حجت الله فراهانی

Mentalization is a key factor in social functioning and mental health. However, its impact on sexual well-being and satisfaction has recently attracted the attention of researchers. Since there are interactions between the mentalization of attachment styles and emotion regulation, the study of mentalization with mood states and sexual satisfaction is a research necessity for conducting research in this field and an empirical necessity for the use of interventions based on mentalization.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between mentalization and sexual satisfaction of women about the mediating role of negative mood.

The present study is an applied study of purpose and a cross-sectional study (descriptive-correlational) conducted using the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population consisted of all married female students of Tehran universities in 2021-2022. The sample consisted of 637 married female students selected by convenience sampling. The Subjectivization Scale (Fonagy, 2016), the anxiety and depression and stress scale (Levibond, 1995), and the sexual satisfaction scale (Maston, 2005) were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling using SPSS.22 and AMOS.24 software.

The results of Pyrone's correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between mentalization (certainty component) and sexual satisfaction (P< 0.05).There is a negative and significant relationship between mentalization (uncertainty component) and negative mood with sexual satisfaction(P< 0.05).The results of structural equation modeling showed that the proposed model is appropriate with the data and the uncertainty component directly and indirectly affects women's sexual satisfaction through negative mood.Also, the standard coefficient of indirectness of the component of certainty in sexual satisfaction through negative mood was significant.

This study is consistent with women's sexual response models and shows early support for the link between mood and sexual satisfaction.Therefore, it can be concluded that sexual satisfaction is not a single causal phenomenon and to treat it, transdiagnostic variables (mentalization and emotion regulation) should also be used.

Negative responses to trauma disclosure are associated with acute PTSD symptoms; however, no relationship has been observed between positive responses to trauma disclosure and PTSD symptoms. General social support is linked to reduced PTSD symptoms. This study aims to examine the effect of trauma disclosure on resilience, with social support as a moderating factor in two groups: individuals with PTSD and trauma-exposed healthy participants (TEHC). We hypothesize that open discussions about trauma and resilience can mitigate the risk of developing PTSD.
This quantitative correlational study employed structural equation modeling to examine the relationships among variables in adults over 18 years old with trauma experience. A total of 473 individuals were recruited through convenience sampling, half of whom had PTSD. Participants completed questionnaires, including the Checklist of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Social Support Questionnaire, Trauma Disclosure Inventory, and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale.
Results The findings indicate that in individuals without PTSD, all variable relationships are significant (p < 0.05). In individuals with PTSD, only the effect of social support on resilience is significant (p < 0.05)
Early interventions for individuals with trauma experiences, alongside enhancing social support and creating safe spaces for trauma discussions, can effectively reduce the incidence of PTSD.

The purpose of the present study was to ascertain the relationship between Emotional Schemas and Uncertainty Intolerance in women, with Experiential Avoidance serving as a mediator. The research method employed was descriptive, and the study was of the correlational type, utilizing structural equation modeling to predict. The statistical population included all women over 20 years old living in the Tehran province in 2023, had no experience of divorce and had academic education, and 221 of them were selected through a purposive sampling method. Purposive sampling was employed to select 221 of these women. The Leahy Emotional Schemas Scale (LESS), Intolerance of Uncertainty questionnaire (IUS), and Experimental Avoidance questionnaire (AAQ-II) were the measurement instruments used to assess the variables of the research. After the participants completed the questionnaires, the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and the AMOS-20 and SPSS-24 software. The final model demonstrated a satisfactory fit, as indicated by the results. As per the results, the Experimental Avoidance variable serves as a mediating variable in the relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Emotional-Adaptive and Emotional-Maladaptive Schemas, and both effects are statistically significant (P<0.05). As a result, Experimental Avoidance had a 67% impact on the relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Emotional-Adaptive Schema of women and a 22.3% effect on the relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Emotional-Adaptive Schema of women. Therefore, it is evident that Experiential Avoidance influences the relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty and the emotional schemas of women. Consequently, it is imperative that mental health professionals implement strategies to mitigate women's Experiential Avoidance.

