فهرست مطالب حامد آقاجانی

With sufficient knowledge regarding the presence of fungi and the significance of biodiversity, the forest's management objectives can achieve their sustainability goals. Therefore, in order to properly manage the forest, it is necessary to establish indicators that provide adequate information on biodiversity and monitor changes resulting from management activities. This study aims to identify various macroscopic fungi and investigate their biodiversity in their habitat, i.e., deadwood.

Fifteen specimens of deadwood fungi were randomly selected in Darabkola forest. All macroscopic fungi were numbered and collected, then transferred to the mycology laboratory for identification. The biodiversity of the fungi was calculated using Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index, richness index, and uniformity index with PAST software

The obtained results revealed that there were 37 species of macroscopic fungi belonging to 27 genera and 16 families. Trametes versicolor, Daldinia concentrica, Trichaptum biforme, and Fomes fomentarius were the most abundant, while Hericium coralloides, Ganoderma resinaceum, Ganoderma adspersum, and Trametes trogii were the least abundant species. Additionally, the families Polyporaceae, Xylariaceae, Ganodermataceae, Pleurotaceae, and Schizophyllaceae were the most abundant, whereas Pezizaceae and Hericiaceae were the least abundant. Most fungi were present in the final stages of decomposition. The results indicated that the mean diversity index for Shannon-Wiener species diversity was 3.24, Simpson species diversity index was 0.95, Margalef's richness index was 6.11, Menhinick's index was 1.95, and uniformity was 0.69. The analysis of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed that Trichaptum biforme and Trametes versicolor had a higher diversity value with a score of 1.46.

The results of this study indicate that for the management of fallen deadwood habitats with the aim of increasing the biodiversity of fungi, it is recommended to preserve these fallen deadwood areas within the forest. This preservation would contribute to the revitalization and completion of the ecosystem cycle.

Rowan or mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) has been studied less in terms of biological and silvicultural characteristics. Given the little information about the rowan species and the high ecological importance of this species and the lack of information about the habitats of this species in Arasbaran and the quantitative characteristics of this species, this study aims to address the lack of information required about this species to provide management solutions and improve the habitat of this species.

In the study area, 18 half-hectare sample plots with dimensions (50 × 100 meters) and a total of nine hectares were selected and surveyed. The selection of sample pieces was systematic randomized so that the first sample pieces were randomly and the next sample plots were selected at a distance of 800 m from each other in the eastern direction. All trees in the sample plot were surveyed in order to determine the percentage of rowan species compared to other species in the sample plots.

Results showed that there were 20 species in the sample plots. Quercus macranthera (1018 stems per hectare), Viburnum lantana (290 stems per hectare) and Carpinus orientlais (226 stems per hectare) were the three most important species in terms of abundance in the study area. Sorbus aucuparia species was observed along with the mentioned species in the region and showed the fourth rank in terms of average density per hectare (142 stems per hectare). The average diameter at the breast height (DBH) and height of the measured tees stems were 9.8 (±6) cm and 4.4 (±1.8) meters, respectively. The highest number per hectare was observed on slopes less than 40% and at altitudes above 2200 meters above sea level. There was a significant statistically difference in the values ​​of DBH with slope classes. There was no significant difference between the height of trees and the frequency per hectare with the slope of the land.

According to the results, considering the role of rowan in the stability of sloping areas and reducing erosion, by increasing the conservation period and exclosure of valuable forest species, including various species of Sorbus sp, long-term results will be accessible in the protection of Arasbaran plant ecosystem.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Considering the nutritional value of fungi in traditional medicine and the history of their use in the treatment of various cancers, modern methods of treating cancer were studied using fungal products, especially polysaccharides. The antitumor activity of fungal polysaccharides is directly related to the stimulation of the immune system. These polysaccharides damage the free radicals and inhibit the growth of cancer cells by altering the function of macrophages, stimulating the production of anti-cancer antibodies and increasing nitric oxide and cytokines production. Despite extensive research on the therapeutic effects of fungal polysaccharides, further research is needed to identify their chemical structure, especially in purification methods. Fungal polysaccharides, in features such as linkage type, the degree of branching, molecular weight and solubility are different. The growth conditions of the fungal species, including the compositions of the culture medium, temperature, pH and type of bioreactor, affect the yield of polysaccharide and its monosaccharide composition. Polysaccharide extraction methods, drying, purification, and chemical modification can change the structural properties of polysaccharide, including linkage type, the degree of branching, uronic acid content, protein content, and solubility. Structural differences in fungal polysaccharides have been shown to lead to differences in antioxidant activity, anti-proliferation, and immune stimulation. Therefore, by investigating the chemical structure of fungal polysaccharides, it can be targeted to the production of polysaccharides for the treatment of cancer.

