جلوه سهرابی پور

Endophytes have symbiosis life within the plant tissues without causing any obvious negative effects. Seaweeds are one of the large and diverse groups of marine plants that play an essential role in marine and oceans ecosystems. Seaweeds show rich diversity of associated microorganisms in compare with the other multicellular organisms. Citrus species, are amongst the most important evergreen fruit trees, cultivated in many countries worldwide. There are several obstacles for citrus production in southern of Iran, limiting continuity of citrus production. Lack of suitable soil, salinity and drought stresses are the main challenges threatening citrus industry in southern of Iran. Similar to other citrus species, the production of Mexican lime is threatened by certain biological stresses (such as pests, plant diseases and weeds) and non-biological stresses (such as salinity, drought, floods, cold and heat stress). Endophytes are advantageous group of microorganisms that protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. One of the alternative ways to restore normal plant growth may be to use plant growth to stimulate endophytes. Endophytes can play an important role in plant growth. Endophytes from marine environment are gaining special interest because of their existence in the harsh conditions of marines and ocean ecosystem such as temperature, light availability, high salinity and osmotic stress. Endophytes have already been isolated from various marine habitat, including marine plants, marine invertebrates and vertebrates. Among these organisms, seaweeds are one of the most prevalent sources of marine-derived fungi and bacteria for chemical studies. The purpose of this study was the isolation of associated fungi and bacteria endophytes with seaweed species in Persian Gulf to investigate morphological and molecular characterization by using PCR amplifications ITS1-5.8S-ITS4 regions and 16s rRNA gene respectively. Here, we have evaluated the potential of inoculating Mexican lime seedlings with seaweeds fungi and bacteria endophyte combination, (Aspergillus niger+ Bacillus aquimaris OD14), to improve morphological, biochemical, antioxidant and photosynthesis pigments characterizes of Mexican lime in salinity condition.

The main aim of this study was to investigate the role of endophytic fungi (Aspergillus niger) and bacteria (Bacillus aquimaris OD14) in improving the growth of Mexican lime seedlings. The seaweed samples were collected from coastal regions of Bushehr province and Qeshm Island. Fungi and bacteria endophytes were isolated and identified base on morphological and molecular methods. Molecular characterization was investigated using PCR amplification of ITS1-5.8S-ITS4 regions and 16s rRNA gene respectively. Mexican lime seeds were sterilized with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes and then completely distilled three times with distilled water. Seedlings pots containing autoclaved soil were placed in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hormozgan University. The experiment was arranged as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete randomize design with three replications. Isolated fungi and bacteria by MT420720 and MT278260 accession numbers were used in eight months old Mexican lime seedlings. The suspension was adjusted to a concentration of 1×106 cell per ml for fungi and 1×108 cell per ml for bacteria inoculums. For better contact of seedlings with endophytes, inoculation was performed three times. After three months, salinity stress was applied. morphological (Leave, Stem and Root dry and fresh weight), biochemical (Protein, MDA and soluble sugars), antioxidant capacity (CAT, POD, SOD, APX and Gr activity) and photosynthesis pigments (Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Total Chlorophyll and Carotenoids) characteristics in treated Mexican lime seedlings and control were analyzed. Analysis of variance of traits was performed using SAS software version 9.4 and the means were compared using LSD method with a probability level of P≤0.05.

The results show that most characterizes were significant compare with control. For example, in 6000 µs/cm water salinity, leave fresh weight (203.49%), root fresh weight (347.41%), stem fresh weight (206.81%) and root dry weight (421.95%) were significantly higher compared with control (P>0.001). Endophytes inoculation can significantly improve photosynthesis pigments such as chlorophyll a (65.21%), chlorophyll b (11.9%), total chlorophyll (28.39%) and carotenoids (59.09%) (P>0.001) compare with control. In antioxidant capacity of seedling, CAT, POD, SOD, Gr and APX were analyzed, Endophytes can increase enzymes activity. For biochemical characterizes, in 6000 µs/cm water salinity, endophytes can significantly increase soluble sugars (17.85%) and decrease MDA (35.18%) in inoculated seedlings compare with control (P>0.001). 

The results showed that the use of endophytic fungi and bacteria can increase the growth of Mexican lime seedlings under salinity stress. Thereby it can be used as an effective tool for growing salinity-sensitive plants in saline conditions.