Researchers have found the combination of metacognitive and psychodynamic therapy to be beneficial. In this context, the present study aimed to design and conduct a feasibility investigation of metacognitive analytic therapy to enhance ego strength and reduce anxiety and depression among nurses working in COVID-19 wards.

This research employed an exploratory qualitative approach. The statistical population consisted of psychology specialists, from which 36 individuals were purposefully selected as the research sample. Following a review of the literature to identify risk and treatment factors, 10 additional individuals were interviewed to gather further insights. The content validity ratio and content validity index for both risk factors and treatment factors were assessed with the input of 14 participants. Additionally, the content validity ratio and content validity index for treatment sessions, as well as the feasibility of the treatment protocol, were evaluated with 12 participants.

The results indicated that the risk components, treatment components, and therapy sessions demonstrated a strong content validity ratio and content validity index. Additionally, the feasibility results revealed that metacognitive analytic therapy had exhibited acceptability, applicability applicability, integrity, adaptability, resources resource availability, and generalizability.

The metacognitive analytic treatment protocol can be assessed for its suitability in clinical interventions, as it demonstrates strong validity in its risk components, treatment components, and metacognitive analytic therapy. Additionally, this therapy have exhibits acceptability, and applicability, adaptability, resources and resource availability, generalizability. Therefore, researchers are recommended to encouraged the investigate and effectiveness of this protocol, while protocol. Psychologists are also advised to use metacognitive implement therapy to strengthen ego and enhance clients' ego strength and alleviate of clients, depression, particularly among nurses.

With the growing number of opioid users, as well as with the non-compliance with methadone maintenance protocol principles in terms of dosage and occasional impulsive increases in dosage due to lack of effective emotional regulation, The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural relationships of childhood trauma experience with emotional dysregulation in methadone treated individuals with the mediating role of mentalization.

The statistical population in this study included all drug-dependent patients treated with methadone who referred to addiction treatment centers in Qazvin city in 2023, of which 220 people were selected using the available sampling method. In order to collect data, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, reflective functioning questionnaire, and difficulties in emotion regulation scale were used. For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS-18 and AMOS-24 software were used.

The findings indicate the fit of the assumed model. The present research is a descriptive-correlation type of structural equations. The direct effect of childhood trauma (T=2.11, β=0.43) and mentalization (uncertainty component) (T=5.65, β=0.41) on meaningful and positive on emotional dysregulation and the direct effect of mentalization (uncertainty component) (T = -3.32, β = -0.47) on emotional dysregulation was significant and negative. Also, the analysis of research findings indicated the mediating role of mentalization in the relationship between childhood trauma experience and emotional dysregulation. The results also showed that the research variables explained a total of 56% of the variance of emotional dysregulation. The results also showed that the research variables explained a total of 56% of the variance of emotional dysregulation.

Early traumatic experiences, especially with caregivers, create an environment that invalidates the child's emotions and feelings, and in this unsafe environment, the child uses incompatible strategies such as suppressing or avoiding negative emotions. It may lead to substance abuse problems in adulthood, On the other hand, in spite of traumatic experiences, if people acquire a high psychological capacity and understanding and insight into their mental processes (mentalization capacity), they will not resort to drugs in order to regulate their impulses and emotions. Therefore, it is suggested to pay special attention to the treatments based on mentalization and the treatments based on emotion regulation in people treated with methadone.

