جبرائیل قربانیان

Geotourism, as a sub-branch of nature-oriented tourism, has many potential capacities for the development of the land and the sustainability of natural resources. In this field, Khuzestan province has many scientific, historical and cultural structures that have high capacities to attract tourists. The purpose of this research is to identify the capabilities of some geotourism places in Khuzestan province and to investigate their importance in attracting tourism in the province. This research is descriptive and analytical, and library, documentary and fieldwork methods were used to collect data. After identifying tourism phenomena and landforms in the study area, the features of each geomorphological landform were completed through experts in the Prolong tables. The results showed that the highest average value of tourism in the province is Shadgan Wetland and Shushtar water structures with (0.66) and (0.63) respectively, and the lowest average value of tourism with (0.33) is related to the coasts of the Persian Gulf. be Shushtar water structures and Karun beaches have the highest productivity value (0.84 and 0.78) and Persian Gulf beaches have the lowest productivity of the study area with (0.12). . Therefore, Shadgan lagoon and Shushtar water structures and Karun beaches should be considered more in terms of investment.

Recently, global warming has become one of the most important topics of global concern. There is significant evidence that proves that most of this warming is caused by human activities. The purpose of this research is to calculate and estimate the carbon footprint caused by the consumption of fossil fuels and the green space standard for the control and self-purification of carbon dioxide in Ahvaz metropolis. In this research work, the data of fossil fuel consumption and green space per capita for the years 1396 to 1400 from the 1400 statistics of Ahvaz Metropolitan Municipality were used. To calculate the carbon footprint, the estimation method provided by Iran's Ministry of Oil (MOP) was used. The results showed that the per capita emission of carbon footprint from 2016 to 2018 was (2207717.06), (3293028.42), (2450152.42), (2607968.79) and (2949480.70) tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, respectively. It is that the highest footprint related to the year 2017 with 42.3293028 tons and the lowest footprint related to the year 2016 was 2207717.06 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. The per capita calculation of the standard of green space also showed that Ahvaz metropolis faced a per capita shortage of green space during the studied years and the standard of green space for this city in the period from 1396 to 1400 was (883086/82), (1317211/37) respectively , (980060/96), (1043187/51) and (1179792/28) hectares and the largest per capita shortage of green space was in 2017.

By examining the trend of air temperature changes, it is possible to search for traces of climatic changes in the area of Iran. Temperature is one of the most important meteorological parameters that is used in many studies. This parameter is of special importance in climate change studies, as the increase in temperature is considered one of the most important human environmental issues. In this research, the purpose of the research is to look at the average temperature changes in the base and future period of Khuzestan province. The evaluation of the model and the reproduction of climatic variables and the perspective of the future climatic conditions are examined, and this question is raised: Is the Sdsm model in Khuzestan province highly accurate?

The area studied in the current research is the synoptic stations of Khuzestan province. In this study, meteorological data including the values of minimum temperature, maximum temperature and average temperature for the studied period have been used. In this research, we used SDSM statistical micro-scale exponential model for temperature prediction and 6 synoptic stations of Khuzestan province, which had 45-year (1961-2005) and 40-year (1966-2005) climatic statistics, were selected. The outputs of the CanESM2 climate model have been used under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The data of the base period (1961-2005) were used for the first 30 years of data (1961-1990) for calibration and the second 15 years (1991-2005) for the syntactic evaluation of the model performance. Error and accuracy measures are evaluated.

MAE, NRMSE, RMSE, MSE and R2 were calculated based on the average values of the variables in each month. These values were obtained according to the daily temperature produced by the model and the observed values for calibration and validation data. The results showed that according to the NRMSE, the error rate in temperature estimation is acceptable (less than 10%) and is almost the same in all stations. The results showed that according to the high correlation coefficient of 87%, the performance of the model is confirmed. Finally, it indicates that the model has relatively good accuracy in estimating the climatic variable of temperature. In most stations, they overlap the most in the first months of the year, which is the reason for the accuracy of the model in the first months of the year. In the stations of Ahvaz, Bandar Mahshahr, Omidiye Aghajari and Bagh Malek in the first seven months of the year, the highest overlap and accuracy are included, and in the last five months of the year, the average retrospective temperature in these stations is 2.4, 2.4, 2.6 respectively. and 2.7 degrees Celsius shows the difference with the observational data. Dezful, Abadan and Shushtar stations have the highest overlap and accuracy in the first three months of the year and July. In the rest of the months, the average retrospective temperature in these stations is 2.6, 2 and 2 degrees Celsius, respectively, the difference with the data Shows observations. The temperature has increased in all periods and for the RCP2.6 scenario, it increases more than the RCP8.5 scenario. The highest RCP2.6 average temperature increase in Ahvaz is predicted to be 1.9 degrees and the lowest RCP8.5 increase is 0.2 degrees in Dezful and Shushtar stations. The average temperature in the forecast period with RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios is 26 and 25.7 degrees Celsius respectively, which shows an increase of 0.7 and 0.4 degrees compared to the previous period, and also the highest average temperature in the period Predicted with RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios and the observation period is approximately 28.2, 27.5 and 27.3 degrees Celsius corresponding to Shushtar station and the lowest average temperature is approximately 22.7, 22.6 and 22.2 degrees Celsius corresponding to Bagh Malek station respectively. In most of the studied stations, the increasing and decreasing trends of the observation and forecast period are similar. Aghajari station shows the most overlap. Shushtar, Abadan and Omidiye Aghajari stations have the highest temperature with an average temperature of 27.3, 26.5 and 26.4 degrees Celsius, respectively, and Bagh Malek station, which is located in the east of the province, has the lowest temperature with 20.9 degrees Celsius.

