بهمن پاسبان اسلام

The current research aimed to study the effect of delaying the fall planting date of rapeseed in cold climates using Trichoderma fungi. An experiment was conducted as a split plot based on an RCBD design with three replications using the Ahmadi cultivar in the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center for two years (2021-23). The main factor was planting date including apropos (11 and 21 September) and late cultivation (1 and 11 October), and the sub-factor was Trichoderma fungi (Trichoderma harzianum) treatment including control, seed, and soil treatments. Delaying the planting date from 11 September to 11 October by increasing 20.7 percent in cold damage led to a decrease in seed and oil yields by 1425 and 676 Kg ha-1, respectively. The soil and seed treatment with fungi significantly increased plant growth rate and chlorophyll and decreased cold damage during winter from 35.2 in control (unused fungi) to 28.7 and 21.3 percent in soil and seed treatment, respectively. In addition, seed and oil yields increased. These effects were higher in seed treatment and seed yield increased by 27 and 27.6 percent on the 11 September and 11 December planting dates, respectively, in soil treatment by fungi. According to the results, using Trichoderma fungi as a seed treatment on 11 October late cultivation date, increased seed yield from 2703.3 to 4128.6 Kg ha-1. The mentioned fungi by increasing fall growth and decreasing cold damage in rapeseed, caused a prevent of significant decrease in seed yield at late cultivations.

Carthamus tinctorius L., is a member of the family Asteraceae, cultivated mainly for its seed, which is used as edible oil and as birdseed. This plant originated in the Middle East, due to the deep and extensive root system known for salt as well as drought tolerance. Climate changes and water availability have an important impact in agriculture, food disposal and consequently in human health. We evaluated the agronomic characteristics and drought-tolerant genotypes of safflower for cultivation in saline and low-yielding environments.

This experiment was conducted in the saline lands of Khosrowshahr Station of East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during the crop year 2018-2019 using split plots with randomized complete blocks design. The main factor was drought stress with non-stress (control) and stress from flowering to seed maturity and 6 autumn safflower genotypes as secondary factor.

The results showed that the water deficit stress in the studied stages caused a significant decrease in the number of seeds per petal, the number of petals per plant, and the weight of 1,000 seeds. It was also found that the interaction effect of water stress and genotype on seed yield, oil content, oil yield, chlorophyll index and leaf temperature was significant. According to the results, under without water deficit stress the highest and the lowest seed yield respectively belonged to the Padideh genotype (3476.7 kg ha-1) and the Kh 92 genotype (1733.1 kg ha-1) and under water deficit stress to to the Padideh genotype (2162.6 kg ha-1) and the kh 132 genotype (955.3 kg ha-1) was related. The highest and lowest content of oil in the full irrigation treatment corresponded to the Padideh genotype (29.43 %) and kh 92 genotype (22.76 %) and under water stress conditions related to the Padideh genotype (24.3 %) and genotype kh was 92 (16.8 %). The highest oil yield under normal irrigation related to the Padideh genotype (524.23 kg ha-1) and the lowest in the kh 132 genotype (207.22 kg ha-1) was obtained. The leaf temperature of the genotypes in non-stress conditions was significantly lower compared to stress conditions. Based on the results of cluster analysis under normal and stress conditions, in the first group (Padideh and kh 132) due to high seed and oil yield, and also the genotypes of the second group (Kazakhi, kh 92 and kh 97) due to this which in terms of traits such as seed and oil yield had the highest deviation percentage compared to the total average, were known to be resistant to water deficit stress. Also, the genotypes of the third group (Kazakhi, kh 68 and kh 132) due to the fact that they had lower seed and oil yield and also had a lower deviation percentage than the genotypes of the second group, were in the groups They were sensitive to water stress.

Accordingly, it can be understood that the variations among genotypes in terms of oil content, and oil yield and seed yield are important components that could be used to select appropriate genotypes with drought conditions. Padideh genotype had the highest seed yield and oil yield in both favorable and stressful conditions.

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses and the most limiting factor in agricultural production worldwide, affecting the growth, development, and final yields of crops. Rapeseed is one of the most important sources of oilseeds in the world, and its seeds contain more than 40% of oil. Moreover, the meal obtained from oil extraction has more than 35% protein, hence it currently ranks third among oil crops in the world after soybean and oil palm, making it necessary to identify the genotypes that tolerate salinity stress. The development and improvement of rapeseed cultivars with salinity tolerance and acclimation offer promising prospects for improving sustainable production in this area. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the responses of rapeseed genotypes to salinity stress through analyses of agronomic and biochemical traits.