Endophytes play an important role in protecting plants. In this study, endophytic combination of Aspergillus niger and Bacillus aquimaris OD14 was used to improve tolerance of Mexican lime seedlings to salinity stress. Three months after inoculation, salinity stress of 0, 2000, 4000 and 6000 μs/cm was applied. After 8 weeks, morphological, biochemical and elements adsorption traits of seedlings were evaluated. The experiment was carried out as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that in 6000 μs/cm water salinity, endophytic compound increased stem length (103.64%), trunk diameter (103.04%), number of leaves (444.41%) and root length and width (232.02% and 41.63% respectively). Endophyte increased 76.29% of SPAD chlorophyll content compared to control. Also, the uptake of root potassium (34.95%) and shoot calcium (115.15%) increased and the uptake of sodium elements was decreased (29.49%) compared to control. Endophytic combination could significantly reduce ion leakage (65.57%) and increase proline content (69.3%) in inoculated seedlings compared to control. In general, marine endophytes can be used as a suitable option to increase plant tolerance to salinity.

 Fungal Endophytes have symbiosis life within the plant tissues without causing any obvious negative effects. Seaweeds are one of the large and diverse groups of marine plants that play an essential role in marine and oceans ecosystems. Seaweeds show rich diversity of associated microorganisms compare with the other multicellular organisms. Citrus species, are amongst the most important evergreen fruit trees, cultivated in many countries worldwide. There are several obstacles for citrus production in southern of Iran that limiting continuity of citrus production. Lack of suitable soil, is one of the main challenges threatening citrus industry in southern of Iran. Similar to other citrus species, the production of Mexican lime is threatened by certain biological stresses (such as pests, plant diseases and weeds) and non-biological stresses (such as salinity, drought, floods, cold and heat stress). Here, we have evaluated the potential of inoculating Mexican lime seedlings with seaweeds fungi endophyte, Aspergillus niger, to improve morphological, biochemical, antioxidant and photosynthesis pigments characterizes. Endophytes are advantageous group of microorganisms that protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. One of the alternative ways to restore normal plant growth may be to use plant growth to stimulate endophytes. Endophytes can play an important role in plant growth. Endophytes from marine environment are gaining special interest because of their existence in the harsh conditions of marines and ocean ecosystem such as temperature, light availability, high salinity and osmotic stress. Fungi have already been isolated from various marine habitat, including marine plants, marine invertebrates and vertebrates. Among these organisms, seaweeds are one of the most prevalent sources of marine-derived fungi for chemical studies. The purpose of this study was the isolation of associated fungi with seaweed species in Persian Gulf to investigate morphological and molecular characterization by using PCR amplifications ITS1-5.8S-ITS4 regions and primitive assessment of their potential as bio-fertilizer.

 The main aim of this study was investigation the role of endophytic fungi (Aspergillus niger), in improving the growth of Mexican lime seedlings. Cladophoropsis membranacea, green seaweed, was collected from coastal region of Bushehr province. Fungal endophytes were isolated and identified based on morphological and molecular methods. Molecular characteristic was investigated using PCR amplification of ITS1-5.8S-ITS4 regions. Mexican lime seeds were sterilized with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes and then completely distilled three times with distilled water. Seedlings pots containing autoclaved soil were placed in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hormozan University. Isolated fungi by MT420720 accession number was used as bio-fertilizing agents in eight months old Mexican lime seedlings. The suspension was adjusted to a concentration of 1×106 cell per ml. For better contact of seedlings with fungi, inoculation was performed three times. After three months, morphological (trunk diameter, stem length, root length and width, leaf and branch number, leaf, stem and root dry and fresh weight), biochemical (Protein, MDA and SPAD), antioxidant (CAT, POD, SOD, APX and Gr enzymes activity) and photosynthesis pigments (Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Total Chlorophyll and Carotenoids) characterizes in treated Mexican lime seedlings were analyzed. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete design with three replications. Analysis of variance of traits was performed using SAS software version 9.4 and the means were compared using LSD method with a probability level of P≤0.05.