The aim of current research was to investigating structural relationships of addiction to mobile phone-based social networks in students, as influenced by early maladaptive schemas mediated by alexithymia. In terms of purpose, this research was applied research, while in terms of method, it was correlational studies. The statistical population of this survey comprised all individuals between the ages of 18 and 30 who resided in Tehran and Isfahan in 2021. The available sampling method was employed to select a sample of 524 individuals, which included 381 girls and 143 boys. Mobile Social Network Addiction (SNA), Toronto Alexithymia (TAS_20), and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form3 (YSQ-S3) were completed by the participants. The research data was analyzed using structural equation modeling and the R-4.2 and SPSS-26 software. Based on research findings, variable of maladaptive schemas was able to predict the tendency to addiction to social networks in a positive and significant manner. However, there was no significant relationship between Alexithymia and the propensity to develop an addiction to social media. Results showed that Alexithymia does not play a mediating role in predicting tendency to addiction to social networks based on maladaptive schemas. It is recommended that psychologists and counselors consider the role of early maladaptive schemas in the prevention, control, and treatment of addiction to social networks in light of the results obtained.

The rapid growth of e-commerce and the widespread availability of online shopping platforms have significantly transformed consumer behavior in recent years. While these advancements have enhanced convenience and accessibility, they have also introduced challenges, including the emergence of problematic shopping behaviors such as online shopping addiction. Online shopping addiction is characterized by compulsive and excessive online purchasing behaviors that disrupt an individual's daily life, relationships, and overall well-being. Understanding and addressing this phenomenon requires reliable and valid tools to assess its severity and underlying dimensions. In this context, the Online Shopping Addiction Scale, developed by Zhao et al., provides a comprehensive measure to evaluate the multidimensional aspects of online shopping addiction. The current study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale in an Iranian sample. Given the increasing prevalence of online shopping behaviors in Iran, a culturally adapted and validated assessment tool is essential for identifying at-risk individuals and informing targeted interventions. This study also explores the scale's concurrent and divergent validity by examining its relationship with hoarding behaviors and psychological well-being. By establishing the psychometric robustness of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale, this research contributes to the broader understanding of online shopping addiction and provides a foundation for future studies and practical applications in Iranian society.

This study employed a descriptive-analytical evaluation design to assess the psychometric properties of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale. The sample included 500 participants, comprising 404 women and 96 men, residing in Tehran in 2021. Participants were selected through a convenience sampling method and completed three instruments: the Online Shopping Addiction Scale, the Saving Inventory Questionnaire, and the Psychological Well-being Questionnaire. The psychometric analysis of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale involved confirmatory factor analysis, divergent validity, concurrent validity, Pearson correlation, and Cranach's alpha reliability assessment, all conducted using R software version 4.1 with a significance level set at 0.05. To ensure cultural and linguistic appropriateness, the scale was translated into Farsi by two independent English-speaking translators. The translations were compared with the original English version, and a collaborative effort among the translators resulted in a refined Farsi version. This version was tested with individuals from diverse age groups to identify and address any ambiguities. Following this iterative process, the final Farsi version of the questionnaire was developed and used for data collection.

According to the investigations, the average and standard deviation of the age of the research participants were 29.68 and 9.16, respectively. Based on the results obtained, the six-factor structure (Salience, Tolerance, Mood Modification, Withdrawal, Relapse, Conflict) of the online shopping addiction scale was assessed and validated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.07). To check the construct validity of the scale, we will first check its confirmatory factor analysis. The suitability of the test items for factor analysis was investigated using the correlation index of the score of each item with the corrected total score. In the study of concurrent and divergent criterion validity, the correlation of the online shopping addiction scale with the positive saving inventory scale was significant. The relationship between online shopping addiction and psychological well-being was also negative and significant. Cranach's alpha coefficient for the total score of the online shopping addiction scale was 0.93  and for its dimensions was 0.72 to 0.91.