The genetic diversity between rapeseed lines in terms of agronomic, morphological, and physiological traits in saline soils was investigated in an experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 17 autumn rapeseed genotypes with three replicates in the research farm of East-Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. The measured traits were plant height, the number of fertile pods, number of seeds per pod, pod length, pod area, plant growth rate, 1000-seed weight (TSW), seed yield, oil content, and oil yield. The relationships between yield, yield components, and morphological traits were explored using the analysis of variance (ANOVA), comparison of averages, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and biplot to understand the relative importance of traits affecting the yield of the studied genotypes.

The studied genotypes were significantly different from each other in pod length, pod area, number of fertile pods, number of seeds per pod, plant growth rate, seed oil percentage, plant height, TSW, grain yield, and oil yield. However, there were no significant differences between the studied genotypes in terms of harvest index and number of actual pods to potential pods. According to the mean comparisons, genotypes 5, 11, and 15 can be introduced as salinity-tolerant lines, and genotypes 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 can be considered salinity-sensitive lines. According to the other traits, genotype 11 produced a high pod length, number of fertile pods, oil percentage, and oil yield, genotype 5 had a high growth rate and oil percentage, and genotype 15 presented a high height and number of fertile pods. According to the cluster analysis, the second and third groups contained tolerant and susceptible genotypes, respectively. The genotypes in the second group had the highest percentage of positive deviation from the overall mean for grain yield, plant height, harvest index, seed oil percentage, pod length, pod area, and number of fertile pods. Based on the biplot analysis, Karaj 8 and 14 genotypes had a strong relationship with the number of  fertile pods, number of seeds per pod, pod length, pod area, and plant growth rate. Based on the obtained results, the plant height, TSW, seed yield, and oil content traits were closely correlated with Karaj 5, 7, 11, 10, and 15 genotypes. Based on the results of correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient of seed yield was positive and significant for three traits, i.e., plant height, oil percentage, and number of fertile pods, and the highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.879) was obtained for seed yield with seed oil percentage. Positive and significant correlations were measured for the number of seeds in pods with pod length (r = 0.699), pod area (r = 0.555), number of fertile pods (r = 0.678), and number of actual pods. Therefore, genotypes characterized by longer and more abundant pods play a crucial role in improving seed quantity, a key component of grain yield in saline environments. Consequently, the size and number of pods per plant serve as indicators of high-yield potential under such conditions. Based on the results of the principal component analysis (PCA), the first and second components had the highest relative variances, accounting for 44.66% and 31.22% of the total variance, respectively. Together, these two components accounted for 75.88% of the total variance. Factor loadings showed that traits such as number of fertile pods, seed yield, oil yield, and seed oil content had the highest factor loadings in the first component. Similarly, the plant growth rate had the highest factor load in the second component among all the studied traits. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into four groups, and its dendrogram showed that all the studied genotypes were divided into four separate groups based on all the measured traits. The first group comprised three Karaj 1, 13, and 16 genotypes, the fourth group (like the first group) contained three Karaj 5, 11, and 15 genotypes, and the third group had five genotypes, namely Karaj 3, 7, 8, 10, and 14. The remaining genotypes were assigned to the second group.

The results of the present study demonstrate acceptable genetic diversity among rapeseed genotypes in terms of the evaluated traits in saline lands. This shows the importance and the possibility of using these genetic resources to achieve promising and superior genotypes in breeding programs.

The present research aimed to study the effects of Trichoderma fungi on yield components, seed and oil yields of safflower, and select high-yielding genotypes to cultivate in saline soils around Urmia Lake.

Methods and Materials:

 An experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during the 2021-22. The experimental factors were Trichoderma fungi (Trichoderma harzianum) including control and seed treatments and the second factor included 14 safflower genotypes.

The effect of Trichoderma on plant height, panicula per plant, 1000-seeds weight, oil percent, seed and oil yields was significant. Among studied genotypes, significant differences were seen in mentioned traits. In fungi treatment and control conditions Padideh, L1, PI426521, PI537698, and PI537694 genotypes indicated higher seed and oil yields. They are located in the same cluster group according to the studied characters. The treatment of safflower seeds with Trichoderma fungi led to an increase in seed yields of the above-mentioned genotypes 645,677,575, 494, and 520 Kg h-1 respectively and they reached 3727, 3521, 3345, 3322, and 3164 Kg h-1 respectively. These increases in seed yield can have an effective role in the sustainable development of safflower cultivation in saline areas.

It seems that Padideh, L1, PI426521, PI537698, and PI537694 genotypes are suitable for cultivation in saline areas around Urmia Lake. The treatment of seeds with Trichoderma fungi significantly increased seed and oil yields of safflower genotypes.

The goals of the study were to consider the possibility of delaying planting time of fall safflower from 11 September to 11 October in cold climates via increasing rosette plants growth for suitable cold tolerance and enhancing seed yield by using trichoderma fungi.

