جواد ترکمن

Dynamic methods (non-destructive) work on the basis of creating tension without failure in the samples and save time and costs for evaluating mechanical properties. Knots or the encapsulated branches are the most important factor in the grading of wood. Therefore, the objectives of this research are: detection of knots by non-destructive methods, measuring the dynamic modulus of elasticity of beech log using stress waves, and the effect of knot size on the speed of stress waves Subsequently, the value of dynamic modulus of elasticity.

The studied area of Shafarood series 11, which is located in the southern part of the Shafarood watershed, starts at an altitude of 500 meters and continues up to an altitude of 1650 meters. From this area, Five number of beech trees were cut and divided into three equal parts of three meters by transverse cutting, and according to the size of the knots, the properties of density, stress waves velocity  Subsequently, the dynamic modulus of elasticity were measured. From the tangential image of the external indicator and the radial image of the internal indicator by using  the Digimizer image4 software, the characteristics of each knot such as the diameter and angle of the knot were measured. For non-destructive detection of beech tree knot, ultrasonic tomography, stress wave velocity and CT scan methods were used. In the stress waves velocity method, a Fakopp microsecond timer device was used to measure the time of stress waves velocity. In the radiographic method as well  to prepare CT scan images, A digital ground column device with two detectors made in France belonging to a medical clinic was used. To measure the density, 30 cylindrical stems with knots of small, medium and large classes were used, and according to the relationship between density and stress wave velocity, the value of dynamic elasticity modulus was calculated and evaluated. The diameter of the knot along the length of the stem, the density and the dynamic modulus of elasticity of the beech tree stem were measured. To analyze the data at the 95% confidence level, the one-way Anova test was used, and to determine the normality of the data and the homogeneity of the variance, the Kalmograph Smirnov and Leven tests were used. To compare the means, Tukey's test was used by using Spss software.

In the detection of beech tree knot with the three mentioned non-destructive methods, the results show the existence of limitations in each method. As the ultrasonic tomography is not able to detect knots inside the beech tree trunk and the stress wave method also does not detect very small knots. The accuracy of the CT scan method in detecting the knot is high, but the cost of its detection is high. According to the growth stages of the beech tree, factors such as growth speed, branch encapsulation speed and natural pruning are different. The origin of the branch is pith of the stem. As a result, the number and size of the created knots are different along the tree. Therefore, most of the small knots are created in the main trunk of the tree. The diameter of the knot has also increased with the increase in the height of the stem. The knot has increased the density. The density results have shown that the samples with large, medium and small knots have significant differences. Considering that the ultrasonic tomography method is based on the reduction of density, it is not able to detect the knot. But in the radiography method, the parts with higher density are seen in light color and the parts with lower density are seen in darker color. The size of the knot is effective on reducing the speed of stress waves and thus reducing the dynamic modulus of elasticity of wood. In comparison with the samples without knots, the samples with small, medium and large knots reduce the modulus of elasticity by 20%, 50% and 70% respectively.

in general, among the non-destructive methods, only the CT scan method is able to detect small knots and evaluate the clear wood and defects. In comparison with the control sample (without knots), with  increasing  the size of the knot, the value of the density increases and the stress wave velocity decreases Subsequently, the dynamic elasticity modulus of the samples decreases.

Different plant species, especially trees, react to the changes of climatic factors during their life.The science that deals with the reconstruction of past climatic factors based on the annual rings of trees is called dendrochronology. In this science, the temporal adaptation of rings and distinguishing true annual rings from false rings is important.The aim of this research is to reduce the error of measuring the annual growth ring width. In order to detect the real annual rings, the X-ray radiography method was used in comparison with the usual method of measuring the annual growth ring width of the cypress tree in the Rudbar region.The annual ring width was measured with an accuracy of 0.01 mm using the Miniviwer software.The results after time adaptation and standardization were compared with the results of the usual method. The results showed that the matching rate (GLK) in the radiographic method is 95% and in the conventional method is 70%. which shows the greater accuracy of this method compared to the usual method of measuring the ring growth width of the cypress tree. The correlation of the chronology obtained from radiographic measurements with precipitation and temperature changes is higher than the chronology obtained from the data obtained by the usual method.

Temperature changes are an important issue in the present age and it is a new topic for climatologists. The purpose of this research is to monitoring the changes in the biomass of trees during the growth periods of pole, beam, vigorous and old by using temperature characteristics. In this research, 307 parcels were studied. In this research, 30 sample plots were implemented in Parcel 307 using regular random method. Then, using a drone, the temperature of the centers of the samples was measured. In this research, using the mode of the tree mass was measured during the growing period of the trees, the trees, the trees, the stout, and the old trees. In these models, temperature was considered as the main variable and biomass was considered as the dependent variable. The preliminary results of this research showed that F. orientalis trees have a correlation coefficient of 0.96, 0.97, 0.96, and 0.94. The obtained results showed that Q. Castanifolia trees have correlation coefficients of 0.79, 0.81, 0.96 and 0.64. The results of A. glutinosha trees showed that the correlation coefficient of T.subcordata trees was 0.75, 0.99, 0.99 and 0.41. The results obtained from this show that deciduous trees have a correlation coefficient of 0.82, 0.19, 0.19 and 0.19. The results of this research showed that the use of the temperature characteristics of the sample centers has high accuracy in determining the biomass of trees in various vegetative stages............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................