The most important results obtained from the performance evaluation of the SDSM model using statistical tests and various error measurement indicators showed that this model has been investigated in Khuzestan province and has the appropriate accuracy to simulate climate variables at the level of the studied region. It is absolutely necessary to evaluate the effects of global warming on the occurrence of climatic extremes. An increase in temperature has occurred in all studied stations in the coming period. In two scenarios, RCP2.6 (commitment of countries to reduce greenhouse gases) and RCP8.5 (in case of non-compliance to reduce greenhouse gases) were measured in the studied periods. Meanwhile, during the annual study period, the areas adjacent to the southern coasts of Iran will have the lowest temperature increase, so that the temperature increase in the stations located in the land is more than the stations in the coastal areas. The highest RCP2.6 average temperature increase in Ahvaz is predicted to be 1.9 degrees and the lowest RCP8.5 increase is 0.2 degrees in Dezful and Shushtar stations. In this research, the trends and types of seasonal changes have been investigated. The results obtained from the data analysis show that in all stations, in Khuzestan province in general, the average temperature parameter shows an increasing trend. Research has shown that the maximum temperature trend is an increasing trend in the base period of 1961-2005 and this trend will continue in the future periods. In the future periods, the temperature trend in the last few decades, the increase in the earth's temperature has upset the climate balance of the earth and has caused extensive climate changes in most areas of the earth, which is referred to as climate change. The minimum temperature is increasing, and as a result, it reduces the coldness of the air and moderates it.

Sustainable development is one of the key objectives of the tourism industry in any country, and this industry is influenced by economics, politics, and geography, with its development also impacting each region. Sustainable development in tourist areas accelerates the national development process through policies that preserve resources and the environment in each region. The aim of this research is to examine the role of urban policy in selecting top tourist regions and evaluating the criteria and capabilities of tourist destinations in the city of Mahshahr. The analytic hierarchy Process (AHP) model and a likert scale questionnaire were used in this research. Firstly, the questionnaires were distributed and their data were analyzed. After obtaining the compatibility of the criteria, the weights of each criterion and option were determined and then analyzed. The findings of this study indicate that among the factors of gravity, value, distance, and selected demand for tourism in the study area, the demand criterion has been assigned the highest weight (0.54) and the attraction criterion has been assigned the lowest weight (0.06) in tourism. Furthermore, the final ranking of selected tourist areas in Mahshahr has shown that bandar imam Khomeini and Aram Park Lake, with scores of 0/354 and 0/29 respectively, are ranked first and second in priority, while the historical city of Esk is ranked seventh in a lower position. Therefore, making informed decisions based on tourism criteria has a significant impact on economic activities, and the demand criterion has a more significant impact on regional tourism development.

Climate change affects all sectors of the economy to some extent, but the agricultural sector may be the most sensitive and vulnerable. This phenomenon can lead to increased migration and heightened conflict risks. Today migration is a challenge for all developing countries. Climate migration and the occurrence of consecutive droughts in the Khuzestan province and the city of Ahvaz are also caused by rising temperatures and lack of precipitation, among other factors The aim of this research is to assess the capabilities for reducing migration in the city of Ahvaz and develop a migration strategy. In this study the SWOT model was used and questionnaires were adjusted based on the Likert spectrum and completed and analyzed with the opinions of experts. Initially in the first stage, internal factors, namely strengths and weaknesses, were identified, and in the next stage, external factors, namely opportunities and threats, were identified and weighted. Among the external factors, threats with a weight of )0.460)and among the internal factors, weaknesses with a weight of )0.440) had the highest weights assigned to them. The results showed that the strategic migration strategy for the city of Ahvaz is close to a minimum-minimum or defensive strategy. The main message of this article emphasizes the use of defensive and reduction strategies.This means that in this area weaknesses should be reduced and threats should be avoided. These weaknesses and threats are the basis for migration and hinder the sustainable development of Ahvaz.
 