Methods and Materials:

 An experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the Khosrowshah station of East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during the 2021-22 cropping season. The experimental factors included planting time (11 and 21 September and 1 and 11 October), and trichoderma fungi (Trichoderma harzianum) treatment included control, soil and seed treatments. The Ahmadi as a fall rapeseed genotype was used during the study.

Delaying the planting time from 11 September to 11 October led to diminishing leaf chlorophyll concentration, plant growth rate and increasing plant cold damage percentage and a significant decrease in seed and oil yields and seed yield components. The treatment of the soil and seed with trichoderma fungi increased the mentioned yield related traits, but these increases were significantly higher in seed treatment plots. The mean of the seed yield increased by 1005 and 613 Kg h-1 in 11 September and 11 December planting times respectively in the case of treating seeds by trichoderma fungi.

The rapeseed treatment with trichoderma fungi increased rosette plants growth, decreased cold damage percentage and increased seed yield significantly in early and late season cultivations at cold climate.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of early and late season drought stress on autumn sown safflower genotypes in marginal and saline soils around Lake Urmia in East Azarbaijan in Iran. A filed experiment was carried out as split-plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications at Khosroshah agricultural research field station, East Azarbaijan agriculture and natural resources research and education center, Tabriz, Iran, in 2019-20 and 2020-21 cropping seasons. Experimental factors included: drought stress levels (non-stress, drought stress in rosette stage and drought stress in seed filling stage) and safflower genotypes (cv. Padideh, cv. Golemehr, cv. Parnian, and Mexico14 and Mexico248 promising lines). The irrigation (water with EC = 4.2 ds m-1) of non-stressed plots was applied at the 80 mm and stressed plots at 180 mm evaporation from the Class A evaporation pan. The results showed that the effect of drought stress in the rosette stage on seed and oil yield was not significant. However, drought stress in the seed filling stage significantly decreased the seed no. head-1 by 17%, 1000-seed weight by 7%, and seed and oil yield by 48% and 51%, respectively. Therefore, application of irrigation in seed filling stage of safflower crop is necessary. The effect of drought stress on leaf relative water content and canopy temperature indices was significant, and these two indices were suitable for evaluation of drought sterss effect on safflower genotypes. It was concluded that cv. Padideh, cv. Golemehr, and Mexico248 promising line with 1983, 1979 and 2087 kg h-1 seed yield, respectively, under drought stress conditions in the seed filling stage, were adapted and suitable for being grown under late season drought stress in marginal and saline soils around Lake Urmia.

To recognize the effects of water deficit stress on physiological and agronomic responses of salt tolerant safflower genotypes, and introducing indices to selecting drought tolerant genotypes of safflower, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in saline soils (6.7 dS m-1) of the East Azerbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during 2017-18. The experimental factors included drought stress (non-stressed and stressed from flowering to maturity (and six fall safflower genotypes including: Padideh, Golemehr, Mexico14, Mexico248, Mexico295 and Parnian. Drought stress increased leaf temperature and decreased leaf relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance and leaf chlorophyll index and also grain number per capitulum, oil percent, grain and oil yields significantly. Significant differences were seen among the genotypes in the above-mentioned indices (except for leaf temperature), yield components and seed and oil yields. Correlations among leaf temperature, RWC, stomatal conductance and leaf chlorophyll index with each other and with seed and oil yields were significant. Therefore, these indices (except for leaf temperature) can be used to select drought-tolerant fall genotypes of safflower in the region. Correlation among capitulum number per plant and grain number per capitulum with each other and seed and oil yields, were positive and significant. Hence, these yield components had important role in productivity. Golemehr, Mexico 14, Mexico 248 and Mexico 295 genotypes indicated higher seed and oil yields. It seems that the above four genotypes could be adapted to cultivate in saline areas around Urmia Lake and areas with similar climate.

