جهانشاه پاکزاد

The number of women in Tehran urban spaces has increased and the quality of their presence differs from the past. Tehran Bazaar attracts hundreds of thousands of people every day while a remarkable percentage of this population are women. The bazaar environment in recent years has encountered an increase in the number of women's presence. The research problem is that so far, women’s experience of Tehran Bazaar as an Iranian shopping space, has not been recognized. While women are using this space that has been gradually formed over the years for men who had been in the majority. The research purpose is to find out the meaning of the Bazaar and how the spatial qualities affect the formation of this meaning in the minds of Bazaar’s female users. Using a phenomenological approach, researchers have conducted in-depth interviews with 14 women (and to achieve complementary data, 6 men). The maps derived from the mental images of women and men show that the realm of presence of men in the bazaar is more extensive than the realm of presence of women. In the mentality of participating women, Tehran Bazaar finds its meaning in the form of five main themes as follows: shopping space, recreation space, layered space, gendered space, and intimate space. These meanings are affected by seven themes that describe the spatial qualities of the bazaar: a large complex of specialized “Raste Bazaars” (or Bazaar branches), being historical, being a labyrinth, being movement based, being old and traditional, liveliness and social diversity. The research findings show Tehran Bazaar is not only a place to shop, but presents some important benefits of urban space such as being among the people, enjoying the physical qualities and being linked with historical identity of the city. Researchers' interpretations also suggest that there is a disjuncture and inconsistency between the women experiences and the pre-existing male structures. This disjuncture results from the lack of conformity between the socio-cultural characteristics and the spatial qualities of the environment with the needs and desires of women in the "lived space". In spite of these inconsistencies, some factors act in favor of women presence in Tehran Bazaar. The meaning of the Bazaar as a "recreation space", which makes good feelings for most of its visitors, and the "intimate space" that is welcoming to people from every culture and class, suggests that, despite all the restrictions and shortcomings, women have been able to benefit from the Bazaar characteristics in favor of their own interests. Being a place for shopping, Tehran Bazaar has the potential to enable women to disguise themselves as buyers and at the same time enjoy the spatial and social qualities beyond a shopping environment. The results of this study point out that for any possible modification in the Bazaar, the meanings of this place in the experience of its users should be carefully recognized. Designs that do not care about these meanings can lead to the destruction of values of the Bazaar for its audience.

Almost all western theorists in the field of urban studies pointed to urban vitality in their books and articles. Also, vitality is a fashionable word in the lexicon of urbanism in Iran, but in fact, it received little support from urban planners, urban designers, and geographers. During the years of confrontation with western achievements and modernism in Iran, people experience the incorrect manner of using imported terms, theories and inventions. Urban vitality is another example of such experiences, and the exact meaning and position of vitality in Iranian urban contexts is still unclear. There are lots of articles and projects focusing on urban vitality without clarifying the situation on which people can pursue vitality for an urban context. In the present study, the meaning and position for urban vitality, and the misuses of this concept in Iranian urban contexts is discussed.

The number of women in Tehran urban spaces is on the increase, and it is coupled with differing qualities of presence of women. But urban design researchers in Iran have rarely adopted a qualitative approach to the way women interact with the physical aspects of these spaces. The northern parts of the Tehran bazaar has experienced changes in the quantity and quality of women's presence. The present research aims to find out how the physical environment of the bazaar as well as its activities affects and is affected by women’s presence. In order to do so a study is conducted on reciprocal reproduction of gender and space in Sabzeh Meydan and Moshir Khalvat, using participant observation and in-depth interviews. The results show that the specifications of these spaces constrain some aspects of women’s presence and marginalizes them. Despite the increase in women’s numbers men keep their stronger role in reproducing the physical space in these two spaces. Despite both being gendered spaces not equally used by women and men, Sabzeh Meidan provides some more opportunities for optional and social activities in the public realm, giving women the chance to be present for non-essential purposes whilst participate more proactively in reproduction of the physical environment, which is due to both the physical aspects of this space and around space activities.