Fibre-gypsum board is a composite, in which fiber used as the reinforcement in the matrix of gypsum. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of different amounts of waste paper fibers on the strength, resistance and the fracture behavior of fiber-gypsum board. For this purpose, amounts of zero, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 35 percent of waste paper fibers have been used. The results of measuring bending strength, internal bonding and moisture absorption during one month exposure to 100% relative humidity show that increasing the percentage of fibers up to 20% has increased the mechanical properties. In general, By using twenty percent fibers the bending strength increased fifty percent and the internal bonding became double and half in comparison to the control samples. The load-displacement curve shows that an increase of 5 to 15 percent of fibers does not change the fracture behavior of the fiber-gypsum board and they had brittle fracture same as control samples. While in more substitution values, the flexibility increases and the failure becomes ductile. Therefore, the best conditions in terms of strength, resistance, and flexibility have been obtained in 20% replacement of gypsum with waste paper fibers.

Climate change and environmental pollutants affect the growth of plant species. These effects can be recognized in the tree growth rings. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the precipitation and temperature in four decades (1975-2015) and air pollutants in the last decade on the average growth of pine trees (Pinus eldarica).

The studied area is Chitgar Forest Park located in the northwest of Tehran city and the studied species is the forest pine (Pinus eldarica). The research method is descriptive, the required climatic information was obtained from Mehrabad meteorological station and sampling was done by disc cutting from 10 forest pine trees. After preparing the samples, the number and width of annual rings were counted and measured using binoculars and a measuring table. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used at a significance level of 5% to investigate the significant difference in growth width in four decades.

The results show that there is no significant difference between average precipitation in four decades, while average temperature and average growth have significant differences (p < 0.05). The amount of growth based on the growth index has decreased during four decades, and this decrease is more significant and obvious in the fourth decade due to the increase of pollutants such as ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

In general, the growth of forest pine trees has decreased during forty years with the increase of average annual temperature, which excessive decrease in the fourth decade is caused by pollutants such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide. It is suggested to do more research on sensitive species planted in urban areas to better understand the effect of pollutants on the growth and development of trees.

The knot is the branch impact on the tree's trunk which reduces the quality of the wood. Knots or occlusion branches are the most important factor in the grading of woods. The purpose of this research is to detect and distinguish the size of the knot in the beech tree stem by non-destructive stress wave method. In this research, five one-meter stems were examined and according to the knot size, the stems were classified into four parts without knots, with small, medium and large knots. By using the FAKOPP microsecond timer device, stress waves were passed along the length of the stem and the width of the knots in the four parts of the stem. The amount of the stress waves velocity were calculated according to the transit time of the stress waves and also percentage of the Relative Velocity decrease of Stress waves were calculated. Analysis variance of the data showed between the four parts there is a significant difference at the 95% confidence level. The results showed that the size of knot has effective on the Relative Velocity decrease of Stress waves in the beech tree stem. As the knot gets bigger, its angle decreases with the main stem axis. consequently more length is placed in the stem, and the speed of its occlusion increases. In this method,very small knots whose percentage of the Relative Velocity decrease of Stress waves was less than 10% were not detected. Therefore, for small, medium and large knots, the range of Relative Velocity decrease of Stress waves were obtained 10-20%, 20-45% and more than 45%, respectively.

