جواد علیزاده

Side-channel attacks, particularly power analysis attacks, pose a significant threat to the security of block cipher applications in hardware. These attacks can be executed using three primary methods: Simple Power Analysis (SPA), Differential Power Analysis (DPA), and Correlation Power Analysis (CPA). This paper examines the vulnerability of the SPEEDY block cipher to such power analysis attacks. In the first section, we demonstrate that the non-linear layer of the SPEEDY block cipher is susceptible to information leakage when subjected to power analysis attacks. By implementing the cipher in hardware and utilizing 1000 input samples, we establish that key-recovery attacks are feasible. The second section focuses on countermeasures to enhance the security of the SPEEDY block cipher against power analysis attacks. We propose a secure implementation method that employs Domain-Oriented Masking (DOM). Using the SILVER tool and the T-test method, we show that the secured version of the SPEEDY block cipher effectively mitigates the vulnerabilities and information leakages present in the original version when exposed to power analysis attacks.

Language is among the most important subject matters of human thought. Philosophy of language and linguistics, both are concerned with fundamental questions, such as: How thought and language are related to one another? Is language solely an instrument through which humans can converse with each other and understand one another, or is it a mental faculty, affecting, articulating, and shaping our understanding of reality? How language can affect human existence? These are some of the major questions that linguistic studies have to deal with. The present article aims to probe the relation between language and mind, hence the relation between language and human life, based on Saussure’s linguistic theory. In this article, we will analyze the idea that language can affect human mind and can be considered as one of the a priori factors in the formation of human psyche, but this does not necessarily mean that we should have a deterministic reading of this fact and oppose human will and liberty. We will also claim that the ideal language would have to shape human consciousnesses and unconscious in an ideal manner, using its signs, signifieds, and nuances. This article uses descriptive and content analysis method.

"Euthanasia" is one of the most controversial issues "Bioethics" and a sibnificant topic in health law, with various ethical, legal and jurisprudential aspect to be studied. Since the teachings and sources of Islamic jurisprudence form the foundation of our country's, strengthening the jurisprudential aspect can legal structure.

In this article, a comprehensive definition of euthanasia is provided. Along with an exploration of its types and an overview of prominent Shia jurists viewpoints, wich are considered significant in their own right. Additionally, relevant verses and traditions are utilized to interpret and justify the aforementioned rulings.

In Iran, the legal vacuum regarding euthanasia is quite noticeable, since Shia jurisprudence forms the basis of the legal structure of our country, it is essential for jurists, and respected legislators. To address this legal gap and establish comprehensive laws that clearly address euthanasia and its various aspects, it’s necessary to develop and implement such legislation.

Examining euthanasia from the perspective mandatory ruling (permissibility or non-permissibility) and its status ruling (right to retribution and dowry), is one of the topics of interest in this article. The examination is accompanied by jurisprudential and philosophical justification and interpretation. In addition, Article 206 of the Islamic Penal Code has also been carefully examined in this regard. Finally, by presenting the views of Shiite scholars on various aspects of euthanasia, a general summary is provided, which is hoped to clarify the issue and elucidate the jurisprudence and laws, considering the current conditions.

The Internet of Drones (IoD) refers to the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) connected to the Internet. This concept is a specific application of IoT. The IoD may offer opportunities, but it also poses security vulnerabilities. It is necessary to use authentication and key agreement protocols in drone communications to prevent these vulnerabilities. In 2020, Alladi et al presented an authentication and key agreement protocol based on physical unclonable functions called SecAutUAV. They analyzed the security of their scheme through both formal and informal methods. In this paper, we demonstrate the vulnerability of the SecAuthUAV protocol to a key recovery attack. An adversary can obtain a session key between a drone and a ground station by intercepting and analyzing the session data. In addition, we present a secret value recovery attack with complexity , which is lower than the complexity of brute force attacks. An adversary could spoof and track the drone by using these values. In order to improve the security and efficiency of SecAuthUAV, we present a new version and compare it to the original. We utilize both the informal method and formal-based ProVerif to analyze the.security of the latest protocol. To compare the efficiency of the new protocol and SecAuthUAV, we counted their number of operators and functions. The new protocol is more secure and efficient than SecAutUAV.

