جمشید بهمئی

Since medical care providers are faced with complex issues in their profession, one of the important skills in making correct clinical decisions is critical thinking. Therefore, one of the standards of medical education is to instill critical thinking in students.

The present study was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. Data was collected using a demographic questionnaire and the standard California B questionnaire. Mann-Whitney test was used to make comparisons, and Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to check the correlation between the data.

The findings showed that the average critical thinking score of the participating medical students was 8.05 (± 2.6). Also, analysis and inference had the highest 2.5 (± 1.58) and lowest 2.51 (± 1.04) levels of obtainable score, respectively. Critical thinking had a significant positive correlation with all its components (P<0.001). The critical thinking of the participants was not significantly different in terms of gender or university entrance examination regions (P>0.05). The analysis showed that critical thinking has a significant positive correlation with age (r=0.159, P=0.018) but a significant negative correlation with years of education (r=-0.216, P=0.001) and grade point average in the last semester (r=-0.492, P=0.012).

The studied medical students did not have an optimal level of critical thinking, which is necessary for making appropriate and effective decisions, and this skill was found to have an inverse relationship with the grade point average and academic years. Therefore, it can be argued that the current educational system in the university has not been able to enhance this vital skill among medical students.

Critical thinking and progress orientation are effective in developing entrepreneurial traits in undergraduate students. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between critical thinking tendency and progress goal orientation with entrepreneurial traits among students of Abadan University of Medical Sciences.

The present study was a descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population of the study was the undergraduate students of Abadan University of Medical Sciences in 2022and 139 respondents were randomly selected. The research instruments included three questionnaires on critical thinking tendency, goal orientation of progress and measurement of entrepreneurship characteristics. To analyze the data from descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and analytical statistics (two-sample t-tests (Mann-Whitney), analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis), correlation coefficient according to Pearson or Spearman) , the software SPSS. 26 was used with a significance level of 0.05.

A statistically significant correlation was found between the variables of entrepreneurial characteristics and goal-progress (P-value<0.001). In addition, a statistically significant correlation was found between the variables of the entrepreneurial characteristics and the tendency to think critically (P-value<0.001). The components performance avoidance (P-value <0.001) and performance-orientation (P-value = 0.002) from the variable goal-progress orientation with the components of the entrepreneurial characteristics, the components mental involvement (P-value < 0.001) and maturity (P-value < 0.001) from the variable tendency to critical thinking variable had a statistically significant correlation with the entrepreneurial characteristics.

The results of this study show that tendency to critical thinking and goal-progress orientation are significantly related to entrepreneurial traits. Therefore, students with critical thinking characteristics discover and pursue economic and social situations in a more creative way and have the ability to innovatively choose the best and most effective ways to achieve entrepreneurial goals.

Paying attention to students' growth and academic progress and the related affecting factors are among the necessary strategies to improve education. Students' social health can increase their performance in various fields, including academic motivation and academic progress. Therefore, this study was designed and implemented to investigate the role of social health in the motivation and academic progress of students at Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.

The present study was descriptive, analytical, and cross-sectional. The study samples (n=260) were the students of Abadan University of Medical Sciences. The data collection tools included a demographic characteristics form, the Social Health Questionnaire, the Academic Motivation Questionnaire, and the overall grade point average as a measure of academic progress. Data were analyzed at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS 26 statistical software.

The results of the study showed that in general,  there was no significant correlation between social health and grade point average (academic progress) (P<0.05). It was also found that academic motivation and its components had no significant correlation with academic progress (P<0.05), except for the lack of motivation, which had a significant positive correlation with age and a significant negative correlation with academic achievement (P<0.05). A significant positive correlation was found between social health and academic motivation (r=0.457, P<0.001).

Based on the results, students considered the presence and participation in social groups, as well as their desire and motivation to attend university, independent of academic progress. According to these students, establishing social relationships and interacting with others was the motivation for attending university.

Goal orientation is one of the determining variables in the quality of the learning process and academic progress of people. Therefore, this study was designed and implemented to investigate the relationship between goal orientation and academic achievement among the students of Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.

The present study was a descriptive-analytical correlational research that was conducted cross-sectionally in 2022-2023. The sampling method was stratified and clustered. The study sample consisted of 259 students from Abadan University of Medical Sciences. The data collection tool was the Academic Goal Orientation Questionnaire of Buffard et al. (1998), and the students' grade point average (GPA) in the last semester was used as the measure of their academic status. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26 and AMOS 24 software.

The average age of the students was 24.3 (±2.4) years and their average last semester GPA was 16.57 (±1.25). The average score of the failure avoidance component was 20.32 (± 4.11), performance 14.08 (± 5.58), and goal-mastery 9.43 (± 3.82). The correlation coefficient showed that although there was a positive relationship between goal orientation components and academic achievement, it was not significant. The correlation coefficient also showed that the academic semester had a positive and significant relationship with the components of performance orientation and mastery orientation; however, it had a negative relationship with failure avoidance.