Forest management has an essential impact on the growth of medicinal, edible, and poisonous wood-inhabiting fungi. Identification and cultivation of some edible fungi play an important role in supplying food needs and knowing medicinal fungi can be important for maintaining health and treating many diseases. The purpose of this study was to identify of wood-inhabiting fungi on deadwood of Fagus orientalis trees in the Darabkola forests. Also, we categorized these fungi into medical, edible, and poisonous groups, and present the volume of deadwood in these forests. After conducting preliminary field survey, sampling was done from deadwood. Identification of fungi in the fungal laboratory through morphology and extraction of ITS nrDNA region was done and sequenced using ITS1 and ITS4 primers and corrected with Bio Edit software and analyzed in NCBI. The results showed that 37 fungi species were identified, and among which, 70% had medicinal and economic values, 22% had edible value, and 8% had toxicity characteristic. A total of 15 deadwoods were studied, and 40 taxons of edible, medicinal, and poisonous were identified. Also, most of the species on deadwoods were found to be Trametes versicolor, Lenzites betulinus, Daldinia concentrica, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma lucidum, and Fomes fomentarius, respectively. In conclusion, in order to manage the deadwood in a forest ecosystem for increasing the diversity of medical and edible fungi, it is suggested that to preserve the deadwood

Beech trees is one of the most important species of Hyrcanian forests that plays an important role in the process of forest ecosystem succession and the ectomycorrhizal fungi play an important role in forest health and sustainability and protecting trees against pathogens in forest ecosystems. This study was conducted to classify beech habitat with environmental factors and ectomycorrhizal fungi in Sangedeh forest. A total of 45 sample plots of 1000 square meters were randomly assigned to three 300 m altitude classes, namely altitude range of 1200 to 2100 m above sea level and elevation factors (m), slope, slope direction, breast diameter, tree height, Degree of canopy cover, litter type, litter depth, stand type, soil acidity, electrical conductivity, phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen, potassium were investigated. The results of correlation of variables with components were determined and ectomycorrhizal fungi with first principal component included variables such as altitude, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, carbon, electrical conductivity and tree height and the second principal component of altitude variables, canopy cover, depth Litter, nitrogen, carbon and stand type had a significant positive correlation (1%). Principal component analysis results showed that first floor height (1800 to 2100 m) with sea level elevation, soil acidity, litter depth, phosphorus and potassium, second floor height (1500 to 1800 m) with forest cover canopy percentage, litter depth There was a positive correlation between mass type, nitrogen and carbon and height of third class (1200 to 1500 m) with stand type, tree height and electrical conductivity.

In this study, the ectomycorhizal fungi from beech trees in highland beech forests of Farim (Mazandaran province) were identified based on extraction of DNA from roots and sequencing the ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. For this purpose, in the altitude of 1500-2100 meters A.S.L, 30 plot and one plant per each plot were selected randomly and samples were taken from roots in depths of 10 cm and 60 cm away from tree trunk. The DNA was extracted from classified root tips. ITS nrDNA was replicated and sequenced using ITS1F and ITS4B or ITS4 primer pairs. Comparison of the obtained sequences with sequences deposited in the gene NCBI database revealed the presence of 15 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the roots of these plants. Among the identified species, 12 species including Russula chloroides, Cortinarius trivialis, Russula brevipes, Russula faginea, Russula integriformis, Cortinarius rigens, Cortinarius alpinus, Cortinarius collinitus, Lactarius hepaticus, Lactarius chrysorrheus, Cortinarius alboaggregatus, and Hebeloma bulbiferum are reported for the first time to Iran mycoflora. The genus Cortinarius showed the highest species diversity in the studied area followed by Russula, Lactarius, and Inocybe. The identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi could help us use their potentials in the regeneration and optimal management programs of forests and plantations.

Fundamental studies in wood of trees and shrubs can reveal the possibility of their utilization in various applications or lead to create a database of different wood species. Wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis L.) is a rare and valuable tree species in Hyrcanian and Arasbaran forests. This study were investigated some anatomical, biometrical, physical and chemical properties of wild service wood. Wood samples were cut from Sangdeh forests of Mazandaran. Studies have shown that wild service tree is extremely compact and dense; its average density is 832 kg m-3 and its shrinkage is about 16%. Growth rings boundaries are indistinct. From anatomical view, it is a diffuse-porosity wood and its vessels are exclusively solitary, long (999 microns), narrow (55 microns) and are not visible with naked eye in transverse section. Growth ring boundaries can be distinguished by only two to three compact fiber layers. Rays parenchyma is heterogeneous, exclusively 2-seriate (partially uniseriate). The fibers are of vascular tracheids type with an average length and cell wall thickness of 1575 and 9.33 micron, respectively. The content of cellulose, lignin, extractives and ash were 49.8, 18.9, and 2.3 percent, respectively. Preservation of valuable tree species of the northern forests such as wild service tree should be on the agenda of natural resource custodians.