Over the last years‎, ‎the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) leads to a revolution in the communications of humans and things. ‎Security and efficiency could be the main challenges of that communication‎‎. ‎‎On the other hand, ‎ authenticity and confidentiality are two important goals to provide desired security in an information system‎, including IoT-based applications. An Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) protocol is a tool to ‎achieve authenticity and agree on a secret key to reach confidentiality. Therefor using a secure AKA protocol, one can establish the mentioned security. ‎In the last years‎, ‎several articles have discussed AKA protocols in the WSN‎. ‎For example‎, ‎in 2014‎, ‎Turkanovic et al‎. proposed a new AKA scheme for the heterogeneous ad-hoc WSN. ‎In 2016‎, ‎Sabzinejad et al‎. presented an improved one. ‎In 2017‎, ‎Jiang et al‎. introduced a secure AKA protocol‎. ‎Some other AKA protocols have presented in the last three years. ‎All the mentioned protocols are lightweight ones and need minimum resources and try to decrease the computation and communication costs in the WSN context‎. ‎In 2019‎, ‎Janababaei et al. proposed an AKA scheme in the WSN for the IoT applications, in the journal of Signal and Data Processing (JSDP)‎. ‎In the context of efficiency‎, ‎the protocol only uses a hash function‎, ‎bitwise XOR‎, ‎and concatenation operation‎. ‎Hence‎, ‎it can be  considered as a lightweight protocol‎. ‎The authors also discussed the security of their scheme and claimed that the proposed protocol has the capability  to offer anonymity and trust and is secure against traceability‎, ‎impersonation‎, ‎reply and man in the middle attacks‎. ‎However, despite their claims‎, ‎this research highlights some vulnerabilities in that protocol, for the first time to the best of our knowledge‎. More precisely, we showe that a malicious sensor node can find the secret parameters of another sensor node when it establishes a session with the victimized sensor. Besides, an adversary can determine any session key of two sensor nodes, given only a known session key of them. We also show that the protocol could not satisfy the anonymity of the sensor nodes. Other attacks which influence the Janababaei et al.’s scheme, are impersonation attack on the sensor nodes and cluster heads and also the man in the middle attack. In this paper we find that the main weaknesses of the Janababaei et al.’s protocol are related to computation of the session key, . We also propose a simple remedy to enhance the security of the Janababaei et al.’s protocol. ‎An initial attempt to improve the protocol is using a hash function on the calculated key, . This suggestion is presented to enhance the security of the protocol against the observed weaknesses in this paper; but it does not mean that there are no other security issues in the protocol. Therefore, modification and improvement of the Janababaei et al.’s protocol such that it provides other security features can be considered in the future research of this paper. Besides, since in this paper we focus on the security of the protocol, then the efficiency of it was not discussed. Therefore one can consider the modification of the message structure of the protocol to reduce the computational and telecommunication costs of it as another future work in the context of this paper.

in this research the effect of ownership type on the relationship between tax avoidance and firm value is studied . the ability to identify tax avoidance is an important factor in determining the value of firms from the viewpoint of investors and the type of ownership of shareholders can explain or use it . this study seeks to explain the role of ownership type of different shareholders on the relationship between tax avoidance and firm value . in this research , the difference between the legal rate and the actual tax rate is used to measure tax avoidance . the type of institutional and micro - ownership is measured using the amount of stocks available to shareholders and the firm 's value is measured with the qtobin. this research is a quantitative research and in terms of implementation method is correlational and based on purpose , it is an applied research . the statistical sample of the study consists of 111 companies listed in tehran stock exchange during 1390 to 1398. the results indicate that there is a meaningful and inverse relationship between tax avoidance and firm value , as well as ownership structure affects the relation between tax avoidance and firm value.