Education, training, and upbringing are highly complex processes. As a result, multiple factors and elements are involved in its formation. The physical environment is one of the important elements in desirable education. By providing a suitable physical environment, students will engage in learning with better mental and emotional conditions and more tranquility.In this study, the bioclimatic conditions of Ahvaz city were evaluated using climate consultant software Based on the results of these indices, a total of 12 to 15percent of the training period hours were in comfortable bioclimatic conditions. In 45 to 50percent of the study hours, the climatic conditions were warm and undesirable for students, and in 30 to 35percent of the study hours, the air temperature was below the comfort threshold. Therefore, in more than 80to 85percent of the days when students are present at school, the temperature and climatic conditions are not conducive to their learning and comfort. In this 7 to 8month period, the number of hot and cold hours is approximately equal. However, since the undesirability of cold and discomfort conditions is less than that of hot undesirable conditions, and the cost of heating is lower than the cost of cooling, it is recommended to focus the study period on cool to cold months of autumn and winter. Based on the results of the bioclimatic consultant index, from 15 to 20days in the month of Mehr and from mid-Ardibehesht month, the thermal conditions exceed the tolerance threshold of students, and their health may be at risk. It is better to remove this period from the academic calendar. However, in other months of the study period, by considering appropriate strategies in the design and construction of schools, the climatic undesirability of this period can be addressed.

Global warming process is one of the most important climate changes of the current century that researchers have addressed in regional and planetary scales. Global warming and climate change is one of the most important environmental issues in the world. The phenomenon of climate change, especially the increase in the minimum and maximum temperature of the studied area, will be overshadowed. Finding the future climate of each climate zone and examining the system of their changes and examining the consequences of climate change can open the way for planning. In this research, the author tries to show a perspective of the conditions of climate change in the next 50 years in Khuzestan province, emphasizing the element of temperature.

The area studied in the current research is the synoptic stations of Khuzestan province. In this study, meteorological data including the values of minimum temperature, maximum temperature and average temperature for the studied period have been used. In this research, we used SDSM statistical micro-scale exponential model for temperature prediction and 6 synoptic stations of Khuzestan province, which had 45-year (1961-2005) and 40-year (1966-2005) climatic statistics, were selected. The outputs of the CanESM2 climate model have been used under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The data of the base period (1961-2005) were used for the first 30 years of data (1961-1990) for calibration and the second 15 years (1991-2005) for the syntactic evaluation of the model performance.

According to the degree of correlation between the average temperature data and the predictor variable data, it has the highest correlation with the ncep_temp predictor variable, which is shown in graph (3) of the annual correlation between the ncep_temp predictor and the average temperature data. shows that the annual temperature in Ahvaz station is 96%, Abadan station is 95%, Dezful station is 94%, Shushtar station is 95%, Bagh Malek station is 88%, Bandar Mahshahr station is 94% and Omidiye Aghajari station is 95%. . The average temperature changes in the province is 25.7 with two optimistic and pessimistic scenarios with an increase of 0.4 and 0.7 respectively. Therefore, the trend of the temperature climatic element regarding the studied area and the future period is changing and increasing. In Khuzestan province, with optimistic and pessimistic scenarios, the frequency of heat waves increases by 2 and 1 days respectively. In the past period, in the northern regions of the province, Dezful station, Shushtar and the southeastern regions of Omidiyeh Aghajari province had the highest frequency of heat waves on average, 22, 19 and 18 days per year respectively.

.The most important results of its implementation are as follows: The results obtained from the data analysis show that in all stations, in Khuzestan province in general, the average temperature parameter shows an increasing trend. An increase in temperature has occurred in all studied stations in the coming period. In two scenarios, RCP2.6 (commitment of countries to reduce greenhouse gases) and RCP8.5 (in case of non-compliance to reduce greenhouse gases) were measured in the studied periods. Meanwhile, during the annual study period, the areas adjacent to the southern coasts of Iran will have the lowest temperature increase, so that the temperature increase in the stations located in the land is more than the stations in the coastal areas. The studies of temperature increase in Khuzestan province are aligned and consistent with the studies and researches of researchers such as Abbasnia (2016) and Ansari (2016). Because climate change can have an important effect on maximum and average temperature.The results of evaluating the performance of SDSM model using statistical tests and different error measurement indicators showed that this model is investigated in Khuzestan province and has a suitable accuracy for simulating climatic variables in the studied area.As a result, according to the monthly forecast for future periods, according to the existing scenarios, the results obtained are as follows:_ July is the hottest and January is the coldest month of the year in all studied stations of Khuzestan province during the forecast period.Research has shown that the maximum temperature trend is an increasing trend in the base period of 1961-2005 and this trend will continue in the future periods. Based on this, the consequences of climate change in the southwest of the country (Khuzestan province) have been calculated. it will reduce the coldness of the air and moderate it, and severe frosts will be reduced. The study of hot days zoning shows an increase in the number of hot days in the future climate period, among other results of data analysis in the future period. The number of hot days has increased and it is consistent with Pudina's studies (2014). Investigating the spatial behavior of heat waves in Khuzestan province. The results showed that there are high occurrences of heat waves in the east and northwest of the province. They are significant in terms of location, in Dezful and Shushtar stations located in the north of the province and Omidiye Aghajari located in the south of the province, they decreased by almost 2 days and in the rest of the studied stations, they increased by an average of 4 days, which according to the research of Esmailnejad (2004) approximately It is aligned and in recent years, this consequence has been frequent. In the last few decades, the increase in the earth's temperature has upset the climate balance of the earth and has caused extensive climate changes in most areas of the earth, which is referred to as climate change. The number of dry days in the future will increase in all stations. Currently, finding out about the amount of climate changes and the behavior of climate variables in order to apply the necessary measures against the effects of climate change has been discussed and the focus of attention of many researchers, especially climatologists. Recognizing and evaluating climate changes in the coming decades with the aim of proper environmental planning in order to adapt to future climate conditions and reduce its effects is an effective matter.

