short-term strategies and solutions: Exclusion of high-rise buildings to commercial, office and similar uses in specific and planned areas and serious avoidance of allocating them to residential use. Revision of high-rise construction criteria based on Islamic values and the qualities of Islamic-Iranian architecture and urbanism. Prevision of the supervisory institution with a detailed description of duties to monitor the implementation of high-rise construction criteria and also the provision of effective punitive policies in order to prevent the occurrence of violations. Prevision of financial and tax mechanisms to eliminate hoarding of land and housing. Provision of necessary services and infrastructure, especially in the field of transportation and urban traffic in high-rise built-up areas. Long-term strategies and solutions: Revision of land preparation plan considering the existence of sufficient land in Iran and the possibility of sustainable and regulated horizontal expansion of cities and settlements. Adopting economic measures based on Islamic teachings in order to convert land, building and housing from capital goods to consumer goods. Extraction of urban development patterns based on Islamic-Iranian identity and culture and by using the historical records and experiences of cities and hidden semantic values in them. Revival of suitable agricultural, industrial and commercial areas and directing the population of metropolises, especially Tehran, to these areas. Laying the foundation for increasing production and providing facilities for residents of villages and small and medium towns to prevent migration to metropolises and increase reverse migration. Revival of the neighborhood system in the existing high-rise built-up areas and creation the basis for increasing the socio-cultural interactions of high-rise buildings residents, in order to reduce the socio-cultural damages.

Transportation and traffic is one of the major issues and challenges that are facing urban managers. So that it has become one of the major challenges in the political area. Transport is one of the most important elements of urban development which is used for people and goods moving from a different geographical place to other places. In order to achieve efficient productive in urban areas transportation is needed. Tehran Metropolis along with their many problems has encountered with a wide problem in public transport area. In order to solve the traffic problems in Tehran during the last years، there have been discuss and controversy among different authorities of urban management (state and municipal) for choosing urban rapid transportation system for Metropolis Tehran. This paper sets out to evaluate and prioritize a variety of bus and rail transportation system for Tehran Metropolis by using MCDM approach. Theoretical Framework: Urban transportation as part of the overall transportation system is one of the components of municipal communication system. Its purpose is better accessing among the different land users within a city، work traffic and people and goods movement among these adapted areas. In Urban transportation systems and choosing various models usually time interval is more important than distance and geographical location. Totally the urban transportation means people and goods movement within cities. These movements which are influenced by the exchange of goods and services and social and recreational activities in the cities، not only affects on the size of the urban construction and urban development but also it depends on choosing desired transportation system as well as the size and its urban structure of the area. Basically، urban transportation is defined in three broad categories، Including: Public transportation، personal transportation، and goods transportation. However، the general objective of public transportation is providing mobility and better accessing to mass or certain parts of the city. The efficiency of this form of transportation is for people who move a lot. In fact، the public transportation system refers to a system that anyone can use it under defined conditions، such as buying a ticket.

This research is based on studies and analysis library was built. First،based on library research and theoretical literature on foreign sourcesare mostly based on indicators used in relation to a variety of rapidtransit systems were determined And the following data were collected foreach indicator. Then the TOPSIS algorithm and the indexes into differentsystems for metropolitan Tehran were prioritized.

Based on existing studies، Tehran subway system has accounted first rank، having the minimum distance to the closest ideal level. After the subway system، BRT transportation system has a second rank. Above calculations show that monorail system is dedicated the latest rank. This indicates that subway system has been resolving the public transportation problems in Tehran due to the quality parameters and the greatest potential desirability. In contrast، Monorail systems have a very low priority and capabilities. The result of the study shows that the urban managers of Tehran must consider subway transportation system development as the most fundamental and desirable choice to solve the problem. Regarding high cost and time assuming of the subway system in whole country، they can use the other rake choice، BRT system to solve existing problems. 5- Conclusion and Suggestions Transportation systems have basic role not only in economic life of countries but also in citizens’ life. Transportation and traffic issue have an important and sensitive role in a community’s quality and socio-economical structure. The basic need of modern urban life is transportation. Determining transportation system is one of the challenges that often arise in the context of sustainable development in cities. Transportation system which is affected the pattern and structure of city in some extent. Considering the importance and necessity to evaluate and prioritize different transportation systems particularly rapid public transportation systems، this paper used TOPSIS approach and Shannon entropy and MCDM techniques to prioritize and evaluate these systems in Tehran metropolitan which finally، conducted studies on the basis of criteria indicated that subway system has maximum capacity of public transportation desirability in Tehran. In contrast the Monorail systems have low priority. Therefore، urban managers in Tehran metropolis can use subway system as the main option for long-term and other systems such as the BRT for short-term strategies to solve public transportation problems in city.