With the development of new information and communication technologies such as developments related to Internet of Things applications, the importance of information and maintaining its security is more and more considered. Key agreement and authentication protocols play an important role in ensuring information security. One of the important components used in many applications of the Internet of Things is wireless sensor networks, whose security is ensured by using appropriate protocols of these networks. In 2020, Sikarwar and Das presented a key agreement protocol with authentication for wireless sensor networks and claimed that this protocol is secure against well-known attacks such as feedback attacks, password discovery, and man-in-the-middle attacks. In this paper, it is shown that the Sikarvar and DOS protocol is not secure and an attacker can easily obtain this key. In addition, it is shown that the protocol cannot be secure against password discovery and spoofing attacks.

The herd behavior of investors is of the most noticeable issues in finance. Herd behavior could lead to increase in volatility of share prices and its deviation from intrinsic value. There have been some investigation on this issue in recent years which prove the presence of herd behavior in Tehran Stock Exchange. However, few of them seek to study the impact of various stock traits on investors’ behavior. This study aims to regard the idiosyncratic risk as a possible determinant of herding and consider its influence on extreme market condition, up and down markets. Using companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange between 1388 to 1394, the results demonstrate that the idiosyncratic risk could intensify the herd behavior of investors in extreme down markets. In addition, in stock with lower idiosyncratic risk, herding can be observed in down markets.Keywords: Idiosyncratic risk, Herd behavior, Extreme market condition, Up and down markets.

In order to establish the information security, we need to implement a cryptography algorithm in the software or hardware. In 1996, Kocher presented the Side Channel Attacks (SCA) on the cryptography systems in which the leakage of some important information was used. Power analysis is one of these attacks. In order to prevent this kind of attacks, the designers and implementers presented some countermeasures such as hiding and masking. Afterwards, attackers showed that these countermeasures, especially masking, could not reach the security goals in the presence of Glitch. To resolve this challenge Nikova et al. presented the threshold implementation method in 2006. They used three subjects, threshold cryptography, hidden share, and multi-party computation in their new countermeasure. In fact, the threshold implementation is a kind of masking with some extra features to establish the information security in the presence of Glitch. In the recent years, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has started some activities in the field threshold implementation. Standardization in this field is the main goal of NIST. In this paper we introduce the threshold implantation method as a countermeasure against side channel attacks and review its challenges and advantages comparing the previous countermeasures.

The word cadastre literally means "per capita", "bureaucracy" and "line by line". The transporter of a comprehensive cadastre system in the world is France, which is considered to be the cadastre of the new cadastre, and based on information obtained from it. Cadastre operations have been identified as being used as the basis for geographic information systems that are used in the evaluation and management of infrastructure. Cadastre has come to mean "per capita", "office" and "line by line". The cadastre system is based on engineering and geographical principles and its combination with registration rights and its main purpose is to determine the extent of the property and to identify the owners and their rights in a way that significantly reduces the percentage of errors. By examining the process of cadastre implementation and cost and the results can be easily understood the role of this system in the future development of the country with its ownership and consolidation focus and the macrofocus of the land. The findings show that implementation of a dynamic cadastre system of eight equally, the financial and rial return on the cost is incurred and this illustrates the role of the cadastre system in the development of the country and requires accelerated and investment in its implementation. Cadastre management is an executive function and under the authority of the executive. Has it. The most important reason for the establishment of a cadastre management body in the executive branch comes from the principle of separation of powers and the division of administrative duties because all its stages, such as education, study, mapping, land separation and zoning, and finally land use registration and registration are among the issues. It is a specialized exercise that is inherently within the competence of relevant ministries such as housing and urban development. Also, unlike most countries, Iran's cadastre system focuses more on the fixed cadastre, which is run by the General Directorate of the Cadastre of Documents and Property.