Sweet violet (Viola odorata) is a perennial herbaceous plant with ornamental and medicinal properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of water-deficit and spraying with salicylic acid, sodium nitroprusside and zinc Nano-oxide on physiological parameters, secondary metabolites and enzymatic activity of sweet violet. Factorial experiment in completely randomized design was performed with two factors; water-deficit stress at 3 levels (55, 65 and 85% of field capacity or FC of pot soil) and sprays including salicylic acid (200 and 300 mg/l), zinc Nano-oxide (1000 and 1500 mg/l) and sodium nitroprusside (200 and 300 μM) in three replications. The results showed that with increasing water-deficit stress, the amount of phenolic compounds, proline and phytol, as well as the percentage of secondary metabolites, antioxidant enzyme activity and plasma membrane stability increased. The highest phenolic compounds (57.07 mg/galic acid/g D.W.) and proline content (52.47 mg/kg F.W.) were obtained in the treatment of 300 μM sodium nitroprusside at 55% of field capacity. The highest activity of superoxide dismutase (1.94 EU/mg/pro./min), catalase (0.198 EU/mg/pro./min) and polyphenol oxidase (0.248 EU/mg/pro./min) were obtained in treatments of 200 mg/l salicylic acid and 200 and 300 μM sodium nitroprusside, respectively, in 55% FC. The highest amount of phytol (2.87%) belonged to the control treatment in 55% of FC. The highest amount of sodium (28.60 mg/kg) and phosphorus (0.60 mg/kg) in control plants in 55% stress and potassium (4.29 mg/kg), iron (306 mg/kg F.W.) and dry matter percentage of shoots (26.23) and roots (27.60) was observes in spraying with 1000 mg/l of zinc nanoparticles in stress 85%, 1500 mg/l zinc oxide in stress 65%, 200 μM salicylic acid in stress 85% and 1000 mg/l of zinc Nano-oxide in 55% stress, respectively. Totally, the use of 200 mg/l of salicylic acid as spray, in addition to improving the growth and developmental conditions of sweet violet, decreased the negative effects of water-deficit stress and increased plant resistance to water-deficit.

In order to evaluate the impact of salicylic acid on yield and yield component of Indian mustard under irrigation and non- irrigation and different doses of clopyralid, a field experiments was laid out in randomized complete block design with split-split plot arrangements having three replications were conducted at the research farm of East Azerbaijan Agricultural Research Center in 2019 and 2020. Irrigation levels (non-irrigation and supplementary irrigation) were assigned to main plots, salicylic acid levels (control without salicylic acid, priming of Indian mustard seeds with salicylic acid and foliar application with salicylic acid) were assigned to sub plots and different levels of clopyralid ((0 (weed free control), 0 (weed infested control), 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 L.ha-1)) were allocated to sub-sub plots. The results showed that the application of clopyralid 0.4 L.ha-1 in non-irrigation condition resulted in highest number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 grains weight, and grain yield, and in this regard there was not statistically significant difference with weed free control. Maximum reduction in the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 grains weight, and grain yield of this crop is related to treated plants with clopyralid 1.6 L.ha-1 and weed infested control under supplementary irrigation condition. Seed pretreatment with salicylic acid reduced the negative effects of clopyralid herbicide on Indian mustard plants grown from these seeds and increased the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 grains weight, biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index.

Drought stress is an unavoidable factor that exists in a wide range of environments without boundaries or clear warning, diminishing plant biomass production and quality. It is caused by changes in temperature, light intensity, and precipitation levels. This is despite its cumulative, multidimensional nature, which has a negative impact on plant morphology, physiological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics, as well as the photosynthetic capacity. Plants evolve different adaptation mechanisms to cope with water scarcity, including physiological and biochemical responses, which vary according to species. Plants respond to drought by altering their growth pattern and structural dynamics, reducing transpiration loss through modulation of stomata conductance and distribution, leaf rolling, varying root-to-shoot ratio dynamics, increasing root length, accumulating compatible solutes, and enhancing transpiration efficiency, adjusting hormone levels, and delaying senescence. The purpose of this study was to examine the photosynthetic role of safflower leaves and inflorescence on seed yield and oil content under water stress at Shahid Madani University of Azarbaijan in 2019 using the spring cultivar (Goldasht).

This study examined the effects of different irrigation regimes (no stress, water stress from the beginning of flowering stage, and water stress from 50% of flowering stage) and removing different types of photosynthetic organs (control, removal of leaves from the bottom of the plant, removal of leaves from the top of the plant, and inflorescence cover) on the growth and yield characteristics of safflower. SAS software (version 9.2) was used to perform an analysis of variance (SAS Institute Inc. 2002). At a probability level of 0.05, Duncan's Multiple Range Test was used to separate the means. Using a Class A Evaporation Pan, plots without drought and normal stress were irrigated to a depth of 80 mm from the time of planting until the beginning of flowering. Irrigation was performed at 160 mm evaporation time from water evaporation pans on water-stressed plots.

The highest 1000-seed weight (42.7 g) was associated with the control treatment, whereas the lowest weight (42.1 g) was associated with 50% flowering stress. During stress (seed filling stage), leaf temperatures were 27.9 °C and 26.6 °C, respectively (control). At the beginning of the flowering stage and at the 50% flowering stage, water stress reduced seed yield by 16.4% and 7.9%, respectively. The oil yield decreased significantly by 4.4%, only when the stress treatment was applied from the beginning of flowering. According to the results, the most important source of assimilates for safflower seed filling and oil yield is the top leaves. Also, in this study, the petals play an important role in filling the seeds, both under conditions of full irrigation and water stress. Under full irrigation, the highest harvest index (39.7%) was associated with non-removal of leaves, while the lowest harvest index (38.6%) was associated with removal of top leaves. Without removing the leaves, the highest seed yield (1305 kg/ha) was obtained without water stress. There was no significant difference in chlorophyll index between removing the top leaves of the plant and the inflorescence cover, but more chlorophyll index was obtained by removing the bottom leaves than when organs were not removed. In both treatments, removing the bottom leaves increased the chlorophyll index by 7.4% compared to not removing the leaves.

