توحید ملک زاده

 With the outbreak of the First World War, due to its geopolitical situation and the establishment of Russian forces since 1909/1288 AD, Azerbaijan was unintentionally involved in the conflicts and wars between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Before the war, Ottomans had strengthened their positions against the Russians because Azerbaijan, especially the western corridor of Lake Urmia, was considered a strategic and suitable route Tsarist Russia to reach Mesopotamia and the warm waters of the Persian Gulf. In the spring of 1295 AH, the whole region was gradually occupied by the Russians, and the last attempt of the Ottomans to capture the positions of the Russians in the West of Azerbaijan under the title of Dillman (Salmas) war between Russia and the Ottomans in May 1295 AH led to the defeat of the Ottomans. At the same time as the Dillman War, the Assyrians and Ottoman Armenians revolted in Anatolia. The return of the Ottoman forces to Eastern Anatolia led to the suppression of the Ottoman rebel Armenians. The consequences of this war were mass migration of Ottoman Assyrians to western Azerbaijan, including Urmia and Salmas. This article, written based on Ottoman documents and Iranian sources on a descriptive-analytical basis, tries to answer these questions: what was the cause of this war and the process of the incident, and finally, what were the consequences of this war for Azerbaijan and Eastern Anatolia?  It was concluded that following this war, the western region of Azerbaijan and eastern Anatolia were captured by the joint Russian-Armenian forces. The subsequent events led to various incidents and events for both Muslims and Christians in Azerbaijan and Eastern Anatolia. It is clear that both the Ottoman countries and Tsarist Russia sought to gain more wealth and power in this region without considering the interests of the Iranian people and their partiality with these groups was temporary and based on their short-term and long-term hidden and overt interests.

One of the types of domain instability that causes financial and human losses every year is the risk of landslides, which has social, economic and environmental consequences. The basin of Balharud Shahrestan is one of the areas prone to landslides due to its mountainous nature and steep slopes. Investigating the effective factors in the occurrence of landslides and identifying the prone areas is an important step in managing natural resources and achieving sustainable development. Radar interferometric technique is an effective method in measuring ground surface displacement. This technology has become very common in the investigation of natural hazards of the earth, such as mass movements of slopes, subsidence, earthquakes and volcanic activities. In this research, in order to identify and measure landslides, Sentil 1 radar images of 2020 and 2022 have been used. In order to process information, SARSCAPE software has been used, and the maximum landslide displacement in the opposite direction was estimated to be 0.154 cm, which was observed along the fault lines and in the center of the study area. Also, the results of this research showed that radar images have a good potential for revealing the instability of domains and calculating their displacement.

Land use and examining its changes is one of the most basic needs of organizations for planning urban development and other construction projects such as urban green space development.In this research, the classification and identification of the changes in the built-up areas of Ardabil during the years 2013-2021 have been investigated with the help of remote sensing and the use of Landsat 8 satellite images. First, the desired satellite image and the studied area were determined in Google Earth system, then using it, the urban coverage map was prepared. The images presented in this study were corrected atmospherically, radiometrically and geometrically and were ready for further processing. For this purpose, the investigated area was divided into 5 separate uses of agricultural land, barren land, orchards, built-up areas and water. After classifying the images, in order to evaluate their accuracy, ground survey data and error matrix have been used, based on which the Landsat 8 images of 2013 and 2021 have an overall accuracy of 82 and 80 respectively, as well as a Kappa coefficient of 78. 0.0 and 0.72% are ranked first and second in terms of image classification. The trending results of the changes in uses show the upward trend of the area of built-up land (4.96 square kilometers) and agricultural lands (1.54 square kilometers), as well as the downward trend of the area of barren lands (6.58 square kilometers) and gardens (0.24). square kilometers). Based on this, it can be concluded that during the studied period, Ardabil city, like most parts of the country, has been faced with the development of urbanization in the past years, which was the result of the conversion of barren lands and gardens into residential lands. Finally, it has caused an increase in the area of built land in the past year.