Management and planning to organize municipal waste is inevitable and city managers seek to find optimal solutions to improve the existing issues and problems of urban management these include municipal waste management. Amlash city due to the lack of a sanitary landfill and the use of unprincipled methods to bury waste and dump garbage in one of the inner neighborhoods of the city called Kiaznik and adjacent to the river for more than 20 years environmental, cultural and health problems for the city. To manage the high volume of waste produced with high diversity requires a comprehensive program. The quantity and quality of waste in different areas is affected by factors sch as: environmental status, season, income, land use and construction status, social, economic and cultural conditions and eating habits. Reduction of production, waste reuse and recycling, energy extraction from landfills are the main goals of the comprehensive waste management plan. Certainly in the near future, recycling communities will become countries with the healthiest environments and the most powerful economies.The present study to determine the quantity and quality of waste produced in Amlash city in Guilan province in a period of 9 months from july 2019 to march 2020 sampling was performed in seven stations included recreation centers, administrative centers, health centers, commercial centers and three residential areas of the rich, middle- class and marginal. In total, the production waste was examined 36 times in each station. From office, commercial and health stations on weekdays after business hours and for the three residential areas of the affluent, the middle, and the suburbs on the days designated by Amlash municipality organization, which was responsible for collecting waste in these areas before being collected by pakbanan municipality and transferred to a garbage truck waste samples were randomly selected and collected the sampling station was also sampled on weekends. The total amount of waste generated in each studied station was collected and weighed. Samples were randomly selected and the compounds in the samples individually and on the basis of six categories plastic, paper and cardboard, glass, metal, organic materials and others waste was collected and weighed in the waste storage container with a special label. Separation was done manually to determine the components of the waste. The samples were weighed by a scale weighing 45 kg. Data from physical analysis of waste in different months of the year and in different places analyzed using Excel version 2010 and Spss version 26. Shapiro- Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the data. To determine the difference between the average production waste in different months of the year and different places for variables that have a normal distribution the one way anova test was used and for variables that have an abnormal distribution the Kruskal- Wallis was used. Tukey test was also used to compare the means for data that had a normal distribution. Depending on the culture of consumption in different communities, the percentage of recyclable materials it is different in municipal waste after analyzing municipal waste, the correct amount can be achieved.Due to the increasing population growth and consequently the increase in consequently the increase in consumption, we will see an increase in the volume of waste produced. Therefore, waste management, especially solid waste, has a special place which require special attention. The results showed that the daily production of solid waste in the city of Amlash is 20 tons, 32% of the waste is recyclable materials, 11% non- recyclable materials and 52% are organic matter. Therefore, 89% of waste can be reduced through recycling and compost. Also, the per capita daily waste production in the city of Amlash is 1.136 kg per person per day. The results show there is a significant difference between plastic, glass, metal, paper and cardboard and other wastes in different months of the year (p<0.05). But there is no significant difference in the amount of organic matter in different months of the year. There is a significant difference in the amount of variables of plastic, glass, paper and cardboard, organic materials and other wastes in different stations (p<0.05). But there is no significant difference in the amount of metal variables in different stations. As a result, Tukey test was used to compare the average between the mentioned components of waste at different times of the year and at different stations. The results for plastic variables show that suburban office and residential stations have a significant difference in the presence of plastic and recreation, health, commercial, affluent and middle- class residential stations do not differ significantly in the presence of plastic. Also, the results obtained from Tukey test for glass variable were determined, health station, commercial station, medium- sized residential station and suburban residential station have a significant difference in the presence of glass. Recreation stations, office and residential stations do not differ significant in the presence of glass. July, August, October, November, December, February and March have significant differences in the presence of glass. The months of September and January are not significantly different in terms of glass. Also showed Tukey test for metal variable in none of the months in which the sampling was done, there was no significant difference in the presence of metal. In fact, recycling and reuse of consumables is one of the principles of increasing productivity in economic systems. If the recycling industry is properly managed it can be as profitable for the economy as the volume of goods produced in the country. In fact, recycling allows without compromising the initial resources and environmental consumption levels remain constant and even increase and this is one of the manifestations of sustainable development. The World Environment Commission, sustainable development is the process of changing resource consumption, directing investment defines the direction of technology development and fundamental change to be compatible with current and future needs. Achieving sustainable development requires simultaneous attention to three dimensions: economic, social and environmental.Organic materials, plastics, paper and cardboard are the three most important types of waste in Amlash which can be used for the purpose of reducing waste and recycling.The results of statistical analysis showed that the weight of dry waste components there is significant difference in the syudied stations and in a different months of the year (p< 0.05). According to the results, the city of Amlash due to its small size and a large average population, quantity and quality of production waste in three residential areas: rich, middle- class and marginal are not much different. Given that most of the components of residential waste are related to organic matter the best economic solution for managing this type of waste is to convent the organic matter in the household waste organic fertilizer for soil improvement as well as the development of agricultural activities in the city of Amlash. Separation from source and recycling are also the most appropriate economic solutions for significant volume management recyclable materials are available in administrative, health and commercial centers. Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a system involving multiple sub- systems that typically require demanding inputs, materials and resources to properly process generated waste throughput. For this reason, MSW management is generally one of the most expensive services provided by municipalities. Eliminating, reusing or reducing waste is the first route to significant cost savings

There are various mechanical, chemical and thermal methods to improve the properties of wood which Their purpose is to block and reduce the reactivity of hydroxyl groups of cell wall polymers. The aim of this study is to modify the properties of Iranian beech wood ( Fagus orientalis L) via the passage of electricity.Three substances of water, salt solution in two levels and silver nanoparticles in two levels have been used to transfer electricity in wood. The experimental design was a factorial test on the basis of a completely randomized design to analyze the data obtained from the measurement of physical and mechanical properties. The results showed that the passage of electricity improved all the physical and mechanical properties of beech wood. Electric current passing via a 20% salt solution and 200ppm silver nanoparticles increased the Moduli of Rapture of beech wood respectively 25% and 29%. Electric current passing by both cause the Moduli of elasticity became more than fourfold And Anti-Swelling efficiency Based on the volume of beech wood obtained respectively 30% and 35%