Studies confirm that removing the leaves at the plant's base increases the chlorophyll index of safflower plants. Additionally, the inflorescence cover plays a significant role in safflower seed and oil yield. Beginning with the flowering stage, safflower seed and oil yields are negatively impacted by water stress.

In order to consider some echo-physiological responses related to the productivity of safflower fall genotypes to drought stress at plant greening, establishment, and seed filling stages and to recognize drought-tolerant genotypes, the present study was done.

An experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the Khosrow Shah station of East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during the 2019-20 cropping season. The experimental factors included drought stress (non-stressed and stressed during plant greening and the establishment and seed filling stages, and five safflower genotypes including Padideh, Golemehr, Parnian, Mexico248, and Mexico14.

Occurring drought stress at the seed filling stage significantly decreased chlorophyll concentration, stomatal conductance, relative water content, seed and oil yields, and seed yield components in fall genotypes of safflower. Correlation among mentioned indices echo-physiological indices with each other and with seed and oil yields were positive and significant. Also, the amounts of mentioned indices among studied genotypes were significantly different.

The seed filling period of fall genotypes of safflower was critical for water requirements. Chlorophyll concentration, stomatal conductance, relative water content indices were able to reflect the drought stress effect during the seed filling period and can recognize the fall genotypes of safflower with high seed and oil yields under drought conditions. It seems that these echo-physiological indices are suitable to select late-season drought-tolerant safflower genotypes.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) reduce the effects of drought stress by altering some root properties and absorbing nutrients and water in plants. In order to evaluate the effect of AMF on some characteristics of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.-cv. Sofeh) under water-deficit condition, this experiment has been carried out at research farm of the Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz in 2018. The experiment is done as a split plot in a completely randomized blocks design with three replications. The results show that the highest petal yield under non-water stress is 281.6 kg/ha and the lowest stress from flowering stage to 197.3 kg/ha. In the control, the highest content of seed oil is 30.65% related to the seed inoculated with AMF. The highest oil yield is obtained from the condition without stress with 1098.9 kg/ha, also in seed inoculated with fungus of 1107.8 kg/ha. The highest seed yield (4884.4 kg/ha) is obtained in the condition without water stress and inoculation of seeds and soil with AMF. In general, water stress leads to reduced yield and inoculation with AMF, especially inoculation of seeds and soil, yield of plants under water stress due to the positive effect on growth improve nutrition and water uptake. Plants inoculated with AMF display improved growth, yield and oil content under water stress conditions than non-inoculated plants.

 The sixth century poems are usually considered as "technical poems". The poets of this era put aside simplicity and fluency of the poetry of the previous periods and used similes and metaphors in poetry to describe scientific information of that era such as astronomy, mysticism, music, medicine and especially herbal medicines, in a manner that one cannot comprehend the meaning and concept of poetry without having knowledge of these sciences. Medical information and common healing properties of plants have a wide reflection in poetry of this period. One of these medicinal herbs (herbal medicines) is poppy, whose active ingredients have been known to people and used by them through centuries under different names such as poppy, coke, opium and... The poets of this era attempted to create themes for medicinal and sleep inducing characteristics of the extract of this plant and used its taste, color and properties as the bases of advice, lyric, praise and mysticism.

 The present library based research study is undertaken to utilize descriptive and analytical approaches to extract medicinal reflections of opium from Khaghani, Sanai, Anvri and Khamsa Nizami divans, and then make an exploratory and investigative analysis based on the therapeutic properties listed in scientific articles, authentic traditional medicine books as well as books on modern medicinal plants.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed.

 The sedative, hypnotic and antidote medicinal properties of poppy correspond to its current usage.

 Opium was used therapeutically in the 6th century and was obtained from two plants of "poppy" and "wild lettuce". Poppy opium was referred to as "poppy" and lettuce opium was called "koke". Nowadays, there is not any "koke" opium, but wild lettuce is still used as a hypnotic agent in traditional medicine and herbal medicine books confirm its hypnotic properties.

The goals of study were to consider the effects of water deficit at fall rosette and seed filling stages on seed and oil yields and their component of superior safflower winter genotypes and to recognize drought tolerant genotypes to cultivate in marginal lands of Tabriz plain.

An experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during 2019-20 cropping season. The experimental factors included drought stress (non-stressed and stressed during rosette and seed filling stages and five safflower genotypes including: Padideh, Golemehr, Parnian, Mexico248 and, Mexico14.