 The genera of Aspergillus was the most frequent isolates of the isolated fungi. The results show that most traits were significant compared with control. For example, leaf number (144.42%), root fresh weight (144.13%), stem fresh weight (94.85%) and root width (105.55%) were significantly higher compared with control (P>0.001). Fungal inoculation can significantly improve the photosynthesis pigments such as chlorophyll a (10.98%) and carotenoids (40.62%) (P>0.001) compared with control. In antioxidant capacity of seedling, CAT, POD, SOD, Gr and APX enzymes were analyzed. Fungal inoculation can increase the enzymes activity. For biochemical traits, fungal inoculation can significantly increase SPAD number and decrease MDA in inoculated seedlings compare with control (P>0.001). 

 The results showed that the use of entophytic fungi increased the growth of Mexican lime seedlings. Thereby it can be used as an effective tool for growing salinity-sensitive plants such as Mexican lime in saline conditions.

820 km north of the Persian Gulf is often rocky, coral and sedimentary, suitable for deploying diverse groups of marine plants, including microalgae, macroalgae and Tracheophyta and is adjacent to 7 out of the total 10 counties in Bushehr province. The Marin plants are economically important not only as feed and fodder, but also are medicinally, industrially and pharmaceutically important. Sampling of coastal marine plants, from the vegetative to reproductive stages, was carried out for five years and seasonally. The collected samples of seagrasses and seaweeds were preserve in a 4% Formalin-seawater solution in glass containers and from the rest of the collected samples was made dry herbarium specimens. Identification of vascular plants, microalgae and macroalgae was done based on morphological (vegetative and reproductive) characters using different sources. In this study, a total of 45 families of marine plants were identified. The identified samples included 40 macroalgae families with 146 species of 71 genus, 2 microalgae families with 4 species of 4 genus and 3 families belonging to vascular plants (tracheophyta) with 3 species and 3 genus. Among the identified macroalgae, green macroalgae with 34 species had the lowest and red macroalgae with 73 species had the highest species richness. Maximum and minimum species diversity belonged to Sargaceae family with 23 species and Cladophoraceae family with 12 species. Overall, the aim of this project was to study marine floristic and coherent reference writing of marine plants grown on the tidal zones of Bushehr province coasts.

In this research, the taxonomic status of the genus Dictyota in southern coastlines of Iran was studied. Taxonomy of the genus at species levels is complicated and difficult due to the high morphological plasticity in response to environmental conditions and overlapping of diagnostic characters. In this study, we combined morphological information with cytoplasmic barcoding data from DNA rbcL and psbA. We identified Dictyota acutiloba as new record and also confirmed the presence of Dictyota ciliolata in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Our studies showed D. ciliolata species has high inter-specific morphological diversity.

Type2 Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that results from deficiency of insulin secretion, becoming the third leading cause of death in the world. Reactive oxygen species result in extensive oxidative damage that in turn leads to serious damages in the cells including apoptosis and diabetic. Considering to side effect of synthetic medicines, there has been increased interest in using of natural medicines. In the present investigation, in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of methanolic, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of two macroalgae species Sargassum angostifolium and Palisada perforata from the Persian Gulf were analyzed. Algae samples collected from Persian Gulf coasts were extracted by Percolation method. -amylase inhibition activity of samples was analyzed using the DNSA method and also their antioxidant activity was analyzed using the ABTS radical scavenging and FRAP reducing activity methods. The ethyl acetate extracts of S. angostifolium and P. perforata showed the highest and lowest enzyme inhibition activity, respectively (P<0.05). Also the highest ABTS+ scavenging and FRAP reducing were observed in the ethyl acetate extracts of S. angostifolium and P. perforata, respectively (P<0.05). Generally, polar and semi polar extracts of two macroalgae species significantly showed the higher antioxidant activity comparing to their nonpolar extracts. Also S. angostifolium exhibited the highest activity in both free radical scavenging and -amylase inhibition assays. However, enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activity of two edible studied algae revealed that these macroalgae species can be used directly in human diet and also indirectly in medical and pharmaceutical application.