According to the results of this study, no significant relationship was found between the three components of goal orientation and academic achievement. It can be suggested that educational planners provide and improve educational conditions in such a way that students move towards mastery and performance goals and move away from avoidance orientation.

The quality of life of the elderly is endangered by their special needs. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between social support and health-related quality of life among the elderly in Abadan.

This study was conducted based on a descriptive cross-sectional analytical design. The study sample included 138 elderly people in Abadan. Data collection instruments were the SF36 standard quality of life questionnaire and social support questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, Pearson correlation, and regression at a significance level of 0.05.

The results demonstrated that the quality of life of men (91.29±6.2) was higher than women (46.47±22.58), and the difference was significant (P<0.05). The mean score of social support and all three dimensions (support of family, friends, and acquaintances) in older men was higher than in older women. Social support had a significant and direct correlation with health-related quality of life (P=0.01). Social support predicted a 31.8% variance in the quality of life among the elderly.

The elderly had moderate quality of life and social support. The use of counseling, training, and support methods by the family and the community can be effective in improving their health.

Accreditation is a process in which a foreign institution systematically measures and evaluates the credibility of an organization in terms of process, outcome, and structural indicators. This study aimed to identify the effective challenges in the implementation of the accreditation process and achieve a comprehensive model to improve and enhance the accreditation process.

This study was performed in two stages. In the first stage, a review of studies was conducted to identify the challenges affecting the implementation of hospital accreditation in Iran. In the second stage, the content validity method was used to recognize the most important challenges affecting the implementation of accreditation. Subsequently, to investigate the relationships among factors and determine the most effective and impressionable variables, quantitative interpretive structural modeling technique was used.

The most effective variables with a driving power of 11 and dependence power of 4 were found to be the lack of necessary infrastructure, nurses, clinical staff, and other personnel; limited resources and capital; not considering the appropriate budget for the implementation of the accreditation program; and non-compliance of some standards with national and provincial conditions. On the other hand, the least influential variables on challenges affecting the implementation of hospital accreditation with a driving power of 1 were reported to be the challenge in the degree of independence, impartiality, personal judgments, and differences of evaluatorschr('39') tastes, as well as the poor patient-medical team communication.

 It is necessary to find the main and effective factors in accreditation and establish a relationship between them to achieve the more effective implementation of accreditation. Therefore, it would be possible to provide a clear framework for determining the best policies to control and manage accreditation and ultimately prevent the waste of resources in the health sector. This research provided new insights into the challenges affecting the implementation of accreditation, which identify the priorities for action in decision-making and policy-making.

Accreditation is a method used for the improvement of the quality of hospital services. It refers to the systematic evaluation of the health centers based on specific standards. The present study aimed to critically review the implementation of accreditation standards in hospitals.

This critical review investigated all the articles that were published during 1993-2019. In order to find the sources, the authors referred to various databases, namely ISC, DOAJ, PubMed, ProQuest, Embase, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science. The keywords used for the search included Mesh terms and common keywords related to the subject of the study, including challenges, barriers, hospital management, accreditation, hospital, or accreditation hospital. Finally, the full texts of 16 articles were reviewed for the purposes of the study. 

According to the results, various issues, such as the accreditation organization independence, staff and physician participation, number, structure, and content of standards, structural and contextual problems, importance of human resources, financial and capital resources, organizational and management issues, other plans, role of evaluators and their evaluation methods, role of stakeholders, and impact of accreditation on the patients and teaching atmosphere of the hospital were executive challenges of hospital accreditation.

In order to increase the impact of accredition and significantly address its challenges, there should be emphasis on performance indicators, preparation by training and raising awareness of the personnel, budget allocation, and development of plans on accreditation.

One of the health sector evolution plan's goals is to reduce the rate of cesarean section (C-section) and increase the natural childbirth rate. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the rate of C-sections before and after the implementation of the health sector evolution plan in the hospitals affiliated to Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.

The study population of this descriptive-analytical study included all hospitals with a maternity ward affiliated to Abadan School of Medical Sciences. The samples were selected using a census method.
The C-section rates were evaluated in 2013 and 2018 to calculate the baseline C-section rate at the beginning and five-year after the implementation of the plan, respectively. In order to investigate the effect of the health sector evolution plan on the mean cost spent by mothers, it was studied in one hospital. The data were analyzed in SPSS  software (version 18) using the Chi-square test, and Paired t-test.

The total C-section rate was 45% as the baseline cesarean rate in 2013, which decreased by 24.44% to 34% during the 5 years after the plan. The mean cost spent by each hospitalized mother was 103342.175 Rials prior to the implementation of the health sector evolution plan which was reduced to 96689.4347 Rials after the implementation of the plan.