The effects of water deficit during fall rosette stage on seed and oil yields and their components were insignificant. Whereas drought at seed filling stage significantly decreased amounts of mentioned traits. Correlation of capitulum diameter with harvest index, thousand seeds weight, seed and oil yields were significant. The correlations among seed yield component with each other, seed and oil yields were significant. The highest amounts of seed and oil yields belonged to Padideh, Golemehr and Mexico248.

Fall rosette stage in safflower was not critical for water deficit. Whereas drought during the seed filling stage significantly decreased capitulum diameter, seeds in a capitulum, thousand seeds weight, seed and oil yields. It seems that Padideh, Golemehr and, Mexico248 are suitable to cultivate in dry and marginal lands of Tabriz plain and Mexico248 can be used for safflower breeding programs.

To investigate the effects of late season drought on yield components, seed and oil yields and some physiological indices related to drought tolerance in promise genotypes of safflower, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in saline areas of the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during the cropping season of 2018-19. The experimental factors included drought stress (non-stressed and stressed from flowering to maturity) and six safflower genotypes (Padideh, Gazagi, 59, 68, 97 and 132 lines). Drought stress decreased yield components, seed and oil yields, leaf chlorophyll index, stomatal conductance and RWC and increased leaf temperature significantly. Amounts of these traits were significantly different among genotypes. Correlations among these indices and with seed and oil yields were significant. Also all yield components had important role in productivity. In all water conditions, Padideh variety and promise line 68 had higher amounts of physiological indices and indicated higher seed and oil yields. Therefore, Leaf chlorophyll index, stomatal conductance, RWC and leaf temperature are able to reflect the effects of water deficit on safflower genotypes and could be used in the drought tolerant genotypes selection.

The effects of Nano-zinc oxide (ZnO), salicylic acid (SA), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were studied on sweet violets under different irrigation water regimes in a factorial experiment. The factors were drought stress at three levels including irrigation at 85 (control), 65 (moderate stress) and 55 (severity stress) percent of field capacity (FC) soil water depletion and foliar application of ZnO, SA, SNP, and distilled water as a control. Means comparison showed that the best resutls was obtained from interaction 200 mg L-1 SA, with irrigation and 85 % FC,  the treatment that influenced most traits positively. Also, 300 mg L-1 SA and both SNP rates significantly outperformed the control and Nano-ZnO. The lowest stomatal conductance was related to the 200 µM SNP at 55% FC. The lowest malondialdehyde (MDA) content was observed in 200 mg L-1 SA and 85 % FC treatment. The highest relative water content (RWC) was associated with the application of 1500 mg L-1, Nano-ZnO at 85% FC. The control plants at 55% FC recorded the highest proline (46.62 μg g-1 FW). The highest peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity was related to the treatment of 1000 mg L-1 Nano-ZnO and the highest ascorbate peroxidase (APX) to the treatment of 1500 mg L-1 Nano-ZnO at 55% FC.

ABSTRACT- This study was conducted to introduce agro-physiological traits for improving drought tolerant rapeseed winter genotypes for cultivation in saline areas. Eighteen rapeseed genotypes were evaluated under non-stressed and drought-stressed conditions from flowering and seed filling stages to seed maturity for two years (2012-2014) at the saline soils (EC=6.7 dS m-1) in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of East Azarbaijan, Iran. Drought stress significantly decreased pod length, plant height, seed yield, yield components and stomatal conductance and increased canopy temperature.Among the genotypes, significant differences were observed for pod length, the number of seeds in a pod, seed and oil yields, and stomatal conductance. The correlations among the traits were significantly positive. According to the results of genotypes grouping, HW101, L183, L73, and L72 having higher pod length, the number of seeds in a pod, stomatal conductance, seed and oil yields, which were recognized as the promising ones. The results of this study indicated that, the pod length, the number of seeds in a pod and stomatal conductance as simple and easy parameters can be used to select late season drought tolerant rapeseed winter genotypes for cultivation in saline areas. Also, the cluster analysis method was able to discriminate productive genotypes. Water deficit during flowering and seed filling stages, decreased the mean of seed yields by 800 and 584 Kg h-1 during the first year and 1764 and 1154 Kg h-1 during the second year of the experiment, of this study respectively. Thus, it was concluded that the evaluated rapeseed genotypes at the flowering stage were more sensitive to drought compared to the seed filling stage.