Dust events are one of the most important and challenging environmental and climatic hazards of the whole country and especially of Khuzestan province. The main goal of this research is to reveal the role of changes in vegetation cover and soil moisture in the annual distribution of dust events in Khuzestan province. In this regard, 3 categories of data were used. The data related to station dust codes obtained during the statistical period of 2010-2020 for the synoptic stations of Khuzestan province on an hourly scale. The second set of monthly vegetation data was obtained from the NDVI product (MOD13C3) of the MODIS sensor, and finally, the moisture data of the upper 5 cm layer of the soil was provided from the SMAP sensor on a monthly basis. By analyzing the frequency of dust codes, the monthly frequency of dust events, the concentration and persistence of dust were investigated. By obtaining the spatial average values of the two moisture indices of the upper 5 cm soil layer and the monthly NDVI index, the correlation and relationship between the dust indices and these indices was analyzed. The results showed that based on the average period of 2010-2020, the period of 4 months from May to August is the dust peak period in the province. There are at least 11 days of dust in every month, and the concentration of dust is more than 2800 micrograms per cubic meter in the air, and the duration of the dust event in the province is at least 40 hours. The investigation of the moisture indicators of the upper layer of the soil and vegetation showed that, exactly in the province during the same dust peak period, the soil moisture of the upper layer of the soil reached less than 10% in a large part of the central and southern regions of the province, and at the same time, the vegetation index also In these sectors, it has reached less than 0.18. In addition, in this research, it was observed that the monthly changes in the moisture content of the upper 5 cm layer of the soil with a correlation coefficient of -0.88 have the greatest effect on controlling the dust concentration in Khuzestan province.

Extensive and massive agriculture, along with other agricultural activities such as animal husbandry, industrial activities in the southern half of the province, has created and intensified extensive changes in the environmental resources and natural structure of the province. This extensive change can show its effects and consequences in the destruction of forest lands, the transformation of rich pastures into poor pastures and barren lands, severe soil erosion, and finally the creation and development of internal centers of dust. and intensify the severity of dust incidents in the province. Dust events have profound and significant effects on agriculture and soil fertility, health and hygiene, disruption and destruction of industries and power plants, and negative effects on the environment, including the deterioration of forests. Airborne particles, which are mainly driven to the region by dust storms, are one of the important components of the atmospheric system. They can not only change the albedo of the energy balance by acting as cloud particle nuclei, or ice nuclei.

The study location of this research is Khuzestan province, which is one of the most challenging provinces in the country in terms of environmental hazards. This province, with an area of about 6.5 million hectares, occupies about 4% of the country's area. Dust is one of the major and most important challenges of this province. Its destructive effects can be traced in various dimensions, such as the quality of water resources, the quality and performance of agricultural products, industries and energy transmission networks, and the air quality of cities. Three categories of data have been used in this research. The data of the first category is related to the data of widespread dust days in Khuzestan province. These data were obtained from the dust codes of the current air condition (ww parameter of synoptic stations of the province) during the statistical period of 2000, 2020. The second category of data was actually the remote sensing data of MODIS sensor, which included the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) product of MODIS sensor (MOD04 product) and Aerosol Exponential Index (AEA). These two indicators are dimensionless but with different directions. In the AOD index, higher numbers represent more aerosols in the atmosphere and in the AEA index, in addition to the presence of dust in the place, it also provides the size of the aerosol particles. Finally, the third category of data is the reanalysis data related to incoming net shortwave radiation (SNSR), which was taken from the reanalysis data of the European ECMWF database version ERA5 with a spatial resolution of 0.5 arc degrees. 

In this research, it was tried to investigate the influence of the dust event in the context of fluctuations and daily changes in the amount of net shortwave radiation received on the earth's surface. The results of the investigation of three cases of widespread dust in the province showed that in these three cases of widespread dust, aerosol particles are generally in the central, southern and western parts of the province (plain and lowland areas of the province) from the type of medium to large particles (index angstrom between 0.5 and 1) and in the eastern and northeastern parts, it was of the type of coarse particles (angstrom index less than 0.5). In the context of the impact of dust events on the amount of shortwave radiation received by the earth's surface, it was seen that in the dust event of July 22, 2010, the Angstrom exponential index indicates the presence of coarse particles in the atmosphere near the earth's surface and the AOD index also indicates the presence of dense dust in the entire area of the province. The received net shortwave radiation (at 12 noon or 09 UTC) was about 194 watts per square meter (about 28 percent) lower than the average for the same month. This drop rate was less in the other two dust waves, whose AOD and Angstrom index values indicated finer and less concentrated dust. In the dust wave of June 19, 2012, the amount of net shortwave radiation received was only 5% (25 W/m2 at 12 noon or 09 UTC) less than the long-term average, and this drop in the dust event of May 12, 2018 was equal to 28 W/m square (about 4% drop compared to the average of the same month).