Increasing carbon storage in forests is the goal of sustainable management, in recent years, it has been recognized as one of the important tools in mitigating the impact of climate change. Carbon trading is one of the market-based tools as a cost-effective and convenient way to climate change and environmental issues. The aim of this study is to determine the economic value of carbon in poplar plantation. Carbon content was measured in the plantation of Populus deltoides and adjusted carbon price was determined using the non-stationary regression model. Net present value of carbon was calculated and finally sensitivity analysis of price and carbon interest rate were performed. Results show the plantation stock was 180.2 m3/ha (57.6 t/ha) and carbon content was 32.2 t/ha at age 36 years. Net Present Value calculated at different ages and the sensitivity analysis showed that the net present value increased with increasing price and interest rate.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of climate variables on the width of the growth rings of Cupressus sempervirens Var. Horizontalis In the cities of Rudbar and Noshahr in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces. For this purpose, the number 13 discs were totally prepared from the breast height of the trees in two regions and after the preparation of samples including: cutting, sanding and specifying the borders of growth rings, the surfaces of the discs were photographed. Images were imported to Digimizer software in JPG format and the width of the growth rings was measured with 0.01 mm accuracy. Then the standardization and time matching steps were performed on the images. The chronological length of 38 years (1979-2017) gained and matching of the variance (GLK) of 77.26 and 70.10%, for Rudbar and Nowshahr measured, respectively. The average growth of 2.46 mm for Rudbar tree rings and 5.20 mm for Nowshahr tree rings were obtained. The results also showed that the growth of trees in Rudbar region had a positive and high correlation with precipitation factor (r = 0.94) and a negative and moderate correlation with temperature factor (r = -0.51). However, the effect of climatic factors on the growth rings of trees in Noshahr was not significant. According to the results of this study, the lack of dry season and mild condition of the plain in Noshahr area,

Trees are one of the most important carbon reservoirs on the earth and carbon sequestration into plant biomass is an easiest and economically most practical way for mitigating the CO2 from atmosphere. This study aims at determining the biomass and carbon storage in stump and roots of Populus deltoides in Tanian poplar plantations of Guilan province. For this purpose, 15 poplar trees were selected based on selection sampling method 15. After the cutting and moving the logs from the stump to somewhere outside the plantation, excavator machinery (KOMATSU PC 200) was used to remove the stumps and roots from the soil. After separating the stumps and roots, mentioned parts were weighed using a digital scale. In order to estimate the amount of biomass and carbon storage, some samples of various components of poplar trees were then fallen down and weighed. After drying the samples in oven (80 ̊C), the dry weight of the samples was determined. After burning an enough amount of dried samples in the electric kiln, the weight of organic matter and carbon of the stump and root samples were obtained. Results showed that the mean of stump biomass, root biomass, stump and root carbon sequestration for each tree were 2.15, 22.18, 1.05 and 10.94 kg per tree, respectively. Results indicated there was a positive and significant correlation between the biomass and carbon sequestration of stump and root with collar diameter. The amount of carbon storage in the root and stump parts was 3.836 tons per hectare and the economic value of carbon storage was calculated as 46723015.68 Rials per hectare.

Todays, analyzing the effects of earthquakes on tree growth became possible by using dendrochronological methods. This study is done by the aim of investigating the effects of the severe Roudbar-Manjil earthquake in 1990 on the growth of Cupressus semperviren trees in Rudbar county. For this purpose, after obtaining a license to cut down eight Cupressus trees in Roudbar city, the trees were randomly selected; cut down and eight discs were taken from their diameter at breast height. Also, in order to investigate the effects of climatic factors, 30 years (1983-2012) temperature and precipitation data of the region were received from Manjil synoptic station. Preparation of images of research disks slices with 2mm thickness were done using, medical radiology device and comparative dating, estimation of reliability components, chronological analysis of data, plotting and correlation between growth and climatic factors were performed using Mini-Viewer, ARSTAN, Excel and Spss software's. In addition, release and suppressed growth of trees in the five year after earthquake period were calculated, using growth change equations. The results showed that there was no correlation between tree growth and temperature factor (r = 0.21); While the correlation of precipitation factor with tree growth during 30 years was positive (r = 0.809) and during the years (1991 to 2000) was negative (r = - 0.72). Therefore, the growth changes of this species, which increased in the first five years after the earthquake and decreased in the second five years, can be related to the effects of the earthquake on trees. On the other hand, Cupressus semperviren was recognized as an earthquake-resistant species because the growth of suppression in the studied disks did not show a significant difference with the release growth.