Nafis variety (line L72), suitable for cultivation in the cold and moderately cold regions of Iran, is the result of the selection and purification in segregating generations derived from the cross Orient×Modena. Selection of single plants was carried out during five consecutive years using pedigree method until accessing pure lines and then pure lines were screened in F6 generation. Pure lines along with Okapi as check cultivar were evaluated in the preliminary yield trial in experimental farm of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in 2009. The result showed that mean seed yield of L72 with 3650 kgha-1 was 30.7% higher than Okapi. The study of adaptability of selected lines in Karaj, Hamedan, Zarghan and Kermanshah during 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 showed that line L72 with seed yield of 4137 kgha-1 had the highest grain yield among studies genotypes where its seed yield was 6.7% higher than Okapi and had a good yield stability based on environmental variance statistic. Results of complementary trials for line L72 in Karaj, Hamedan, Zarghan, Isfahan, Khoy and Kermanshah during 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 indicated that this line with grain yield of 4336 kgha-1 had higher yield compared to other genotypes. Field disease assessments indicated high tolerance of L72 to sclerotinia compared to check cultivar Okapi. Results of on-farm trials in farmers' field of Kermanshah province showed that line L72 had 13.7% higher grain yield compared to Ahmadi as check cultivar. Results of on-farm trials in farmers' field of Isfahan province under normal irrigation and irrigation cutting from pod setting stage showed that line L72 had 1.2 and 9.1% higher seed yield than Okapi as check cultivar, respectively. Therefore, due to desirable characteristics of line L72 such as higher seed yield and yield stability and relative tolerance to sclerotinia stem rot compared to Okapi as check cultivar, this line was released as Nafis and is recommended for cultivation in the cold and moderately cold regions of the country.

To study the effect of irrigation levels and spraying of chemical fertilizers on some Morphophysiological traits in castor oil plant an experiment was conducted in East Azarbaijan Agricultural Research and Education Center, Tabriz- Iran at the 2017 crop season. The field experiment was carried out by a split-plot design based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was irrigation levels consisting of control (normal irrigation), irrigation after 80 mm and 140 mm evaporation from the pan evaporation in asseinged to main plots and eight spraying chemical fertilizers including sulfur, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur + potassium, sulfur + nitrogen, potassium + nitrogen, sulfur + potassium + nitrogen and control to subplots.The results showed that the effects of irrigation levels and chemical fertilizer treatments on all traits were significant furthermore, the interaction of two treatments were also significant on all traits except chlorophyll index. Irrigation interval after 140 mm evaporation reduced the leaf chlorophyll index by 18.25% compared to normal conditions. Also, spraying S + N + K increased this trait by 14.90% compared to the control treatment. The highest plant height (135.15 cm), number of leaves (25.12), stomatal conductance coefficient (276.55 Mmol.m2sec), number of branches (7.25), biomass (1.60 kg.m2) and grain yield (0.45 kg.ha-1) and the lowest proline content (0.19μmol.g-1) were recorded by spraying plants with S + N + K under normal irrigation condition. Spraying plants with S+N +K under irrigation interval after 80 and 140 mm also increase grain yields by 45.83 and 40.0 percent respectively, compared with control treatment and it was able to modify the effect of water deficit on traits under study.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.; AACC, 2n = 38) is the most important edible oilseed crop in the world . In most breeding programs specially when comparing several varieties in different environments, because of line×environment interaction, lines in different environments show variable performances. For this reason, it is difficult to recommend and introduce superior cultivars in vast environments. Genotype×environment interaction can be estimated using diffrerent statistical procedures.This study was performed for determination of yield stability for 25 winter lines. Breeding to increase yield per surface unit is associated with the production of varieties that are able to properly utilize environmental conditions. therefore it is necessary to review and evaluate the compatibility of different cultivars in the target environments.

This study was conducted to evaluate compatibility and yield comparisons in cold and temperate cold conditions of the country. In which 20 winter rapeseed lines with two promising lines and three cultivars namely Okapi, Ahmadi and Modena in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications were planted and compared. This experiment conducted in five place (Karaj, Hamedan, Kermanshah, Tabriz and Arak) during two years of cultivation (2009-10, 2010-11). In this experiment, the AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) method was used to investigate the effects of multiplicity (genotype × environment interaction) and reaction analysis of the lines studied. In this research, SAS (Statistical Analysis System) software was used for analyzing AMMI method and Sigmaplot software was used for drawing plots.

Simple effects of location, genotype and genotype×environment interaction were significant. Analysis of AMMI method showed environmental portion of line×environment interaction had highest effect in seed yield. Based on this analysis, the first three principle components were significant at 1% probability level and the fourth principle component was significant at 5% probability levels and accounted for 26.8%, 21.23%, 13.58% and 10.99% of interaction sum of squares respectively. HW112 and L120 lines showed lower ASV after SW101, but the L120 line was found to have lower yields than the total average as high yield stable lines.

Sustainability evaluation using ASV index showed that SW101 line has the highest stability. This line was considered as a genotype with good general stability by having the lowest ASV and higher performance than the total average. Finally, SW101was introduced as a genotype with good general stability due to the lowest interaction effect and the mean yield higher than the mean average.