A cryptographic hash function maps an arbitrary length input to a fixed length output. These functions are used in many cryptographic applications such as digital signatures. They must be secure against collision, preimage and 2-preimage attacks. Rotational cryptanalysis is an approach to the analysis of ARX ciphers. The Hash functions Shabal and Cubehash, which are two candidates of the second round of the SHA-3   competition, have an ARX structure. They have been analyzed with respect to rotational cryptanalysis by Tabatabaei et al. In this paper we consider their analysis and present some observations. Our observations show that the results of Tabatabaei et al.’s cryptanalysis are not accurate. Then we present some new     results about rotational cryptanalysis of Shabal and Cubehash. Thereafter we present some new results and show that rotational cryptanalysis is effective on a smaller number of rounds on Shabal and Cubehash Hash functions.

Police are responsible for maintaining public order and security in the community. To perform this task, he must have the authority to act in a role. Since the first stage of entry of individuals into criminal justice is police, its significance is more visible and people always know the ruling system with the police.

In terms of objective, this Paper is an applied Research and in terms of Methodology, it is a descriptive-analytical study.

Regarding to the fact that the provision of order and security is one of the most important components of human security and that it still has the right of citizenship, its implementation, regardless of fundamental rights, is subject to legal threats such as privacy, freedom of movement, the right to security ... Accompanied. Therefore, the level of intervention in this field should be minimal and necessary, and measures should be taken to reduce the conflict with these rights. On the other hand, oversight of organizations and legal bodies by the administrative authorities and law enforcement officers will gain public confidence in the legitimate rights and freedoms of citizens. Considering that the main objective is to protect the rights, liberty and protection of individuals' privacy against violations, as well as the legality of the administration of the administrative and executive functions, this paper attempts to emphasize, in addition to explaining the concept and basis of the legal system of police surveillance. There is an intrinsic connection between non-judicial, informal and judicial supervision, which in no way can be expected without the identification and exertion of all of them, hoping for its blessings.

In fact, unilateral concepts and categories, such as the supervision of the judiciary, cannot, alone or indirectly, temporarily or permanently constitute a complete supervisory system to ensure the exercise of citizens' rights and freedoms; this is a long-term view of contradictions And there will be fundamental contradictions. Therefore, while emphasizing the effective monitoring of the formal judicial and non-judicial institutions, informal monitoring is also proposed in the framework of laws and regulations.

Block ciphers have the main role in the communication and information security and also electronic and cyber defense. A secure block cipher must be resistant against the known attacks, such as the differential cryptanalysis. Kim et al. presented seven block cipher constructions with provable security against differential cryptanalysis in 2008, which can be used to design the block ciphers. In this paper, for five of the seven mentioned block cipher constructions, the upper bounds on the probability of differential characteristics have been presented. This has been done using an automated differential cryptanalysis approach based on linear programming. This approach formally introduced by Mouha et al. in 2011, was used for the analysis of several block ciphers. Using the Mouha et al.’s approach, it is shown that the five-round differential characteristics of the constructions have the upper bound P4 which are approvable in comparison with the upper bounds of the differentials obtained by Kim et al. where p is the differential probability of the round function used in the constructions.

Advances in information and communication technologies lead to use of some new devices such as smart phones. The new devices provide more advantages for the adversaries hence with respect to them, one can define with-box cryptography. In this new model of cryptography, designers try to hide the key using as a kind of implementation. The Differential Computation Analysis (DCA) is a side channel attack on the with-box cryptography. The mentioned method influenced all with-box cryptography schemes when it was introduced. This attack is based on the software implementation of cryptography algorithms and is similar to the differential power analysis (DPA). In this paper, we introduce the principles of the DCA and also describe how one can use this attack to find the key of a with-box cryptography scheme.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 6 weeks of exercise in water and ginger supplementation on cardio metabolic risk factors in obese women with breast cancer. Subjects and Breast cancer patients included 40 women with a mean age (48±5.8 yr), weight (76 ± 9 kg) and fat mass (41.8±4 kg) were randomly divided into four groups; the placebo, exercise in water + placebo, ginger supplementation and ginger supplements + exercise in water groups. Ginger supplement was consummated for 6 weeks orally 4 capsule (750 mg). Progressive exercise protocol in the exercise in a pool with a width of 15 meters and a depth of 4 meter, 4/week, a sesstion 60-75 min, for 6 weeks. Data of the adiponectin and insulin resistance index were collected at pre-test and post-test and measured by Elisa and HOMA-IR methods, respectively. Both ginger supplementation and exercise in the water lead to an increase adiponectin, reduce insulin, insulin resistance and blood glucose was higher than before. However, the combination group showed higher increase of adiponectin and decrease in insulin resistance concentration, as compared to each separate experiment. These findings show a protective effect of non-pharmacological strategies such as exercise, ginger supplementation and exercise in waster on the cardio-metabolic risk factors in obese women with breast cancer.