Today, the concept of attachment to the place due to its role in explaining and predicting human behavior in urban environments; Highly regarded behavioral scientists, city planners, particularly in the field of tourism in the world; This concept in urban design, it is important that the relationship between characteristics of environment, a place of satisfaction, self-protection of the environment and interest in revisiting the transition effects. According to the recent introduction of the concept of geographical studies and psychology and urban studies multiplicity of definitions continue to respect the substantive aspects of it there is no consensus. And factors in the formation of this concept are included in a public space such as urban coastal strip specify. To this end, the first phases of the coastal city of Bushehr Twelve of the local residents were asked to use the camera in places that are important to them. And to those interested the captured image. And then in the second stage in semi-structured interviews, in-depth interviews reasons for the choice of location were questioned. The result is then collected, encoded and the concept of call in the application MAXQDA, the presence of twelve categories described in four categories of experience attachment phenomena mechanistic with the definitions provided in the identification of the location (local identity) , ease of doing favorites (dependent on location), experience optimal social relations (social connections) and emotional response location (emotional bonds) is categorized by location. Therefore, an analysis of the concept of attachment to place in the coastal city of Bushehr on the attachment location next four matches.

Since the human perception of urban landscape components and the relations between them plays a determinant role in people’s valuation of environment, urban landscape has been become one of the most considerable issues of urban designers from many years ago till now. It can say that we have different kinds of factors which are influencing urban landscape directly or in an indirect ways. Through this field, color as a formal and impartible characteristics of environment, highly effect the pleasant of the place for citizens. Nowadays our cities and its various places present themselves as black, white and gray places. We forgot to count on how much colors can bring vitality and life to our urban places. Therefore, most of the times, colors which have been used for urban space elements, are neutral and uncoordinated, or at least they selected without any sense of meaning to each other and to the place they located in. in the other words, we do not use any kind of planning or designing for color scape in our cities. Meanwhile the city and its places bring some specific expectations in citizen’s mind, each color, related to its hue, brightness and intense, provides a deferent theme of the spaces and influences the audience in various ways. If the efforts of designing these spaces have no adaption to such features and expectations, confusion in the character of the place will be the result. Obviously this kind of confusion will decrease the tendency of standing in those places. In addition, it is obvious that in every culture and climate, there are some kinds of symbolic meaning for specific colors which means something deferent in other cultures and climates. Unfortunately, in Iranians cities this fact hasn’t been considered and we faced with imitation the foreign patterns in our cities. It brings many damages and challenges to the identity of urban places in our country. Also because of the unawareness of urban designers and implementers about the chemistry of color structure science, most of the colors which have been used in our urban spaces are inconvenient, and they do not have any connection to the meaning of the selected colors. That’s why sometimes our urban places become more and more unpleasant. One of the other dilemmas of applying color in our urban spaces is the variety of valid color products in quality and type at the market. Choosing an inappropriate color brings us many problems only after a short time, such as damages in surface and cracking or loosing ones real color because of the weather changes likes raining and sunshine. According to what is mentioned above, among the urban design guidelines which urban designers are using toward promoting the quality of places, a place oriented Urban Design guide is the goal this investigation . This design guidance includes most of the leads about the application of the colors in the cities and urban spaces with emphasizing on places and the colors features. The importance of colors in human’s living environment becomes more and more obvious. Urban color scape is one of the main attractions of city which is considered as a symbol of its character. Some believes that the city should be a colored canvas that reflects its character and identity. But unfortunately, the subject of urban color scape has been neglected most of the time. Urban color scape is not only in relation with outer urban scape, but also it has undeniable effects on quality of public spaces. Considering the importance of color in cities and their public spaces, the cities of our country are facing retrogression in this subject. Despite of some researches which have been done in this area, the blank space of urban color scape management is steel truly clear. This essay is going to provide a useable process or methodology to improve the quality of public spaces by designing their color scape. Towered this object, we need to introduce the “color palette” concept and the way to use this technique to suit a variety of spaces, expectation, and other aspects. It will give every urban space a specific guidance for color designing. Given the importance of color city scape in order to encourage citizens toward using that spaces and percept them, it is necessary to organize color scape design. In this research we will present the color pallet as a practical technique for designing urban color scape. Color pallet will give us an appropriate amount of each criterion for different urban places by studding urban color platforms and the expectations of urban places. Keywords: City, Accessibility, Commute Mode, Babolsar City.