According to the positive role and symbiosis of ectomycorrhizal fungi for absorbing water and nutrition and transferring to trees, identification of them are of great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between recognized ectomycorrhizal fungi and some soil chemical properties in the Flourd series of Farim forests, Mazandaran province. Forty five beech trees were measured in three elevation classes (1200-1500, 1500-1800, and 1800-2100m a.s.l.) and samples were taken from the root tips at a depth of 10 cm. ITS nrDNA was replicated and sequenced using ITS1F and ITS4B or ITS4 primer pairs, then was corrected by BioEdit software and studied in NCBI. After specified the desired tree for sampling root tips, a sample was taken next to the same tree at a depth of 10 cm to examine of soil chemical properties. The results of this study showed that 10 different families were identified that the most symbiosis was in the Russulaceae and Cortinariaceae families. The results showed that edaphic factors such as soil pH, N, P, K, and C in the first elevation were higher than two other elevations. Moreover, the results of statistical analysis showed that P, K, and pH had a significant difference. Our results suggested that forest site conditions and tree diversity can influence on soil properties and the richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi and consequently on forest ecosystem dynamic.

Recent years has witnessed a great use of web2 tools in scientific societies, and Altmetrics method has received more attention by social media as a means of measuring the impact of scholarly documents. This study aims to explore the impact of Iranian pediatrics articles using Altmetrics method.
In this descriptive-analytic study, a scientometric analysis method was used. The study population consisted of 1332 research articles, review articles and conference abstracts published from Iran in the field of pediatrics at Science Citation Index Database, during 2010-2016, that 256 of them received Altmetric score. Altmetrics indicators of articles were collected using Webometric Analysis software and altmetric.com API, and the collected data were analyzed using SPSS19 software.
According to the findings, 256 articles out of 1332 articles in the field of pediatrics from Iran, had altmetrics score and were mentioned in 10 social media, i.e. Mendeley, CiteULike, Weblogs, Mainstreams, Twitter, Reddit, Facebook, Pinterest, Google plus and Faculty1000. The average rank of Iranian pediatrics articles with regard to Altmetrics score was 0.43.
Although there were a good number of articles on pediatrics, they were heterogeneous concerning quality and Altmetrics score. Writing international articles has an important role in increasing the impact of articles. It seems that writers in this field should be more careful in selecting journals to publish their articles.

Alnussubcordata is one of the native and the fast growing trees in Hyrcanian forests which its plantation helps to conserve and protect the forest. In this study, for surveying the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Alnussubcordata with changing the elevation above sea level, four sites were selected in Pahne Kolla forests, Sari, Iran. The systematic random method was used for tree sampling and finally the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of 338 trees were measured. Such characteristics as diameter at breast height, slenderness index (h/d), basal area, trees volume (m3/ha), stem quality, canopy percentage and regeneration in the study area were recorded. The results indicated that average DBH, volume and basal area of trees at elevation 430 (m a.s.l) and average height of trees and slenderness index (h/d) at elevation 600 (m a.s.l) were the highest among other elevations. The comparison of average DBH and height of trees in the sites demonstrated that sites have significant difference whit each other. Therefore, according to the results, altitude is an effective factor in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Alnus subcordata.

This research aimed to investigate the effects of forest management on the presence and abundance of macrofungi. Through a full inventory of all fungus-affected trees and removing the fungi from the trees in the sites under investigation, three of them having a long history of different forest management in the Kheyroud Forest were selected, i.e. one in Patom with three periods of tree marking, another in Namkhaneh with two and the other in Gorazbon with no tree marking. The results showed that the majority of the fungi could be found at the fifth level of tree categorization regarding their health, i.e. at the level of fallen dead wood (log, stump, branches and twigs). Ganoderma lucidum at 14 percent showed maximum abundance, whereas Cookeina at 0/008 the lowest. With regard to the area of the site under investigation, in hectare, the percentage of the fungi in Gorazbon, Namkhaneh and Patom were 1.22, 1.18, and 0.54%, respectively. It could finally be concluded that the percentage of the wood macrofungi in intact forests was more than managed ones.

Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) is an abundant tree in the Northern forests of Iran and recognition of the morphological features of this species is helpful to understand complex ecosystem of our forests. Due to favorable climate and soil conditions، there are rich vegetation as well as flora and fungi in some parts of the northern forests of Iran. The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between the frequency of and some morphological features of hornbeam trees as well as identifying the fungi responsible for their wood-decaying. After primary field inspection، fungi samples were collected in the summer and autumn from hornbeam trees. The collected samples belonged to compartments 110، 207 and 311 in educational and research forests of the University of Tehran. Of 48 live standing hornbeam trees in the compartments، 15 species of wood-decay fungi were identified. Six species including Armillaria mellea، Hypholoma fasciculare، Crepidotus sp.، Pluteus sp.، Coprinus sp.، Ganoderma applanatum are first report on Hornbeam in Iran. The achieved statistics using SAS software and Duncan test illustrated that the location of macrofungi on hornbeam trees was significant at 1% (p<0. 01). However، there was no meaningful connection to the classification of tree height، diameter at breast height، crown symmetry، and branchiness. The highest frequency of wood macrofungi was concentrated on the trunks of trees، middle story، diameter classes greater than 80 cm، and asymmetric branched crowns، respectively. Since macro fungi play a crucial role in forest management، selecting appropriate silviculture methods so as to preserve these highly valuable elements is of paramount importance.

One advantage of artificial neural networks is application in the management and planning of natural ecosystems. Considering the high biological diversity of northern forests of Iran، it is necessary to know forests ecosystems. Thus، using artificial neural networks is important for modeling and forecasting of presence and abundance of wood macrofungi in forests. Fungi samples were collected in summer and fall seasons on oak and hornbeam trees from compartments 110، 207 and 311 in educational and research forest of the University of Tehran. Totally 231 samples of macrofungi were collected that 112 samples of them belong to wood decay fungi. Results showed that the designed artificial neural network، has suitable potential for modeling of abundance of wood fungi. Network with two hidden layers and 11 neurons in each layer with the highest coefficient of determination، show the best performance of topology optimization. The number of inputs and outputs equal to 112 samples with 11 variables including density class 4 or class of fungi. Sensitivity analysis showed the decay stage of tree، tree health status and its condition and stand microclimate have the most effect on presence and abundance of wood macrofungi.

The purpose of this research was to determine the amount of media and information literacy among Isfahan University of Medical Science's students using Iranian Media and Information Literacy Questionnaire (IMILQ). This is an applied analytical survey research in which the data were collected by a researcher made questionnaire. The questionnaire was provided based on specialist's viewpoints and valid scientific works. Its validity and reliability were confirmed by Library and Information Sciences specialists and Chronbach's alpha (r=0.89) respectively. Statistical population consisted of all students at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (6000 cases) and the samples were 361. Sampling method was random stratified sampling. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings showed that the mean level of media and information literacy among Isfahan University of Medical Science's students was 3.34±0.444 (higher than average). The highest mean was promotion of scientific degree with 3.84±0.975 and the lowest mean was difficulties in starting research with 2.50±1.08. The mean of use dimension was more than others with 3.63±0.608 and the lowest mean of dimensions was for access dimension with 2.90±0.710. Comparison between gender age and the amount of media and information literacy among Isfahan University of Medical Science's students showed no significant difference, but there was significant difference between educational degree, college type and family's income and amount of media and information literacy. The results showed that the ratio of media and information literacy among Isfahan University of Medical Science's students was higher than average. But students did not have enough skills in starting the research, defining the research subject as well as determining a website validation. In general, all students and education practitioners should pay special attention to factors affecting the improving media and information literacy as a main capability in using printed and electronic media.

Fungi include a large group of organisms that are found in different ecological conditions and are important components in forest ecosystems. The northern forests of Iran are mountainous mixed forests، and have high biological diversity. The aim of this research was asses influence of physiographic factors on abundance and diversity of wood macrofungi. After of primary field inspection fungi samples were collected in summer and fall seasons from oak and hornbeam trees. The collected sampeles belong to compartments 110، 207 and 311 in educational and research forest of the University of Tehran. Totally 190 samples of macrofungi from oak and hornbeam tress were collected in three compartments، 114 samples of collected specimens belong to wood decay fungi. The collected samples were identified according to standard sources based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of fungi، in Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. The Duncan test was used for statistical analysis by SAS software. Results showed significant relationship between the physiographical factors (altitude، slope، and aspect) and abundance of fungi in (p<0. 01)، the most of macrofungi species were found in altitude between 800 to 1200 M، on slopes 0 to 20 percent and in the southwest and west aspects.