The development of the tourism industry and the resulting income has provided the basis for competition between countries. The tourism authorities are making a double effort to attract more international tourists by introducing tourist and geo-tourist places and provide the basis for the distribution of domestic wealth through them. The city of Mahshahr in Khuzestan province is no exception to this and in this context, the structures It has many scientific, ancient and cultural sites that have high potential for tourists. Among the natural attractions of this province, we can mention the wetlands, river banks, bridges and parks, estuaries, etc. as tourist places, which are subject to historical and influential factors They are social, geology and geomorphology. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the criteria and capabilities of tourist places in Mahshahr city. The main problem of the current research is based on a main question, which is the highest value of tourism among the geoclimatic attraction indicators of Mahshahr city? Also, by identifying some geotourism places, investigate their importance in attracting tourism in this city.

This research is of a descriptive-analytical type and to collect data from the method 1. Library, documents and fieldwork were used. 2. In order to determine the exact location of the studied stations, the software (Google Earth) was used. 3. The obtained information was adjusted in the Prolong tables (Prolong method). 4. Experts and tourism professors and students were asked to complete the questionnaire. During the field visits, 4 places in the desired area, including Khormosi (station no. 1), the next station Khor Smiley (station no. 2), the third station of the deserts around Mahshahr (station no. 3), the fourth station of the Salt Lake (station No. 4) was selected.

This part of the research work, first, the tables related to the score criteria in terms of cultural and historical value, appearance and economic beauty along with scientific value and the level of productivity as well as the quality of exploitation were brought and prepared for analysis. After identifying some geotourism capabilities of the studied area, the effective factors in the development of these landforms were analyzed using the Prolong model: First, the tourism criterion of Mahshahr city was evaluated with four criteria of external beauty, scientific, cultural, historical and socio-economic. Each of the criteria was scored and finally the overall value of the area was determined. Also, the average value of productivity was obtained from the sum of the points of the value of quantity and quality of productivity and calculating their average.

The results showed that Namak Lake and Khor Smiley with value (0.525 and 0.531) have the highest average tourism and Mahshahr desert (0.475) has the lowest average tourism. The highest average productivity value is related to Namak Lake with an average of (0.62) and the lowest productivity value with (0.24) is related to Khor Smiley. Also, the salt lake has the highest quality of productivity.

Geomorphosites possess the potential to evolve into tourist destinations. Shadgan Wetland, benefiting from favorable weather conditions during winter and spring, attracts numerous tourists. This research aims to evaluate the tourism capabilities of Shadgan Wetland. The opinions of environmental experts and tourists were analyzed using the SWAT model and a Likert-scale questionnaire. The study involved three stages: identification of internal factors (IF) or strengths and weaknesses, identification of external factors (EFE) or opportunities and threats, and assigning weights to these factors. The results indicate that among the external factors, threats carry the highest weight of 2.52, while weaknesses have the highest weight of 3.39 among the internal factors. The strategic approach for this wetland entails a competitive strategy of maximum-minimum (wo) type, whereby officials should aim to capitalize on opportunities and mitigating or eliminating weaknesses.

The purpose of this study is detection of climate change trend in 3 selected stations namely Abadan, Ahvaz and Dezful in the south of Khuzestan province,Iran during the baseline period of (1980-2010) and investigation the possible effect of climate change on the wheat crop calendar in Dezful region based on the RCP 2.6 scenario. The future projected climatic data with temporal resoulution of 5 mintues were retrived from CCAFS and WorldClim1.4 climate databases and downscaled using SDSM weather generator, till 2040. The precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature variables maps were produced by ArcGis10.4 software using the IDW . The possible effect of climate change on growing season length in Dezful station was assesed.The results showed that, on average,the beginning of all phenological stages from planting to harvest would occur about 15 days earlier by the end of future period.This sift for the heading phase is projected to be 8 to 10 days. For the physiological maturity stage, a different trend was observed, so that during near future period, i.e., 2021 to 2031, the maturity stage will occur between April 11th to April 22nd,but during 2031 to 2041, the date of maturity varies between 21 March to 11 th April. In other words, It is projected that by the middle of the century, the wheat crop maturity would happen sooner between 10 and 15 days in the study station.

In this study, effective synoptic anomalies in the occurrence of early heat of Andimeshk synoptic station during the statistical period 1390-1360 with an environmental approach to rotation were investigated and from altitude data related to 500 and 700 hPa and ground level pressure in the geographical area 0 to 90 degrees East longitude and 0 to 60 degrees north latitude were used and related maps were drawn in Grads software environment. Data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction Analysis and the National Center for Meteorological Research (NCEP / NCAR) as a 6-hour observation with a spatial resolution of 2.5 2 2.5 degrees showed that the high-altitude subtropical system played a major role. Is in charge. During the warm period of the year, a tongue of high pressure from the subtropical Azores that forms in the Atlantic Ocean settles on Iran. The range of operation of this tab extends from the level of 700 to 100 millibars. In this system, lines of the same height are formed parallel to each other. In contrast, sea level is associated with negative anomalies.