The discussion of this study's findings provides strong evidence for the psychometric properties of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale in an Iranian sample. The six-factor structure, including salience, tolerance, mood modification, withdrawal, relapse, and conflict, was validated through confirmatory factor analysis, showcasing the scale’s ability to comprehensively assess various dimensions of online shopping addiction. This multidimensional approach aligns with theoretical frameworks of behavioral addiction, emphasizing the relevance of the scale for capturing the complex nature of compulsive online shopping behaviors. The cultural adaptation process, which involved iterative feedback and linguistic refinement, ensured that the scale was both contextually and linguistically appropriate, further enhancing its reliability and validity. Moreover, the study’s findings on concurrent and divergent validity highlight significant correlations between online shopping addiction, compulsive hoarding behaviors, and psychological well-being.

These results suggest that online shopping addiction not only shares common traits with other compulsive behaviors, but also negatively impacts mental health and overall life satisfaction. The scale's excellent internal consistency across all dimensions indicates its reliability in identifying individuals at risk. While these results underscore the scale’s utility in both clinical and research contexts, they also point to the broader societal implications of increasing reliance on online shopping platforms and the potential psychological challenges that may arise.

The introduction discusses art as an important pillar of human culture and civilization that has always attracted the attention of thinkers and researchers. However, despite its enduring presence throughout history, art has not always been easy for the general public to understand and appreciate. Previous studies have shown that various psychological factors like personality traits, education level, prior exposure to artworks, and aesthetic literacy impact how people understand and enjoy art. For instance, individuals who are more open to experiences tend to have a greater interest and inclination appreciating complex and unconventional artworks compared to conservative individuals. Likewise, those with more art-related education, training, and experiences are generally better able to understand and enjoy complex, modern artworks. However, reviews show limited research on how informational cues and contexts surrounding art influence the aesthetic judgments of ordinary people lacking art education and experiences. Hence, a key challenge is introducing such modern artworks to the general public to enable understanding and analysis. This study aims to address how informational stimuli and contexts can influence the perspective, preferences, and aesthetic judgments regarding art among individuals without formal art education or experiences. Rather than focusing on pre-existing knowledge and experiences, it examines the role of providing art information to non-experts in shaping attitudes and perceptions in a short-term interaction. This allows assessing potential attitudinal changes without long-term assumptions. To examine the impact of informational stimuli on aesthetic judgments of individuals without art education, the present online study utilized two questionnaires comprising demographics, a 10-item Personality Inventory, Aesthetic Fluency scale, and a researcher-made questionnaire with 5 pairs of different artworks for preference rating: a traditional Iranian mosque and a modern Iranian mosque; a medieval crucifixion painting and Gauguin’s The Yellow Christ; Persian miniature painting Khosrow and Shirin from Shiraz school and Sadegh Tabrizi’s illustration of Khosrow and Shirin; a Nastaliq calligraphy practice and Hossein Zenderoudi’s calligraphic painting; a landscape painting by John Constable and a landscape by Paul Signac. Participants were randomly assigned to Questionnaire 1 or 2. The system prevented entry to the main questionnaire if participants reported any experience, education, or occupations related to art. The only difference between the two questionnaires was an initial text about the nature of artworks in Questionnaire 2 (with informational stimulus) that participants had to read and answer questions about before selecting artworks: “Artworks arise in different ways across times. They attempt to elevate our awareness and provoke thought. They try to showcase artists' perspectives and ideas about reality and life. Many contain implicit symbolic meanings that require reflection to grasp the artist’s viewpoint. Viewing art is an experience for contemplating oneself and life.” Requiring responses to 5 questions ensured close reading. 