Seaweed is favored seafood in some regions and is also used as feedstock for extracting fine chemicals. The total global seaweed production continues to grow This study investigated the biological activities of n-Hexane, Ethyl acetate and Methanol extract of two red marine macro algae (Gracilariopsis persica and Hypnea flagelliformis), collected from the coast of Bandar Abbas, Persian Gulf, Iran. For identification the superior species with biological properties, the tested activities included Carotenoids content, total Phenolic content, total flavonoids content, antioxidant activity at the concentration (3 mg/ml) by ferric reducing power (FRP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay and at final, antibacterial activity was evaluated. This study revealed that the more effective macro algae extracts by maximum antioxidant capacity: FRP and TAC, were recorded for Ethyl acetate extracts. The result showed the highest content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds were recorded for the Methanol extracts of Gp. persica, 45.12±0.01 (mg GA/gr DW) and 2.28±0.007 (mg QE /gr DW), respectively while H. flagelliformis showed the maximum Carotenoid content 17±0.06 (mg 100g-1). In addition, the highest antibacterial activity was recorded for the n-hexane and followed by Ethyl acetate extracts. In general comparison, though, according to the results, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of species in this study were calculated less than standard, but could be accounted these seaweeds as safe biological properties and with abundance of them in coastal of Bandar Abbas, could be considered for future applications in medicine and dietary supplements.

Nutritional, pharmaceutical, and healthcare properties of macroalgae are the most investigated subjects in macroalgae. In this study, nutritional and physicochemical properties of two important green macroalgae, Ulva intestinalis and Ulva linza, collected from the Persian Gulf, were investigated. In all analyses, we followed the reference methods with some modification. Results revealed that U. intestinalis contained higher protein content (15.79%) as compared with U. linza (9.90%) while U. linza had higher content of lipid (2.30%), ash (26.66%), phenol (2.16 mgGA/g) and flavonoid (11.7 mgQE/g) as compared with U. intestinalis with 1.98% lipid 22.50% ash, 1.02 mgGA/g phenol and 8.2 mgQE/g flavonoid. The two species did not show any significant differences about all analyzed compositions (P

Algae are the main producer in aquatic ecosystems of ocean and seas which cover 71 percent of the earth planet. These organisms are environmentally very important. Seaweeds also produce a large part of oxygen in the atmosphere. Sothern parts of Iran are bordered with coastlines of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea which have high valuable biological potential that marine seaweeds are one of the most important one among them. During recent years over than 347 species of marine algae have been recognized and reported from this area including 167 Rhodophyta, 79 Chlorophyta, 80 Phaeophyta, 15 Cyanophyta and 6 Diatoms. Some of these seaweeds show high productivity and can be cultivated in commercial scale that will result many job opportunities in Iran.

Members of Polyphysaceae (Acetabulariaceae) are very beautiful and attractive unicellular plants which grow on coral reefs of the intertidal regions especially in tropical oceans and seas. In this study morphological features of some collected and identified species of the family from the Iranian seashores of Persian Gulf has been reported. Parvocaulis parvulus, Acetabularia caliculus and Parvocaulis clavatus are three identified species in the studied area which mainly collected from Hormozgan province seashores. Cap forms, number and form of rays, form of corona, hair scars and size of vegetative and reproductive parts of each species were studied after decalcification and results were presented in this paper.

In this study, the commercial seaweeds were cultivated in the Persian Gulf coastal areas. A culture system for two agarophyte and carrageenophyte seaweeds Gracilariopsis persica and Hypnea flagelliformis has been developed, using floating rope for grow-out. Correlations between RGR and environmental parameters were investigated using Pearson correlate Test. The results indicated that the highest biomass for Gp. persica (RGR = 28.77 ± 0.4% day-1) and H. flagelliformis (RGR = 25.16 ± 0.3% day-1) was obtained in February and January, respectively. In seaweed Gp. persica, positive correlation was found between RGR and O2 (r = 0.558; P

The purpose of this study was to determine antibacterial activity of the marine algae. Different algae were subjected to the three solvents (n-hexan, ethyl acetate, methanol). Antibacterial activity of the extracts was performed using 7 bacterias by disc diffusion method.According to the results of the study, the algae Ulvalinza and Ulvaintestinalis had the highest antibacterial effect against positive gram bacteria especially, Bacillus subtilis. The results showed that all macroalgae ethyl acetate and n-hexan extracts had the considerable activity in the antibacterial. The results of the study showed that green, brown and red algeahave strong antibacterial effects.