Acoustic tomography technology is a non-destructive method that can reveal the hidden defects of trees. As a result, the aim of this study is to detect the internal defects of the oak tree (Quercus castaneifolia) using acoustic tomography. For this purpose, samples were randomly prepared from ten trees in the Asalem region of Gilan province and then discs were cut from trunks. Doe to the lack of natural decay, artificial cavities were drilled inside the disks in four stages: 25% - 50% - 75% - 100%.  Healthy and defective samples were obtained and the sound wave velocity was calculated using FAKOPP Microsecond Timer device. The results show that the average speed of sound waves passing through the oak wood is 1500 meters per second, which decreases greatly with increasing internal defects. If internal decay progresses from 25% to 100%, the amount of reduction in the speed of sound waves varies from 15% to 36%. The size of the crack or shake is also effective in reducing the speed of sound waves. In large shakes, the speed of waves was reduced by more than 50%. The speed of waves is different in the sapwood and the heartwood. Tomographic images are green in the healthy parts, yellow in the primary decay, and orange and red in the decay, and blue in the cavity parts. Generally, The Acoustic Tomograph accurately revealed the presence and magnitude of the defect without differentiating between decay and crack.

Wood heating is the oldest method for reducing of water absorption of wood. Today, electric heating is used to transmit high voltage current through materials using two electrodes. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of electric shock on the physical and mechanical properties of Iranian beech wood( Fagus orientalis L). Electric shock applied to the wood samples in five different voltage and three different pressures in the reactor. The experimental design was a factorial experiment on the basis of a completely randomized design .The results show that electric shock of beech wood improves all its physical and mechanical properties. The best results obtained at atmospheric pressure and electric current of 600 volt.In this situation, Moduli of elasticity became treble and Moduli of Rapture increased 20% based on control sample. Also obtained 20 % Anti-Swelling efficiency.

Nowadays, intelligent systems are used as innovative tools in different environmental issues. However, the prediction of short-term waste, unlike the long-term scale, is less developed due to more uncertainties and the difficulty in determining measurable independent parameters. In this study, two types of artificial neural networks (MLP and RBF) and two decision tree algorithms (CHAID and CART) have been used as effective tools for short-term forecasting of total waste production in coastal areas of Noor in Mazandaran Province, Iran. So that, average temperature, daily rainfall, sunny hours, maximum relative humidity and maximum wind speed were determined as the most important independent parameters, while the amount of waste produced in the coastal areas of Noor was considered as the dependent variable. Wastes from the coastal areas were gathered and their weights were analysed during 12 months from July 2017 through June 2018. Samplings were carried out twice a week, three weeks of a month and 12 months of a year, overall 72 times a year. The required meteorological data was gathered from the meteorological station in Noor. Then the sensitivity analysis was performed to check the independency of the major independent parameters. Thereafter, the mentioned machine learning approaches were applied to predict the short-term total waste production in IBM SPSS Modeler version 18 environment. In the applied models, 60% of data were used in training the model and the other 40% were used for model evaluation.  The results indicated that the CHAID tree algorithm exhibits a better performance in predicting total solid waste production compared to CART, MLP and RBF models. The mean absolute error and the correlation coefficient (R) of CHAID algorithm was 0.067 and 0.828, respectively.

This research considers the optimal rotation age regarding to the carbon sequestration value in populous deltoides plantation in Choobar located in Guilan Province, north of Iran. First, the volume increment is determined by stem analysis method and carbon sequestration is determined by combustion in an electric oven. Then, Net present value (NPV) of carbon is calculated by using volume increment, carbon amount, interest rate, adjusted price of carbon and net revenue in order to determine the optimal rotation age. Faustmann model was used in order to determine the optimal rotation age. Data such as volume increment, carbon content, revenue, timber and carbon prices are used to estimate the NPV. The study also evaluates the effects of different cost of plantation and discount rates on the optimal rotation ages using NPV approach. Results showed that when economic value of carbon sequestration is considered, optimal rotation ages is 27 years. Sensitivity analysis is done for interest rate, cost of plantation, and carbon price. As cost of plantation increases, the optimal rotation age also increases and the net present value decreases. With the increase in carbon prices, the age of optimal rotation age decreases and the net present value increases.