320 participants completed Questionnaire 1 (without stimulus) and 306 completed Questionnaire 2 (with stimulus). None had art-related jobs or education. The no-stimulus group comprised 320 participants including 180 females (56.2%) and 140 males (43.8%) with a mean age of 23.37 years (SD = 4.54). Their education levels were 25 high school graduates, 177 undergraduates, and 118 postgraduates. The information stimulus group comprised 304 participants including 192 females (63.1%) and 112 males (36.9%) with a mean age of 35.4 years (SD = 15.5). Their education levels were 33 high school graduates, 142 undergraduates, and 129 postgraduates. The results indicated no significant difference in overall Aesthetic Fluency scores between the no-stimulus group (mean = 51.3, SD = 53.0) and the information stimulus group (mean = 42.3, SD = 67.0; p-value > 0.05, t = 1.086). Hence, the groups were not distinguishable regarding their aesthetic knowledge. Pearson correlation analysis investigated associations between Personality dimensions, Aesthetic Fluency, and preference ratings for modern versus classical artworks. Openness to experience showed direct, significant correlations with overall Aesthetic Fluency (r = 0.22, p-value < 0.01), original Aesthetic Fluency (r = 0.17, p-value < 0.01), Aesthetic Fluency of Iran (r = 0.17, p-value < 0.01), overall art preference ratings (r = 0.28, p-value < 0.01), ratings for realistic/classical artworks (r = 0.22, p-value < 0.01) and abstract/modern artworks (r = 0.19, p-value < 0.01). Aesthetic Fluency also correlated with higher art preference ratings (r = 0.26, p-value < 0.01). However, these variables did not effectively distinguish individual preferences. Openness remained the most prominent factor associated with artistic inclination, while greater Aesthetic Fluency related to higher art preference ratings irrespective of style or genre. Independent samples t-tests examined stimulus effects on preference ratings per the study hypothesis. After checking normality assumptions, a significant difference emerged between the no-stimulus group (mean = 46.3, SD = 37.0) and information stimulus group (mean = 74.3, SD = 33.0; p-value < 0.05, t = 15.10) indicating an increased preference for abstract and modern over classical/realistic artworks in the stimulus group. In other words, in assessing aesthetic reactions among groups with and without informational prompts, the results show that individuals naturally have different interests and inclinations toward various art forms based on their personality traits such as openness to new experiences. However, when some individuals were provided with information and perspectives on how to approach and understand art, these individuals demonstrated better reactions and greater acceptance of unconventional and avant-garde artworks. That is the information presented temporarily changed their preferences and choices. Rudimentary awareness of these facets associated with art criticism and history discourse expanded the conception of what constitutes art to encompass modernism’s radical break from familiar mimetic aesthetics. Without such framing, participants generally showed avoidance toward unfamiliar compositions. Access depended on acquiring schemata recognizing how all art essentially represents creative efforts to convey subjectivity regarding conditions of lived experience, through manifest content and symbolic expression transcending literal appearances. This realization allowed perceiving richness within ostensibly opaque imagery by considering what reactions or contemplations it might intend to stimulate regardless of clear pictorial resemblance. That elementary catalytic learning temporarily redirected preferences away from customary favorites and lowered inhibition toward the abstract. The informational content facilitated detecting meaning in superficially confusing but still evocative formations reflecting artists grappling with escalating modernity complexities. Audiences otherwise automatically discount such works due to their ambiguity and lack of concrete visual affirmation of skill seen in traditional techniques. They construe abstraction as technical ineptitude rather than thematic eloquence communicating via entirely reinvented visual languages detaching from optical verisimilitude. Exposure to the historical background on key avant-garde stylistic innovations and their creative rationales rendered these productions more welcoming. These findings demonstrated mass art appreciation hinges considerably on foreground knowledge granting cognitive access more than solely intuitive sensory reactions. The research can help identify factors influencing the formation and alteration of artistic tastes and preferences, as well as the role of contextual information cues therein. The findings can also inform the design of more effective educational and cultural programs for promoting public appreciation of modern art.

Cognitive-emotional internalizing and externalizing problems are among the most significant psychological challenges of childhood, potentially affecting children's mental and social well-being in the future. Maternal depression has been identified as a key factor contributing to these problems; however, the underlying mechanisms of this association remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of mindful parenting in the relationship between maternal depression and children's cognitive-emotional internalizing and externalizing problems.