‘Gentrification’ is usually defined as the replacement of residents of a certain urban precinct by a wealthier income group. It could be because of a deliberate choice or the result of an involuntary eviction.
Despite a common misunderstanding that gentrification is a planned approach in urban upgrading—similar to urban renewal, revitalization or regeneration—it is in fact a side effect of an upgrading project, which adversely affects the intended outcomes and defeats the actual purpose of such urban conservation programs. After an initial review of the meanings and definitions of gentrification, this research examines its process and consequences in some districts of Tehran Metropolis.
For this purpose, a short list of some 40 tenants is developed comprising of low to middle-income tenants who had recently relocated from districts exposed to gentrification processes to cheaper surrounding neighborhoods. A smaller group of some 15 interviewees is then selected for deep semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis of these interviews demonstrated code categorizations resulting in two main core themes, i.e. crisis in individual-self relations and crisis in environment-self interactions. The main themes under the former include challenges in building and expressing a personal identity; as well as issues related to individual or household health. Adverse impacts under the latter core theme include an increase in social seclusion; reduction in place attachment; indifference towards community.

Light is essential for life, and it is one of its components. It gives us the ability to see as we receive the most important information around us through our eyes. Eyes could be counted as the most sensitive part of our bodies which are used for gathering about 80% of needed data. On the other hand, we know that light has a great influence on quality of space, emotions, perceptions, the image of a city, and etc. Light and lighting are vital matters of urban life, so that it is not possible for us to envision a life without them. Over the past decades, cities became the origin of 24-hour activities, where unlike old days, nocturnal life as well as daily life continues. Cities are no longer a place which is shut by falling night and waken up by the next day. Their citizens stay up and head into different locations through the night, according to new living conditions. Currently, appropriate lighting for night time is needed in Iran to overcome problems we are facing in cities. Existence of problems such as low-quality urban spaces, high rate of car accidents, criminal acts, low social safety and light pollution should be addressed by experts through conducting precise and practical studies on city lighting. It is expected that importance of urban lighting in improvement of public realm quality, city marketing, citizens’ visual image and urban beautification be more highlighted. Therefore we seek better lighting methods to use for our cities so that we can create a superior townscape. In order to find solutions for problems mentioned above, the lighting master plan is introduced. This plan is crucial for every city to execute proper lighting and results to a profitable environment. Also rendered as an upstream kind of program employed to control and direct every details on urban lighting, it should be viewed as a unified coordinated general plan available for urban spaces. Most cities around the world have already came up with such plans whereas in Iran we still need some extra time and effort to achieve a descent spot. Although the problem is not the light source, it is rather to have a guide to prepare a lighting master plan. In which a detailed review of city lighting master plans and extraction of all indices and items considered essential in process of planning, are viewed as equally very decisive. Of course, we should not forget that such items are general and depend on the context of each plan, it means they are specific for every city and place where unique characteristics, conditions, identity and atmosphere exists. In other words, content analysis of the urban lighting master plans makes it possible to distinguish what should be taken into action. Then it comes to consider the priorities addressed by these plans and solutions offered by them. Thus, knowledge of the content items is a necessary part in preparation of the urban lighting master plan for all the organizations and individuals engaged in this process. Regarding the goal of this paper which is to investigate and collect content items needed in compilation of a city lighting master plan, researcher has tried to gather mentioned items through library research with a practical and scientific approach in mind. This was achieved by studying successful experiences of different cities following by extracting content items. Then a three-part conceptual model is presented which is comprised of information about the city, the structural aspects of urban and urban lighting issues of the city, and ultimately practical suggestions on how to organize planning as expressed in various sections of the plan. Finally, the reason to choose this subject was the significant importance of light and lighting in urban environment. Besides working on this issue and cultivating a scientific culture, was very essential itself. It has been in mind to build a reference for further scientific moves and activities, albeit in a limited time. It is quite clear that Iranian cities, especially metropolitans, suffer from inadequate lighting plans as a quality item of an urban area and one of the cities’ beauty aspects. We cannot deny what has been done till now, but it is certainly time for more. Hopefully, this paper will leave some positive effects to motivate interested experts and researchers to look for innovative solutions and ideas as the case requires.