Groundwater drought occurs when the groundwater of an area is affected by prolonged drought. In this type of drought, first the feeding, then the water level and finally the discharge of groundwater systems due to drought are reduced. Therefore, in order to know the drought status of groundwater in Mehran plain in Ilam province, GRI index was used. For this purpose, statistics of 23 years from 1996 to 1397, 19 hydrometric stations were selected after verifying and reconstructing the data. After entering the primary raw data in the step-by-step calculation file of the GRI index, calculate the mean, LN, U factor, Shape parameter and Scale parameter, logarithm in base e and possible GAMMA distribution for the input data and calculate the value of H (x) And its separation in the range between 0.5-0 and 1.5-1 and the calculation of the parameter t and Z and at the end of extracting the final results of the calculation of the GRI index by combining the calculations in the two final tables. The results show that the drought in Mehran plain from 1375 to 1388 is close to normal, but with a sharp fluctuation and from 1388 to 1397 has suffered mild drought.

Droughts are one of the most devastating weather events, causing significant damage to both natural resources and human life. The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare meteorological drought and groundwater of Mehran plain using standardized precipitation index (SPI) and groundwater index (GRI). In order to study the meteorological drought, the monthly rainfall information of Mehran synoptic station was used and in order to study the dryness of the groundwater of Mehran plain, the changes of groundwater level of Mehran plain were analyzed based on water level data of 23 observation wells. Also, SPI index was used for meteorological drought monitoring and GRI index was used for hydrological drought monitoring of Mehran plain. The statistical period required for drought analysis of a 25-year statistical period from the water year of 75-74 to 97-96 was selected. After determining the moisture periods of the indices, monthly groundwater zoning maps were prepared. To prepare these maps, the kriging model was selected from among different models. Finally, by applying the optimal half-change model in kriging and entering groundwater data as a point layer, raster maps were prepared using Arc GIS software. The results of the study of SPI index show that during the statistical periods in question, 4 severe droughts occurred, the most severe of which was 90-91, with a value of SPI index of -1.73. Also, the results obtained from the GRI index in the region show that an 11-year drought period of groundwater occurred, ie it started from the water year 88-87 and continued until the water year 98-97, the most severe of which was 90-91 with the amount of The index is -1.11.

In recent years, global warming and climate change have been associated with dire consequences for human societies. Changes in climate patterns can lead to severe floods, extreme heat and cold, more frequent droughts, and global warming. This increase in global warming has upset the Earthchr('39')s climate balance and caused widespread climate change in most parts of the world, known as climate change. Therefore, identifying temperature patterns in the future can be very useful in meteorological studies and other related sciences. This research work was done in 2019 in Ahvaz. The aim of this study is to simulate the temperature in the period of 36 (2050-2015) using data from the general air circulation model in southwestern Iran. In this study, the EH5OM database was used to simulate daily temperature. After extracting the data, spatial and temporal distribution of temperature patterns using ArcGIS software was performed using common cryogenic zoning statistics (OK) techniques. Using the data of the general air circulation model during the 36-year period, the monthly, seasonal and annual temperature patterns of the region, mediation and relevant maps were drawn. Based on the results of the prevailing temperature patterns in the annual period, it is fully consistent with the topography of the study area, which indicates the strong effect of altitude on temperature. The highest average simulated temperature per year is related to Mahshahr port station with 26.25 C and the lowest temperature belongs to Aligudarzwith 12.56 C. Also, in July, with the standard deviation of 3.9, the highest temperature was obtained in all stations, and in January, with the standard deviation of 4.6, the lowest temperature was obtained.

Today, climate change poses an environmental challenge to climate scientists, environmentalists, and politicians and governments. Whatever the scientific and theoretical view of climate change, even as a given phenomenon, one must be concerned about this. Because taking precautionary measures will make us safer than possible harm. In this regard, this study aimed to reveal the effect of climate change on dryland wheat calendar (Chamran cultivar) as a cultivated species in Khuzestan province. Precipitation data, minimum and maximum temperatures were sorted during the 1980–2010 climate. And after normalizing the data into the LARS-WG software environment .And its output was simulated by the LARS-WG model under the A2 emission scenario for the 2015-2045 climate period for the four parameters of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, radiation and precipitation. HADGCM2 model data from MarkSim output is also used for the next period (2030-2015) and (2030-2045). The results of this study showed that in the two 15-year periods 2015 to 2030 and 2030 to 2045 the minimum and maximum temperatures will increase according to all pessimistic and optimistic scenarios. This increase in March to April coincides with the harvest period more than other months. Precipitation in January, December and March will decrease in all scenarios. This decline will be more noticeable especially in the forecast period of 2015 to 2030 than in the forecast period of 2030 to 2045. In contrast, in November, February and April there will be an upward trend in all scenarios. Based on the combination of the two elements of temperature and precipitation predicted for the next two periods, all planting periods will have a harvest of 10 to 15 days.