This applied research employed a correlational design using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all mothers of elementary school children in Tehran during the 2023-2024 academic year, from whom 385 participants were selected through multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21; Antony et al., 1998), the Mindful Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ; McCaffrey, Reitman, & Black, 2015), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001), completed by mothers. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS23 and LISREL 8.

The results of structural equation modeling indicated that the proposed model had a good fit. Findings showed a significant positive relationship between maternal depression and children's cognitive-emotional internalizing and externalizing problems (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the "being in the present moment with the child" component (a subdimension of mindful parenting) significantly mediated this relationship. Specifically, maternal depression, by reducing the mother's mindful presence in interactions with the child, led to an increase in children's cognitive-emotional problems.
These findings highlight the importance of training parents in mindfulness skills, particularly the ability to be present with their children, as an effective strategy for mitigating the negative impact of maternal depression on children's cognitive-emotional well-being. Consequently, intervention programs in child and family mental health should emphasize the enhancement of mindful parenting among parents.

Couples' adjustment is recognized as an important factor in the physical and mental well-being of the individual and society. Couples' levels of adjustment are affected by several factors. Self-disclosure as well as positive and negative emotions are important factors in determining couples' levels of adjustment. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of self-disclosure and positive/negative affects on the relationship between attachment styles and Couples' levels of adjustment. A total of 450 married people (286 females, 164 males) participated in the present study. Participants were asked to complete the Golombok Rust Inventory of Marital State (GRIMS), the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), Marital Self-Disclosure Scale (MSDS), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between secure attachment and couples' adaptation levels. The results also confirmed the existence of a significant negative relationship between avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles with couples' levels of adjustment. According to the findings of the present study, secure attachment style had a significant positive relationship with self-disclosure and positive affects. In addition, the findings showed that self-disclosure and positive affects had a significant positive relationship with couples' levels of adjustment. These results were inverse in relation to negative affects and couples' levels of adjustment. That is, there was a significant negative relationship between negative affects and couples' levels of adjustment. It was also showed that, self-disclosure had a mediating role on the relationship between secure attachment style and couples' adaptation levels. The mediating role of self-disclosure on the relationship between ambivalent attachment and avoidance with couples' levels of adjustment was not confirmed. It was also found that among the positive and negative affects, only negative affects played a mediating role on the relationship between attachment styles and couples' levels of adjustment.

Since the 1960s, the Achenbach Experience-Based Assessment System (ASEBA) has been utilized for diagnosing mental disorders. The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brief Problem Monitoring Test for Ages 18 to 59 (BPM/18-59) within a non-clinical Iranian sample.

A Persian version was created by translating, retranslating, and obtaining approval for the final version of the translation from the instrument manufacturer. Afterward, the BPM/18-59 form was administered to a sample of 337 undergraduate students from the University of Tehran and Tehran University of Medical Sciences during the 2019-2020 academic year, utilizing a convenience sampling method. Additionally, 58 individuals from the subjects' surroundings completed the "Other" form. To calculate the test-retest coefficient of this tool, a retest was administered to 41 participants from the initial sample after an interval of two weeks. To assess the concurrent validity of this tool, the ASRSI-v I.I, DASS-21, GHQ-28, BSI-53, and AAI questionnaires were utilized. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation, confirmatory factor analysis, and hierarchical regression.

The findings indicate a significant correlation between BPM/18-59 and other tools (P < 0.001); therefore, it demonstrates acceptable levels of concurrent validity. The two-week test-retest reliability and Cronbach's alpha for the BPM/18-59 self-report were 0.70 and 0.85, respectively, while the Cronbach's alpha for bystander reports was 0.72. Additionally, factor analysis demonstrated a good fit for the initial three-factor model.

BPM/18-59 demonstrates appropriate psychometric properties for application in research and clinical trials involving Iranian individuals.

Sexual satisfaction plays a crucial role in individuals' overall well-being, particularly concerning marital issues and divorce. Among the most significant factors influencing this aspect are body image concerns, self-esteem, and gender. This study investigated the simultaneous relationships among these variables within a structural model.