Throughout human evolution history، beauty has always been one of the necessary integral components of human need. As Greer (2010) said، “one of the prehistoric human’s responses to the animal life around them was to etch and paint these animals on the walls of their caves. Turning them into art and rendering them beautiful was a natural response - a way to help make sense of a hostile and confusing world”. Likewise، people of old civilizations such as Babylon and Egypt used disciplined arrangements in their settlements structures. And they used concepts such as symmetry، order، harmony and etc. to express beauty in their living environment. This historical effort has been followed till today، which one of the main concerns of environmental design practitioners and theorists، especially in urban design، is creating and designing beautiful urban environments and places for people. In the storyline described، dispute about concept of beauty and its origin has been an ongoing discussion that dates back at least to 2. 500 years ago. This storyline also could be seen as a single movement from certainty to doubt which according to Powers (2010) “reflects the growing complexity of the world surrounds us”. Though this evolutionary path has a repetitive oscillation between two polarities of subjectivity and objectivity. So that، according to Reber et al. (2004) in the former one، which is a rather rational understanding of beauty، aesthetic theorists، dating back at least to Plato، saw beauty as a property of an object that produces a pleasurable experience in any suitable perceiver. This special point of view tries to boil down the essence into formulae and models for further application. While in the latter one، which is a romantic understanding of beauty، theorists، dating back at least to the Sophists، proposed that beauty is based on personal experience and insight. So it can be defined only ‘in the eye of the beholder’. In this point of view، anything could be beautiful if it only pleases human senses and therefore، beauty is not that much open to explanation or proof. Most modern philosophical analyses، however، reject the objective versus subjective distinction and define beauty as a sense which emerges from patterns in the way people and objects relate. Despite frequent use of the concept and different definitions it has، the entity of it، still seems ambiguous. And at least in Iran، there is not a clear understanding of aesthetic experience in knowledge of environmental design. Regarding the importance of beauty in human health and significant role of aesthetic experience on bringing structural changes in the brain، this article، seeks to define aesthetic experience of human. For better understanding of aesthetic experience and its role in the process of perception، we adopt three different perspectives، including biological، cognitive and psychological perspectives. Consequently، we propose that aesthetic experience is caused by a multitude of senses، and beauty is grounded in the processing experiences of the perceiver that emerge from the interaction of stimulus properties and perceivers'' cognitive and affective processes.

Urban Design is multi-disciplinary activity and its goal is creation and revival of urban environment quality. Its activity range is not limited to daytimes, and it includes night times. Contemporary cities have been turned to 24 hours places; accordingly, it is obvious that urban designer must engage to night environment quality. Night time, various lightings that light urban element makes various qualitative affects in spaces, according to its color, direction and its illuminant. So, nightscape must be designed simultaneously with other parts by urban designers as an inseparable part in urban spaces design. Otherwise, only illumination engineering interference may threaten character of space. Urban designers as environment quality responsible, certainly, must get some knowledge about lighting. First step of urban designer’s interference in urban lighting is awareness of lighting techniques and its tools. In order to awareness of lighting techniques kinds, the researchers of this article attempt to accumulate various references of knowledge about lighting techniques and methods. This findings show that all kinds of lighting styles are due to three component of lighting change: lighting object, light source characteristics and its position. In every urban lighting plan, quality and style of lighting depend on element, light, angle and direction has been lighted. It is essential for urban designers accustom about this. This article study urban lighting styles and their usage cases, and introduce best method of lighting with present successful case of urban lighting.