Fagus orientalis is a valuable deciduous tree species mainly distributed in northern of Iran.There is great demand in the market for its log especially for knot-free logs. The classification of roundwood is inextricably linked to the measurement of a particular single wood defect. The appearance, location, and number of defects are important in the quality evaluation of logs and sawn timber, and the most important defects are knots. To evaluate the defects of trees, destructive methods (cutting) and non-destructive methods (CT scans) are used. The purpose of this study was to calculate clear wood by four models and compared to CT- scan. Fifteen stems of oriental beech trees were studied. The Pearson correlation coefficient and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test have been used to check the normality of the data and the correlation between the parameters. The results show that the detection of CT- scan is high at the organs have a significant difference in the density. The accuracy of detection and evalution is high in the CT-Scan method. The results show that there is a high correlation between all methods of estimating clear wood. The most correlation coefficient was obtained between the fourth model and CT-Scan method(r=0.994) which their clear wood estimation are the same. Among the studied models, the first model (∆r=Ws-Ls) which is based on the external indicator is more suitable for evaluating of the beech clear wood in the log grading process

This study is about stoma and Secretory duct in Ash leaves along an altitudinal gradient (500–700–900 m) in Shafaroud zone. First, 10 trees 30-50 cm D.B.H were selected and 3 leaves of each tree and 90 leaves were collected then leaves of Ash discolor and coloration stage and Some images (×10 and ×40) were prepared of them by light microscopy. The stoma and Secretory duct characteristics including area, length and width and density have been measured on the surface by Digimizer software. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene test for testing normality and Homogeneity of Variances, one way ANOVA for analyzing data, Dunnetts T3 for comparing mean were used at (p=0.05). The results showed that length, width and area of stoma and resin duct have significant differences among the altitudinal zones. The area and width of stomata have decreased with an increasing altitude. The area, length and width of the Secretory duct in 900 m is more than other zones. The area of stomata decreased and the density of stomata increased with increasing elevation the cause of this variation is adapt to the environmental change.

Considering the increase of solid waste due to population growth and urban development as one of the environmental pollutants, it is necessary to pay attention to solid waste management in order to protect ecosystems. Therefore, solid waste management will not be possible without information on its physical components. In this Study, a cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the quantity and quality of waste produced in the city of Iranshahr by sampling in a one-year period Study in four seasons from winter of 1396 to autumn of 1397, and the samples were manually separated to separate the physical components Data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel software. The results showed that in Iranshahr, the percentage of waste components for metal was 0.78%, paper and carton 5.37%, glass 2.8%, plastic 6.55%, other wastes 16.3% and corrosive organic materials 68.2%, and the average of organic materials and other waste has a significant difference in seasons (p <0.05). Therefore,The most organic waste and metal waste constitute the smallest waste components in the city of Iranshahr, which can be reduced through the implementation of environmental pollution programs and earn revenue.

Shoreline is one of the tourist areas that use as coastal plagues.Coastal areas are always attractive for tourists due to special features. Tourism as an effective factor Couse pollution of the coast. . A large amount of solid waste is accumulated daily on the coast and causing serious damage to these areas(Rezazadeh et al, 2013; Joozi et al, 2012). One of the most important factors in improving the environmental and health conditions of the coast is proper waste management. The first step in designing waste management systems is to know the amount of produced waste. Lack of knowledge about the amount of produced waste causes health and aesthetic problems in the environment. generally, various factors Are effect generation rate increase, including economic status, geographical location, seasons, days of the week, and customs(Del angiz et al, 2012). One of the most important duties of the municipality is waste management, which includes: collecting, transporting and disposing of them, and a significant portion of the municipal budget is allocated to it. Therefore, increasing the amount of tourism in coastal areas and the amount of waste generated by them couse to increase the cost of the municipality(Monavvary, 2008). In addition, other effects are various health problems, such as diseases caused by water and soil pollution, and illnesses caused by an increase in the population of vermin animals. Therefore, in order