According to the large volume of studies in the field of "Islamic city" over the past century; multiplicity, diversity, dispersion and sometimes contradictory results of the studies on the one hand, and the need to properly respond to many unanswered questions in this field, on the other hand, and the necessity of theoretical foundations development of Islamic City; evaluation of former Research and studies, has an undeniable necessity. This will improve the quality of research and will help researchers in the ongoing activities.Therefore, this study, with the aim to develop a theoretical foundations for Islamic city, and with descriptive-analytical methods, investigated available resources about Islamic Cities and has analyzed their defects and weaknesses.

Diverse and various researches which have been conducted in recent hundred years in the area of Islamic city, has made the accumulation of a great volume of theoretical texts in which the views are diverse, sometimes contradictory with a grave differences. This broadness and diversity and in some cases conflicts, has brought about ambiguity and confusion of researchers in this field in particular the young researchers and also it has made the true understanding of the limits of these studies associated with certain problems. On this basis, in the present research, it has been tried to elaborate and analyze the contents of the main existing and available sources in the area of study of Islamic city and the attitude prevailing on it. This will pave way to remove the problems and will help with detection and selection a proper attitude in the future studies to develop the theoretical foundations of the Islamic city. The results of this research, which has been made aiming at paving grounds for the compilation of the theoretical foundations of Islamic city and in descriptive-analytical and documented based methods, indicate the rule of three main morphologic (form-oriented), structural-oriented and de-constructional(critical) attitudes and some sub-attitudes or tendencies in this area.

Urban Transportation system is one of the principal and significant elements of urban system that supplies the accessibility needs of citizens to different land uses and makes mobility of the city. Therefore urban transportation and traffic issue and its problems are some of the most important challenges for citizens، urban authorities and municipality in metropolises. Today، one of the solutions against transportation problems is development of public transportation that implements in many cities in all around the world. Rapid public transportation systems from rail to rubber-tired systems are one of the most common solutions. Municipality of Tehran metropolis has chosen the BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) system to address upon problems and improvement of public transportation. This paper، based on field studies and descriptive-analytic methods، evaluates and investigates the bus rapid transit (BRT) in Tehran metropolis and offering strategies for its development using SWOT technique. To sum up in this paper potentials and constraints of first line of Tehran BRT and ultimately scientific answers and development strategies are examined.

Today، participation is a significant element in urban life renovation. Participation in improvement and renovation of old textures is one of the people participation fields in cities. Citizens have a key role in rehabilitation and reform of urban old textures. It seems that the most efficient method in against with old textures problems is participatory method. This paper wants to evaluate the public participation scale in rehabilitation and renovation the urban old texture in sirus sector of Tehran metropolis. Thus we can use patterns of collective empowerment and participation of all forces for use in organizing Central tissues towards achieving development goals search. Siros historic neighborhood in central Tehran tissue including tissue that is worn extent and severity of the problems according to officials and experts to prepare a plan for structural improvement and renovation has attractedThis paper based on field studies shows that sirus sector plan in preparation and implementation steps doesn''t has components of a participatory plan. It hadn’t done any action in empowerment of people.