Iraq socially textured mosaic of ethnic groups in numerous sectarian. Three demographic and Political nature of the country always has potential areas of tension and separation. America and its allies attack and the fall of Saddam's regime, released the fundamental forces in the north and south of Iraq, who were repressed for many years and provide them an opportunity to gain a greater share of power in Baghdad's government. Shia ‘a, Sunni and Kurdish are three main ethno-sectarian groups with different interests in Iraq. What matters over the role of the Shia’s in the process of state-building in Iraq is that the Shi’a in the past decades due to various reasons was out of power. The fall of Saddam's government caused that the role of Shia’s authority role as an active political force and actor, being increasingly discussed.This study sought to examine the role of the Shia’s authority in Iraq's state-building process with an emphasis on strengthening the rule of Shia’s Ayatollah Sistani’s thought. According to the structures of ethnic, tribal and religious in today's Iraq policy, it seems that legal and political positions of today authority about the role of supervision, guidance and actors in the political system, has an important influence on political and social developments and state-building process by strengthening Shia’s rule in today Iraq.

In this paper we survey authenticated encryption concept. We classify different approaches to design an authenticated encryption scheme and study their important properties. Next, we review three dedicated AES-based authenticated encryption schemes and the known security analysis on them. In addition, the paper briefly reviews CAESAR, an international competition to design authenticated encryption schemes, and discusses open challenges related to this competition and authenticated encryption for future works.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channels present in the cell wall، allowing water – and occasionally other molecules – to pass the cell membrane. Their function is to maintain the internal milieu cells by regulating water and ion equilibrium. The endometrium undergoes structural changes during the menstrual cycle. If implantation does not occur at the end of each menstrual cycle، amplified endometrium is shed in absence of hormones and leads to bleeding. Excessive uterine bleeding over 80 cc in each menstrual cycle called menorrhagia، is a common gynecological disorder which causes large menstrual bleedings and reduced quality of life for those affected. The study included 37 patients with menorrhagia and 20 healthy individuals. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and Genotypes were determined by ARMS-PCR and PCR-RFLP. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program. Regarding rs1049305، the C minor allele showed more frequency in patients'' group (0. 47 vs. 0. 37). The results revealed that GG genotype presents less probable risk for menorrhagia. rs10244884 also shows the same frequency. It can be concluded that both variants are important in pathogenesis of menorrhagia and the results confirm the important role of Aquqporin–1 channel in menstruation as well as endometrium physiology.

Euthanasia or mercy killing has always provoked serious discussions and, in spite of advancements in medicine, curing all diseases is still impossible, and putting an end to the sufferings of people with incurable diseases has caused serious disagreements among thinkers, doctors and jurists. Some people reject this idea arguing that it is a kind of killing and a violation of moral and medical principles, and authorizing it may result in misuse by doctors or the relatives of the patient. In Islam it isasserted that the lives of people do not belong to them and people are trusted to look after their lives. Moreover, as a matter of medical ethics, the practice of euthanasia by a physician does not exclude criminal liability. From the legal point of view, euthanasia is performed both through commission and omission. Some jurists, however, maintain that murder is materialized only through acting, and euthanasia as a result of omission is not considered as murder. Some others hold that in order to ensure personal independence, relieve pain and suffering and save the lives of those who are in a better condition than those with incurable diseases, and in accordance with the Kantian concept of autonomy, putting an end to sufferings of a patient should be permissible. They maintain that, under certain circumstances, euthanasia can be regarded as a fair way to end suffering.