to improve the environmental and health conditions of the coasts, planning and generated waste is necessary. Also, it has ease of access to the Tehran and other populated areas of Iran. At present, the municipality of the Noor city, as a trustee of waste management in the coastal areas, collects waste from these areas and other areas on a daily basis and transfers directly to the waste disposal site of the Noor city. This research is a cross-sectional descriptive study and the solid waste of coastal areas of Noor city during 12 months from July 2017 to May 2018 has been investigated. The weight analysis method has been used to measure the quantity of waste. Random samples were taken from the contents of the bins available at the selected stations. Sampling of the contents of each beans was performed to separate the components and determine the weight. These components were divided into eight categories: degradable, paper and cardboard, glass, plastics, PET, metal, textile and others. From collection of the results obtained each month, a numerical mean for each of the eight components was obtained. In order to measuring density of solid waste, one sampling every month and tree sampling every season perfumed and means of them selected as a seasons density. collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, ANOVA and Tukey tests.Because of some innovating analyze this research, we used the results studies of coastal cities in order to compare the some of the parameters used and the lack of similar research in coastal not whole coastal city. Based on the results of this research, the highest part percentage of waste components were included: degradable (53/50 %), plastic (17.39%), paper and cardboard (8.48%), other (6.69%), glass (4.98%), PET (4.22%), textile (2.69%), and metal (1.77%). The results of density measurement of waste showed that the average annual density of waste was 172.70 kg/m3. The innovation of this study is density measurement of coastal area wastes. The results showed that the per capita of daily waste generation in the Noor city and in the study area is 1.4 kg and 0.155 kg, respectively. The results of this study showed that the highest amount of waste generation was in September and the lowest amount was in December.This comparison shows that the situation in the regions is somewhat similar because of the months of the tourist's presence. In this research, with the survey of the tourist's presence in the coastal areas was showed that the difference between the number of visitors in the middle days and the weekend. There was also a significant difference between visitors to the coastal areas of the Noor city in different seasons of the year, which is the summer has the largest number of visitors. One-way test (ANOVA) was used to examination the different components of waste in the months of the year. There was a significant difference in the variables of degradable, glass, plastic, and PET in different months (p < 0.05). Average difference between the different components of the waste and the months based on Tukey's test was presented. The results showed that there was the highest amount of spoilable materials in the July, August, and September, and a significant difference between them and other months (in a significance level of 0.05) was seen. It is expected that the generation of degradable will increase in the range of study area due to holidays, weather conditions, increase in the number of tourists, and more use of fruit, vegetables in accommodation period. Tukey's test showed that the glass has the highest content in July and August, and there was a significant difference between July and August with other months, also there was no significant difference in compared to April, July, and September. The reason for this difference can be the increase in people's use of drinking glass bottles to relieve thirst in hot summer months. The results showed that the highest amount of plastic was in April, and there was a significant difference between April with November, December, and March, but there was no significant difference with other months. One of the reasons for this item can be traveling tourist on noroz and their excessive use of plastic jars and vacuumed food in the coastal areas. The results showed that the highest amount of PET was in August and it had a significant difference with other months, but there was no significant difference in compared to April, July, August, and October. The reason of this item could be from increasing the use of water bottles by travelers due to thirst in hot months in coastal areas.According to the results of this study, due to increased amount of produced waste and the number of visitors in summer and Nowruz, the policies of waste sorting in the source and obtaining deposits to separate wet and dry parts of waste as a management method is proposed. In addition, due to the ability to convert a significant amount of waste to fertilizer, it is recommended to create vermicomposting units. On the other hand, 39.8% of the waste products are recyclable, so it can be an effective step in recycling. Also, due to the high groundwater level in the area and pollution of soil and water resources, the implementation of sanitary landfill is proposed.