According to the results, there was a reduction in the rate of C-sections after the implementation of the health sector evolution plan in hospitals under study. However, regarding the global rate of C-sections, the mean C-section rate is still high in these hospitals.

The learning environment affects the development and growth of a learner in an educational institution. Academic vitality and motivation are among the determining factors of success in the educational system. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the academic vitality and motivation of students based on their perception of the learning environment in Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Iran.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed on the study population of all students of Abadan School of Medical Sciences. The sample size was calculated as 283 people and the samples were selected through simple random sampling method. The data were collected by the researchers using the questionnaires of learning environment evaluation and academic vitality and motivation. All the data were statistically analyzed by Pearson’s correlation test and regression test utilizing the SPSS software version 18.

Our findings demonstrated that there was a positive correlation between learning vitality and the perception of students of the learning environment. Moreover, the perceptions of students of the learning environment could be predictive of their educational vitality and academic motivation. All the components of the perception of students of the learning environment were able to predict the vitality of students. It should be noted that among the components of perception of the learning environment, only the aspect of the perception of the educational environment had a significant role in predicting academic motivation.

According to the results of the present study, a better understanding of students of the learning environment leads to higher motivation toward academic achievement in diverse educational and research fields. Furthermore, the improvement of the learning environment enhances the academic vitality of students in terms of responding to the confronted challenges and obstacles in educational environments.

Intellectual capital is the key factor in value creation for organizations. Social responsibility means taking some measures for the improvement of  the community welfare beyond the interests of the organization and legal requirements. To researchers, ethical behavior in the organization means acting in ways consistent with the ethical values of the organization. In this regard, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between intellectual capital and social responsibility and its relationship with the professional ethics of faculty members of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Abadan, Iran. This research was descriptive-correlational. The required data were collected from 78 people using census method. To this end, information was collected by researchers using intellectual capital, social responsibility, and ethical behavior questionnaires. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software, Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression tests. There was a positive and significant relationship between intellectual capital and all its subscales with the ethical behavior of the faculty members (P<0/05). According to the results, all components of intellectual capital were able to predict ethical behavior. Furthermore, a positive and significant relationship was found between social responsibility and all its subscales with the ethical behavior of faculty members and all components of social responsibility were able to predict ethical behavior. The faculty members with high intellectual capital and social responsibility will show more ethical behavior in educational and research activities. Therefore, they will improve the level of the university and the scientific community of the country.

Introduction and purpose: Spiritual intelligence is obtained from a set of spiritual abilities and interests, personality traits, special cognitive abilities, and neurological processes. Emotional intelligence is a revolutionary development in understanding the relationship between intellection and emotion. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence in undergraduate nursing students of Abadan School of Medical Sciences. This descriptive correlational study was conducted on a total of 125 subjects. The sampling technique was simple random sampling. The data were collected utilizing the Bar-On emotional intelligence and King spiritual intelligence questionnaires. The validity and reliability of both questionnaires were approved. Eventually, the data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression tests by SPSS 16. There was a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence among students (P<0/05). Moreover, there was a significant correlation between interpersonal scales, adaptation, and temperament with spiritual intelligence (P<0/05). However, there was no meaningful relation between intrapersonal scales and stress management with spiritual intelligence (P>0/05). It should be noted that all the components of emotional intelligence were able to predict spiritual intelligence. Through the enhancement of emotional intelligence in students, spiritual intelligence can be strengthened and improve the spiritual atmosphere and positive attitudes of students. Therefore, the educational staff of Abadan School of Medical Sciences can help students with providing necessary trainings regarding the increase of spiritual and emotional intelligence.

Introduction and Knowledge and attitude of administrators regarding accreditation play a significant role in its successful implementation. Thus, designing and implementing a survey is necessary to evaluate knowledge and attitudes of hospital executive management teams in the accreditation of Abadan and Khorramshahr hospitals, Iran.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the first half of 2017. The statistical population of this study consisted of all members of the executive management teams of Abadan and Khorramshahr hospitals. The sampling method was census-based and the sample size was 46 persons. Data collection was conducted by using a questionnaire. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were already confirmed. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics.
More than half of the participants had a great amount of knowledge about the requirements, goals, principles, and concepts of accreditation standards, as well as the need to participate in accreditation courses. More than 50% of the participants also had high expectations and positive attitudes towards the impact of accreditation on increasing public trust, improving the face of hospital, enhancing service quality, increasing patient satisfaction, raising safety and services, and improving hospital processes. There was a non-significant relationship between knowledge and attitude among the participants.
Regarding the average awareness of hospital managers about accreditation, education and awareness-raising among them seems to be necessary. Considering the high score of managers’ attitudes and expectations regarding accreditation, the process of accreditation in these hospitals is hoped to be more effective, such that it will result in higher patient safety and satisfaction.