The present research was done in order to determine the optimum planting date, seed amount and to evaluate the grain and oil yields of spring rapeseed in saline and marginal areas around Urmia lake.

The RGS003 genotype was used for cultivation. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on a RCBD design in three replications with two factors including sowing date (30 March and 9 and 19 April) and seed amount (4, 6, 8 and 10 Kg seeds per hectare). The study was carried out in East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (Khosrow Shah Station) during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons.

The results indicated that the green field cover percent, Leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, pods per plant, 1000 seeds weight, grain oil percent and grain and oil yields were decreased significantly by delaying planting date from March 30 to April 19. Also this delay led to a significant decrease in grain and oil yields at all seed amounts. The highest amounts of grain and oil yields achieved from March 30 planting time and 6 Kg seeds per hectare. Correlations among the green field cover percent, Leaf chlorophyll in mid flowering stage with grain and oil yields were significantly positive. These indices had an important role in yield determining.

It is concluded that 30 March planting date and 6 Kg.ha-1 seeds amount can be suggested for spring rapeseed cultivation in saline and marginal areas around Urmia Lake and lands with similar climate.

The goals of study were to recognize the effects of water deficit on eco-physiological and agronomic responses of safflower and introducing drought tolerant genotypes to cultivate in saline and dry lands.

The experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during two cropping seasons (2017-19). The experimental factors included drought stress as non-stressed and stressed from flowering to maturity and six safflower genotypes including Padideh, Golemehr, Mexico14, Mexico248, Mexico295 and Parnian.

Seed and oil yields and yield components of genotypes decreased by drought. Water deficit stress decreased RWC, stomatal conductance and leaf chlorophyll index significantly. Amounts of these characters were significantly different among genotypes. Correlations among studied traits were significant. Stomatal conductance and RWC indicated significant correlations with capitulum number per plant and oil percent. Also RWC indicated significant correlation with seed yield. Correlations among capitulum number per plant and grain number per capitulum with each other and seed oil percent, seed and oil yields, were positive and significant. These yield components had important role in productivity.

stomatal conductance and RWC are able to reflect the effects of late season drought stress on safflower and can be used to select drought-tolerant genotypes. Golemehr, Mexico14, Mexico248 and Mexico295 genotypes indicated higher seed and oil yields in both normal and drought conditions and were seen suitable to cultivate in saline areas around Ormieh lake and areas with similar climate.

Parnian cultivar was primarily selected from Isfahan landraces and for more evaluation for its yield and other agronomic traits was tested along with 14 cultivars in four different environmental conditions including Karaj, Isfahan, Darab and Varamin. The experiments were conducted in randomized complete block designs with 4 replications for two years (2013 -2015). The results showed significant differences among the genotypes. Different stability analysis methods were used to determine stable genotypes. Parnian was selected as a desirable genotype based on its highest grain yield (2794.2 Kgha-1), lowest coefficient of variation (CVi) and lowest environmental variance compared to other genotypes. In addition, the Parnian cultivar was selected as the best genotype in Karaj, Darab, Isfahan and Varamin with an average grain yield of 2894 Kgha-1 for two years under saline soil conditions. Results of on-farm trails in Khodabakhsh, Gasemabad and Mastikhoon in Zabol region (2015-2016) showed that Parnian had grain yields of 2947, 2598 and 2865 Kgha-1, respectively (10%, 6% and 23.5% higher than Soffa check cultivar respectively). The new cultivar, was also 10 days earlier than check cultivar.

The present research was done to evaluate the response of seed and oil yields and its components of some rapeseed genotypes at saline areas of Tabriz plain and to select promising lines. The experiment was carried out at the Khosroshah Station of East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center with saline soil (EC of soil and water were 6.7 and 3.2 dS m-1 respectively), during cropping season of 2017-18. The experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with 38 rapeseed genotypes and three replications. Among the genotypes under study significant differences were observed in plant height, seed yield and its components, oil percent, seed and oil yields. The results indicated that WRL-96-01 produced highest silique number per plant (123), seed number per silique (30.3), 1000 seeds weight (3.4 g), seed (3268 kg.ha-1) and oil (1526 kg.ha-1) yields respectively. Comnly used varieties in the area like Okapi and Nima produced lower seed and oil yields under this experiment conditions. Significant and positive correlations were seen among the seed yield and its components, oil yields and also between oil yield with oil percent and seed yield. These results indicate that genotyps under study produced proper seed and oil yields under saline condition. By cluster analysis with ward method, 20 genotypes with higher seed and oil yields, located in one group as promising lines. It seems that these genotypes could be used for future evaluation in saline areas of Tabriz plain and areas with similar climate.