In the past decade, Khuzestan province has faced dusts and dust storms. The intensification of this phenomenon in recent years in Ahwaz has affected the health of students in the field of education. The purpose of this research is to determine the dust texture and its effects on the health of undergraduate students in district 2 of Ahvaz. The present study was conducted in january 2017 in Ahwaz, Iran. In this study, specimens of the micronutrients were totally weighed 300 grams. Samples were transferred to the Geology Laboratory for analysis, and analyzed. In the laboratory, an X-ray machine was used to determine the soil texture. The correlation test was used to determine the relationship between the concentration of dust and the illness of primary school students in Ahwaz 2 area during the statistical period by SPSS software. The results of this study showed that the germinal tissue of Ahwaz city is more than sedimentary and fine grained (calcite and quartz) and between two variables of dust concentration with the average student students of schools studied with having Pearson coefficients (0.891**) And Kendall (0.989**), there is a positive and stronger correlation. By increasing the concentrations of the rings, the diseases caused by it also increase. Considering the significant levels obtained in both methods, the relationship between these two variables is significant. Generally, with an increase in the concentration of dust particles and a smaller particle size, more students were suffering from the disease, and the prevalent observed prevalence of microscopic diseases among students was more than respiratory type.

Dust is a dangerous factor for the life of plants, animals and humans. In Iran, this phenomenon has affected the lives of the inhabitants of the western country, including the Khuzestan province, and has damaged the environment, health and the economy of the people in these areas. The effects of this phenomenon on the health of people, especially children and students in Khuzestan and Ahvaz, are more than other areas and areas. The study area (Ahwaz) is located in the south west of Iran. The coordinates of this range range from 31 ° to 25-31 minutes northern latitude and between 30-48 and 48-50 ° east longitude. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of retrieval days and their correlation with the diseases of patient's students in district 4 of Ahwaz. The data from the microspheres from the Meteorological Office of Khuzestan province and the statistics of students with disturbances and diseases caused by dust from 4th district of Ahvaz city were collected by distributing the questionnaire and completing it by the elementary school students selected. The data were extracted from the questionnaires and entered into the Excel environment. Spearman and Pearson correlations were used between the frequency of days of dust and the number of patient's students. The software also used SPSS for processing, calculating and analyzing data trends, plotting and analyzing data. The results showed that in the year 2016, the frequency of dusty days is effective in increasing the incidence of complications due to dust, This frequency with coefficients of Pearson's 0/650 and Spearman 0/721* had a positive and significant correlation with the increase in the patient's students.

The phenomenon of dust in Iran has affected the lives of western residents, including the Khuzestan province, and has damaged the environment, health and the economy of the people in these areas. The effects of this phenomenon on the health of the people, especially children and students in Khuzestan and Ahvaz, are quite obvious. The purpose of this study was to investigate the tissue and effects of Dust on the academic achievement of students in high school girls in Ahwaz. At first, daily data from the dust collector from the Meteorological Organization and the statistics of the percentage of girls in the district of Ahvaz were received from the Education Department of Khuzestan. Pearson correlation was used between Dust Data and students' perceived acceptance percentage. Data was analyzed using software, SPSS, and Excel. The collected Dust specimens were also used to analyze and determine the tissue, to the geology, transmission and X-ray methods. The results showed that the percentage of admission of these high schools in this period was 0.28. High school students of Rezvan and Ferdowsi have the highest percentages with the coefficient of 0.63 and 0.50, respectively, and the forego and Mehr high schools with the coefficient of trend -0.004 and 0.03 have the lowest percentage of admission among high school girls in the district (1) Ahvaz city. The high school students of Farzanegan and Masoomeh with a coefficient of 0.703 and (-0.634), respectively, had a high negative correlation with increasing number of days of dust and with coefficients (-0.562) and (-0.546) negative correlation Good with increasing dust persistence. The tissue of the minerals forming the finite samples is mostly calcite, dolomite, quartz and the presence of calcite as the main mineral.

In this research,the early heat of Andimeshk synoptic station during the period 1390-1390 was investigated with a circular environmental approach.Then, by analyzing the existing data of the hot days station at 30 ° C and above in May,the 30-year period was identified and described as early warm days of Andimeshk spring;in this regard,data on the 500 and 700 hPa levels,as well as the map Temperature levels of 1000 hPa were used in geographic range 0 to 80 degrees east longitude and 0 to 80 degrees north latitude and related maps were plotted in Grads software environment.Relevant data were obtained from the National Center for Environmental Predictive Analysis and the National Center for Meteorological Research at a 6-hour observation with a 2.5 × 2.5 degree spatial resolution.It was selected in 2006 because of the warmest May during the period with 14 days of warm weather of 30 ° C and above.Concurrent analysis of the maps this year revealed one of the reasons for the heat build-up and expansion of the Azores at a height of 500 hPa,which governs the warm air over Andimeshk, as well as the subtropical high pressure,which is the site of air subsidence.The reason for endless heating and stability is associated with hot and dry air.Other factors are the presence of some high pressures on the Mandaran Sea in the north of the country,which prevents cool air from falling from higher latitudes and strengthens the persistence of low pressure on the ground and causes early warming of Andimeshk.