The aim of this study was to determinate the destructive behaviors of the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor on oak at different ambient temperatures and moistures. Hence, test fungus was collected from Khararod forest and after puricication, it was verified in the NCBI by molecular method. Thereafter, the wood samples were cut and exposed to fungus for mass loss determination at three temperature (10, 20, 30°C) and three relative humidity levels (45, 65, 85%) for 8 weeks. Destructive patterns of decayed wood sample was also examinate by microscopic method. The results indicated that a change in moisture content was more influential on destructive behaviour of fungus than temperature. Moreover, 20°C of temprature and 65% of relative humidity was the optimal environment for fungal activations. On the other hand, the microscopic investigations showed that Trametes versicolor produce simultaneous whit rot at all exposing conditions. Hence, it can be concluded that a shift in destructive behavior of this fungus which has already been reported is influenced by environmental factors other than temperature and moisture content

Chestnut (Castanea sativa) trees are generally distributed in the northern part of Iran. Chestnut trees provide eaten fruit and good-quality timber in many countries. Dried chestnut wood has a high resistance to decay due to extractive compounds, such as tannins. Chestnut wood is used for many applications, such as the construction of buildings and wooden furniture, shipbuilding, timbers, and musical instruments. This important tree species was used extensively until the occurence of the fatal disease chestnut blight (CBD) caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, which is a tree pathogen notable for the disease commonly known as chestnut blight, which primarily affects species of sweet chestnut including the American sweet chestnut (Castanea dentata) and European sweet chestnut (C. sativa). The pathogen has been referred to as the chestnut blight fungus. Castanea sativa has a ring-porous wood with larger early wood vessels formed in the spring. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the anatomy and the xylem vessels diameter and some ray attributes of diseased chestnut wood and healthy chestnut wood in the north of Iran.
Material and The sample tree was 20 m in height and 15-40 cm in diameter. The tests specimens were taken at 1.30 m height above the ground in the form of a disc that includes the infected area. In this study the effect of the Cryphonectria parasitica was investigated in wooden and bark samples from healthy and diseased trees in three diameter classes (small medium and large). Both diseased and healthy wood samples with dimensions of 2 x 2 x 2 cm were taken from a diseased chestnut tree to determine the anatomical features of thin (8-15 μm) transverse, radial, and tangential sections. This was done by using a microtome (Leica 820, Germany) for the light microscopical study of wood anatomy. All of the anatomical sections were prepared as recommended by Parsa pajouh and Schweingruber (1988). Then, some thin transversal section were prepared and after different stages of staining, microscope slides were prepared. To achieve statistically reliable results, the guidance provided by The International Association of Wood Anatomists Committee - IAWA Committee (1989) was used to determine the Tangential and Radial diameter of the Spring and summer vessels, and the width, height and number of rays in both healthy and diseased wood .To analysis of data used Anova and t-student tests and for compare mean Duncan test by Spss software.
Table 2 and 3 provide the average values of the radial and tangential diameter of the healthy and diseased wood vessels and frequency of the rays with their average of width and height. In both of the healthy and diseased parts of the chestnut wood, ring porosity was present, and the annual rings were distinct. The porosity and distinctness of the annual rings were not changed in the diseased wood. However, the tangential diameter of the vessels was 71.93 μm in the summer wood of the diseased part and 65.04 μm in the summer wood of the healthy part. These diameters for the spring wood were determined 457.25 μm and 337.21 μm, respectively. The tangential and radial diameters of the vessels were smaller in the healthy wood than in the diseased wood. The average vessel frequency in the springwood of the diseased and healthy parts were 6 and 6.2, respectively. The vessel frequency values in the summer wood were determined to be 44 and 29, respectively. The results showed that there was significant difference between summer vessel diameter in the three classes of diameter (large, medium and small diameter) at probability level of 5%, in diseased and healthy wood. Whereas the diameter of the radial and tangential spring vessels in diameter classes had no significant difference between medium and low diameter. The irregularities were observed in cross-section due to influence of fungi on structure of wooden fiber in chestnut, the fungi attacks wooden fiber more than other organs of trees. The irregular cell structure of the vessels and fibers of the diseased wood showed (Fig.5) some similarity with cancer in animals and humans.
This is the first detailed study that has been conducted on Cryphonectria parasitica diseased Iranian Chestnut trees. One way to prevent the spread of the disease in forests is to remove the diseased trees. These logs can be used in making furniture, shipbuilding, wooden building construction, and musical instruments. Heat treatment can be suggested for more dimensional stability and especially for sterilization of the timber obtained from the diseased trees.

The aim of this study was to estimate the biomas of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) using allometry method in compartment 10 of Chobar-Shaft plantation with an area of 61 ha. For this purpose, 30 circular sample plots, each 500 m2 were established. In each sample plot, the diameter of the stump, diameter at breast height (D.B.H), crown width and height of all trees were measured. Totally, 12 trees in different diameter classes were selected and cut about 10 cm above the ground. Fresh weight of different sections of trees was measured. Samples of each section were transferred to the laboratory and get dried in oven and percentage of dry weight was calculated. Modeling of biomass and independent variables was performed using non-linear regression. Normal distribution of data was assessed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. For accessing the best result, several models were tested. The results showed that the model of E(YT) = 0/045D2 H0/864 was the best model for estimation of total tree biomass (R2 = 0.952). Results of our research confirmed the value of allometric equations for estimating of stand biomass.

Measurement of the biodiversity of overwintering birds is a very important issue in ecology and wetland management. In the present study, 8 orders of overwintering birds (waterfowl, shorebirds and wetland-dependent bird species) belonging to 17 families, 39 genera and 73 species were identified and bird census and survey techniques were calculated based on total counts from mid-Dei to mid-Bahman in the different parts of Boujagh National Park (located in Guilan province). Then the biodiversity of birds was calculated using Margalef's species richness indices, Simpson’s, Shannon-Wiener’s and Brillouin’s diversity indices, Buzas-Gibson’s evenness index during a 3-year study period (1390-1392). Based on the obtained results of biodiversity indices, the highest Margalef's richness and also the highest species diversity (in relation to all three Simpson’s, Shannon-Wiener’s and Brillouin’s diversity species indices) were observed in Boujagh’s wetland indicating the favorable conditions in the given part of wetland. The outcomes also showed that the highest species evenness was obtained at the mouth of Sefidrod River. Based on the results of one-way analyze of variance (ANOVA) test, there were significant differences between different parts of the National Park Boujagh and the Margalef's species richness indices as well as Buzas-Gibson’s evenness index (p

Each skid trail construction affects the trees located on the road margins in various extents. The present study was conducted with the aim to assess the changes in annual ring widths of Beech and Alder trees compared to the control trees inside the Nav District in Asalem forests. To this aim, 40 samples from previously felled Alder and Beech even-age trees were randomly drawn alongside and inside the forest stands. Disks were acquired from the trees and were perfectly polished with sanding machine. They were finally used to measure annual ring widths with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Effect of species (Alder and Beech) and location (along the skid trail and inside of stand) on the average width of annual ring were analysed using a two-way ANOVA test in a complete randomized design. Results indicated larger average annual ring width of marginal trees (0.20mm and 0.38mm for Beech and Alder trees, respectively) compared to those located inside the stand. Moreover, ANOVA results indicated highly significant main effect of species and location on the average of annual ring width, while their interaction was shown to be insignificant. It can be concluded that this increase of trees growth in marginal trees may compensate the loss of volume caused by skid trails construction.