IntroductionMetropolitan’s high development in the world beside population grows in the megacities causes many troubles, such as traffic and urban transportation problems. These problems have been one of significant urban challenges in the end of twenty century. Usually, urban transportation is one of the principal and significant elements of urban system that supplies the accessibility and mobility needs of citizens in different areas. Rapid increases of vehicles especially personal cars and enormous use of them in Iranian cities especially in Tehran metropolis with high grows of population and without a scientific and comprehensive planning have made many troubles. These problem increase with the raise intensive environmental pollutions, congestion of traffic, time consuming of citizens, much consumption of fuel, no security of roads and so on. These problems also decrease public welfare and public health in Tehran. Therefore, urban transportation and traffic issue and its problems are one of the most important challenges for citizens, urban authorities, and municipality of Tehran.Today, one of the solution upon to these problems is development and promotion of public transportation that implements in many cities in all of the world. Rapid public transportation systems from rail to rubber-tired systems are one of the most common solutions. Municipality of Tehran term solution) to address these problems and improve public transportation. Different communities have adopted many public transportation initiatives ranging from light rail regular bus transit across their countries to address a variety of issues ranging from environmental awarness to the desire for alternatives to improve highways and urban sprawl. These concerns have led to a re-examination of existing transit technologies and the embrace of new creative ways of providing transit services. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) can be an extremely cost-effective way of providing high-quality, and high-performance transit.Bus Rapid Transit makes bus to move people almost as quickly and efficiently as a subway system, with a much lower cost. BRT uses dedicated lanes on existing streets, and doesn’t require the construction of rails or tunnels. A new BRT line can therefore be put in place much more quickly and cheaply than a new subway line. Recently Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is successfully adopted by many major cities across the world including United States of America, and grabbing the attention of numerous communities towards this system of public transit which combines flexible service with advanced technologies. BRT is a rapid mode of transportation that can combine the quality of rail transit and the flexibility of buses. These systems use new electronic technologies, vehicle design, transit operation principles, and marketing techniques.MethodologyThis paper is based on fieldwork studies and descriptive-analytic methods that investigates infrastructural factors of BRT and it is evaluated its function in Tehran metropolis. The overall qualitative, and quantitative benefits of the BRT are evaluated in this study. Through literature reviews, the elements and indicators that effect the performance of BRT are identified. Our statistical data in this research was BRT passengers and consumers in Tehran metropolis. Around 300 passengers are chosen randomly for a sample survey to contact analysis for this paper, and SPSS software tests also used to complete this study. Results and discussionThe BRT system is tested and implement in Tehran to processes the analytical performances. In this article first line (Azadi-TEhranpars) of BRT system in Tehran metropolis is chosen as the study area, and various sets of data are analyzed to compete this study.Our research indicates that BRT in Tehran has many benefits and advantages. Decrease of travel time (33 minute in first line route), movement of population increases (250 percent), reduction of stay time in station, high speed specially in compare with traditional bus system, increase of passengers security, comparing to othe passenger systems specially with private automobiles and taxes are some of the advantages which can consider. ConclusionThis paper shows that BRT system has positive effects on public transportation in Tehran metropolis. This system has positive environmental, economical and social impact in Tehran city. Considering public satisfaction of the BRT is very high. Therefore, with regard to chosen indicators, BRT is a efficient, suitable, and desirable system in Tehran that its public satisfaction is very high and most passengers are using this services everyday.

Human can reduce the effect of disaster through awareness and of course by people's participation.This awareness and participation is called crisis management. The necessity of paying attention to the crisis management process is as an effective tool for confronting the effect of disaster by focusing on planning and time schedule in the process and related important activities in each step of crisis management process.Without doubt, rural regions of the country are subjected more vulnerable to natural disaster than urban regions. This is due to type of housing structure and activities in the rural areas, which has more hazardous and sensitive centers. Considering this problems, the rural areas of the country have not a comprehensive crisis management. Present paper seeks to find strategies that could help to crisis management of rural regions. The method of research in this study is descriptive and analytic by using the provided library materials.In conclusion, to remedy for insufficiency of the crisis management in rural areas; the strategies could be divided in two groups of factor; internal and external factors. In internal case is to create participation and training the people and in external case, having prepare all the governmental related organizations in provision of services and appropriate planning for reduction of natural disaster's impacts.

Geography has changed from 1950, and many quantitative models and techniques has entered in it. Uses of models and techniques in geographical researches specially in urban and regional studies can help to stabilize of this discipline between other disciplines, to identify of current situation, planning and management of region. Cities are the most significant human phenomena in regions that play a major role in development or un development of them. One of cases that quantitative models and techniques uses in it is analyze of urban network and ranking structure of cities.This paper based on descriptive-analytic method, 1345, 1365, 1385 censuses data and spatial analyze models investigate the urban network of Ardabil province.This paper present that attend with social, economic and politic changes in Ardabil province in resent decades, urban network and ranking structure of cities has changed too. The models show that urban primacy exist in urban network of Ardabil, but this system goes to equilibrium, balance and non centralization.