One of the most important issues and challenges facing mankind is the phenomenon of climate change and its effects on different systems. given the great importance of industries and industrial infrastructures in Iran and Khuzestan province and the potential impacts of major natural disasters, it is necessary to consider risk management against crises and appropriate management strategies to reduce the vulnerability of facilities. the purpose of this study was to investigate the vulnerability of infrastructure in southern regions of Khuzestan province to climate change. two elements of trend analysis tests, namely the Sensor Slope Estimator Trend Analysis and the Mann-Kendall Process Analysis Test of 32-year time series trend of these elements during the baseline statistical period (1985-2017), were investigated. during the climate change under the two scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8, the fifth climate change report, CMIP5, simulated the climate characteristics of the region. using the AHP algorithm, a pairwise comparative matrix of climatic hazards was developed. After determining the weight of each factor, in ArcGIS software these weights were applied to the layers of each climate factor and 4 climatic damage zones were identified. based on the final weight obtained from the pairwise comparison matrix, floods, dusts and then hot waves with the final weights of 0.17, 0.16 and 0.15 had the highest role in climate damage for various regional infrastructures, respectively have had. high hazard zone that is found in the northern and central parts of the study area. the class with low climatic damage corresponds to the westernmost part of the study area. the heat stress caused by the hot and humid waves in the area is less severe, but dust and heavy rainfall are causing significant flooding in the area.

Dust phenomenon is one of the most natural hazards in recent years, West and South West of the country and especially the affected area in the province and many of the social and economic problems, people's health at risk cast. Therefore it is necessary to identify strategies to deal with dust and on the criteria considered, select the best option to deal in origin. The aim of this study was to test the hierarchical approach to deal with dust and selecting the best standards in the fight against these storms is Hoorolazim. Topographic maps of 1: 50,000 and 1: 250,000 geological map of Iraq Hoorolazim Ahvaz and satellite imagery and questionnaire ranking criteria and options, gathering experts and professional organizations Ahvaz using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP ) and adjust the rating and calculation comparison matrix compatibility test and weigh the options and criteria, methods of research. The results showed that the best way to combat dust in the Lagoon Hoorolazim, restore rangelands and forests, which are the least expensive and least time allocated to the sand painting. In terms of performance, the water supply device in the pond and dam, which beat Surface layers of soil, water storage provides the best options. Due to the high standard weight between the criteria, spraying sand option should be a priority.

Dust from natural hazards is an important phenomenon that is natural and human causes. Dust of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Jordan, Syria, and Iran reinforced in the South West and causing damage to numerous economic, social, agricultural and so on. This study done in year of 1391 on Ahvaz city dust site testing the laboratory has been Khorasan Science and Technology Park. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between soil textures in Ahvaz dust of wetlands and determine the origin dust Hoorolazim and the factors affecting the wetland destruction. Materials for this research areDust sample of 100 grams, satellite images and maps of the geology and topography Hoorolazim 1:50000 and 1:250000 and 1:100000 Ahvaz, as well as the geological map of Iraq and SPSS software to analyze the data statistically. The dust samples analyzed in laboratory with X-ray method, so the tissue of dust was determined and compared with the soil type of Hoorolazim bed Interpretation of satellite images and maps of the geology. Then the soils and factors affecting on degradation of Hoorolazimdustidentified. Data related to the moisture and the occurrence of Ahwaz dustalso using Spearman correlation andKendall, investigated. The findings showed that the mineral content of the tissue samples of dust Hoorolazim Ahwaz and wetland is Calcite and Quartz. Humidity and dust between days in the city, there is a significant relationship.The average particles diameter was 16/6 microns, which is a sign of fine-grained sediment. Similar result obtained with sample of the mineral soil of Hoorolazim wetland bed, Reverse of humidity and dust as well as a number of days, showing the destruction of vegetation and wetlands of Hoorolazim is reduced.With-increasing humidity, days of dust decreases and viceversa. Hoorolazimwetland is one of the centers of Ahvaz Dust.

Ahvaz Karoon River, 18 meters above sea level, and is spread on both sides. The flat land of the river city in the rainy season, at the time of flooding of residential areas causes enormous human and financial losses. In this paper, formulas, coefficients basin and topographic maps as well as aerial photographs and geological materials and set tables and charts related to the area of quantitative methods were used. The result showed that the correlation coefficient between the two variables catchment basin area and elevation, of the type that was partially reversed by increasing the relative area decreases with increasing height reduction variable and it is the cumulative relative area. Due to the gentle slope of the Karoon River in Ahvaz aging process is caused by deposition of material and forming islands.