Many species of Gracilaria and Gracilariopsis (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) are important rophyte algae in the world.Economic importance of agar in several industries have stimulated a number of biologists to earch for reliable means to identify agarophyte species as source of agar. In this investigation Gracilariaceae in southern coastlines of Iran was studied from 1999 to 2001. Algal samples were collected from intertidal regions of the area and herbarium specimens were prepared. Morphological and anatomical studies carried out on both of herbarium and wet ecimens. 13 species of Gracilaria and one species of Gracilariopsis were recognized from the tudied area. The most species diversity of Gracilaria is in Chabahar coastlines.

In this study a total of 49 species (76 sequence accessions) representing 42 species of Gracilaria nd 3 species of Gracilariopsis plus 2 species of Hypnea, 1 species of Sarconema and 1 species of Soleria as outgroups were investigated in a phylogenetic analysis using rbcL and spacer and a l art of rbcS sequences with maximum parsimony method. The study revealed that the Iranian racilaria species appeared in 4 clade (5 species in Gracilaria sensu stricto and 2 species in pontia). On the basis of molecular data,specific identity of Gracilaria corticata, G. arcuata, G. salicornia d G. textorii were confirmed. According to the present phylogenic data, name of “G. armata” is changed to “G. arcuata” and it is necessary to revise the specific identity of G.canaliculata, which has been introduced from Iran.Finally according to these data Gracilaria sp.introduced from Iran is close to G. canaliculata. The uence analysis of four accessions G.corticata showed that they are completely identical in spite of that they are morphologically a little different.

About 600 Km. coastal lines of the Gulf of Oman occur in southeast of Iran. The Rhodophyta of intertidal regions of Chabahar area (25º 10 ' to 25º 21' N / 59º 52 ' to 61º 31' E) were studied from 1999 to 2003. Samples of algae were collected from 8 sites including Gavater, Beris, Ramin, Kachu, Chabhar, Pozm, Joud and Tang. In this study 74 species of 19 families of Rhodophyta was identified. Rhodomelaceae has higher number of genera and Gracilaria has higher number of species in studied areas. Nineteen species were new records for algal flora of Iran and 45 species were not recorded in Catalogue of Benthic marine algae of Indian Ocean. The specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of Agriculture and Natural Resources Researches Centre of Hormozgan province, Iran.

In this checklist 62 species of marine green algae (Chlorophyta) are reported from Iranian coastal lines of Persian Gulf and Oman Gulf. This list represents a summary of 9 scietific papers published over a period of 159 years. The scientific name of the taxa are checked by www.algaebase.org designed by M. Guiry. Total number of Iranian green algae from 23 species in Basson checklist and from 42 species for all areas of the Persian Gulf are increased to 62 species in present chechlist. Caulerpa brachypus, Caulerpa scalpellformis, Codium fragile and Halimeda discoideaare new records for Persian Gulf and Oman Gulf.

Gracilaria salicornia (C.Agardh) Dawson is an agarophytic alga which has wide distribution in tropical seas. The species has formed small communities in northeast of the Qeshm island in south of Iran. In this study seasonal changes of biomass and two communities of the species were studied since October 2001 for a year. The transect–quadrate method used in this study and monthly production and percentage cover of the species were measured in different depths of the intertidal regions of the two communities. In this study Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that there are significant differences in percentage cover and production (dry weight) of Gracilaria salicornia with respect to depth ranges (shore elevation) (P<0.01). The highest dry production (598.9±67.2 g/m2) and percentage cover (% 69.12±3.7) of Gracilaria salicornia were determined between 2.7 to 3.5 m. depth of sea water.

Corynomorpha prismatica (J. Agardh) J. Agardh (Corynomorphaceae- Florideophyceae) is reported from the intertidal of Bandar Lengeh (Hormozgan province) in the Persian Gulf and Bandar Chabhar (Sistan and Baloochestan province) in the northern Gulf of Oman. The species is a new record for both the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.

Derbesia marina(Lyngbye) Kjellman (Derbesiaceae, Chlorophyceae) is recorded for the first time from Persian Gulf. Through an investigation on seaweeds of Persian Gulf in south of Iran the species was collected from intertidal regions of Bandar Shenas that located West of Bandar Lengeh in Hormozgan province.