The main mission of the hospitals in the health system is to provide quality care for patients and fulfilling their needs and expectations. This study was conducted with the aim of quality evaluation of emergency department services from patients’ viewpoint in Shiraz Nemazee hospital.
Material and This was an analytic descriptive study performed as cross sectional in 2014-2015. The population of this study consisted of all the patients admitted to the emergency department of Nemazee hospital. Sample size was determined 582 patients with simple sampling method. Data were collected through SERVQUAL questionnaire. Questionnaire validity was confirmed using experts’ opinion and factor analysis and its reliability was confirmed 87% using Cronbach''s alpha coefficient. The questionnaire measured quality gap in six dimensions including: tangibles¡ reliability¡ assurance¡ empathy¡ responsiveness and access to services. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and applying descriptive statistics tests¡ paired t-test¡ independent t-test and One-way analysis variance.
The results showed that the biggest and smallest gaps in the studied dimensions were as follows: assurance (-0/55±0/86)¡ responsiveness (-0/31±0/98). There was a significant difference between expectations and perceptions in tangibles¡ reliability and access to services dimensions (P>0/05) and there was no significant difference in responsiveness¡ assurance and empathy dimensions (P The quality of services in the emergency department of the hospital was suitable but significant quality gaps in some aspects in the hospital suggest that managers need to pay more attention to quality improvement programs to provide patients more satisfaction.

Diagnosis and treatment of patients with stroke spent high expenses annually. The aim of this study is to evaluate the direct medical and non-medical costs of stroke patients of Nemazee hospital.
This study is a descriptive, cross-sectional analysis that from April to July 2015 Namazi Hospital in Shiraz. The study population in this studies all patients with stroke in atrial fibrillation patients who have been treated with drugs or heparin clexan. The sample size was 80 and data were collected by questionnaire form and through interview. sampling was stratified sampling. Data were analyzed with using SPSS 18 software and descriptive statistics, t-test and one-way ANOVA test.
Average direct medical costs, direct non-medical costsand indirects costs of unfractionated heparinwere: 27,340,000±10,010,000 Rials, 3,862,750 ± 2,851,490 Rials and 5,382,500 ± 4,934,950 Rials respectively. Same averagedirect medical costs, direct non-medical costsand indirects costs of low molecular weight heparin were: 24,664,250±14,649,890 Rials, 2,233,500±4,249,590 Rials and 2,572,500±2,625,310 Rials respectively.
Clexane drug compared to heparin treatment option with less total cost on the prevention of stroke in patients. The results of this study can also help patients to specialists and neurologists who can clexane of drug use in the treatment of lower cost.

Objective (s): With more than 12 million new cases of cancers and nearly 7.6 million deaths all around the world in 2007, cancer currently is the third leading cause of death in the world. This study was conducted to determine medical and non-medical direct costs of cancer patients’ hospitalized in Namazi Hospital in Shiraz, Iran. This was a cross-sectional study. All patients over 20 years old with cancer including breast, prostate, leukemia, lymphatic, stomach, liver, lung, bladder, uterine and intestine cancers. Initially eligible patients invited to participate in this study. The data was collected through structured interviews with patients and or their caregivers. The data, then, was analyzed using the SPSS software The mean of non-medical direct costs for one month was 2,470,000±2,860,000 Rials. The mean of medical direct costs for one month was 21,550,000±16,980,000 Rials. The mean of total costs paid by patients was 24,020,000±17,300,000 Rials for one month. Patients pay a huge cost for cancer treatment. In order to support patients, health care system should find ways to decrease out-of-pocket payments by cancer patients.

To perform plans and achieve their goals, organizations are in need of different factors. One of the most important of which is the existence of an ideal organizational climate and participation. The main goal of this study is to determine the relationship between organizational climate and faculty member's participation in decision makings at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (SSUMS) in Yazd. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study induced in 2011-2012. The research population comprised all 292 SSUMS faculty members. 72 members were selected through random-category sampling method. For data collection, two questionnaires included organizational climate and participation were used. The reliability of two questionnaires were 0.86 and 0.85, respectively, using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The validity of both questionnaires were confirmed by expert panel. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18. For descriptive results, and used Pearson test for Analytical results. The average of total participation rate for faculty members was computed to be 3.43. The total figure for organizational climate with a mean of 82.6 was obtained from the total average of micro-scale scores. A Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.418 showed that there was a direct relationship between organizational climate and faculty member's participation. In spite of weakness of counselling system and team work system, and approach diversity between the faculty members, they are enthusiastic to cooperate to solve the university problems. Therefore we suggest more financial and spiritual mechanisms for autonomy of the faculty members.