The research design of this study was correlational in nature. The target population comprised all married students attending universities in Tehran. The desired sample consisted of 200 individuals who were selected through convenience sampling and responded to the questionnaire items. To measure the research variables, we utilized the Larson Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (LSQQ), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI).

The results of the data analysis indicate that the proposed model demonstrates a satisfactory fit following the removal of a non-significant path. The fit indices of the model indicated a good fit, with the following values: AGFI, NNFI, CFI, GFI, and NFI all exceeding 0.9. Therefore, the results of the path analysis revealed that self-esteem mediates the relationship between sexual satisfaction and body image concerns (p < 0.01).

Body image concerns significantly influence sexual satisfaction. However, in this context, it is essential to thoroughly consider the significant and influential role of individuals' self-esteem. As demonstrated by the modeling results in this study, there is a correlation between sexual satisfaction and body image concerns. However, when considering the role of self-esteem in this relationship, it becomes clear that body image concerns only contribute to a decrease in sexual satisfaction by affecting individuals' self-esteem.

This review has aimed to collect all the studies conducted on embodiment in patients with Depersonalization – De realization Disorder (DDD) since 2010. The present research is being done as a comprehensive scoping review. Searches are made in various databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. By searching keywords including embodiment, interoceptive signals, Depersonalization – De realization disorder, and review study, the number of potentially related articles was more than 700 titles. the criteria for selecting papers was approaching DDD with any embodied approach. After different levels of censorship using various checklists such as “Review Articles & Systematic Reviews” and “Checklist for Preparing and Evaluating Review Article”. However, only 10 of them were selected as significant enough to meet the inclusion criteria of the present study fully and determined for a detailed view and textual examination. It has been found that scientists have mostly concentrated on the idea of improper “interoceptive signals” as the main bodily mechanism underlying DDD. It has been found that some elements like preventing one from making proper reactions in situations that demand it, and also intentionally avoiding empathy with others, create incompatibility between a person’s conception of her presence in the situation and the signals she receives from inside.

Adverse childhood experiences wield a significant and enduring impact on long-term health and well-being, closely intertwining with the development of early maladaptive schemas. To meticulously explore the role of parent-child relationships in this dynamic, the Young Parenting Questionnaire underwent iterative design and refinement across subsequent versions.

This study aimed to ascertain the validity and reliability of the third iteration of the Young Parenting Questionnaire within a sample drawn from the 18-16 community in Tehran.

Employing a descriptive survey approach, the study encompassed 922 high school students from various districts of Tehran. Convergent and divergent validity were assessed through multiple instruments, including measures of parental acceptance-rejection, attachment to parents and peers, depression, anxiety, stress, internal shame, psychological well-being, and gratitude. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, omega coefficient, inter-item correlation, and test-retest reliability.

The Young Parenting Questionnaire exhibited positive correlations with measures of parental acceptance and rejection, attachment to parents and peers, internal shame, and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress as assessed by the DASS questionnaire. Conversely, it displayed a negative correlation with psychological well-being and gratitude measures. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for questions pertaining to fathers and mothers were reported as 0.94 and 0.93, respectively. Test-retest reliability demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.92 (p< 0.01), indicating temporal stability.

The third iteration of the Young Parenting Questionnaire demonstrated robust validity and reliability. Consequently, it can be cautiously employed in both research endeavors involving adolescents and clinical settings pertaining to adolescent issues. Nonetheless, further research endeavors should address the current study's limitations to offer a more comprehensive understanding of the questionnaire's applicability within Iranian society.

The high prevalence of psychological disorders and the low utilization rate of mental health services underscore the need to examine and evaluate the barriers to seeking psychological help. There are limited tools available for assessing these barriers, and in Iran, no instrument currently exists that fits the culture and conditions of the society. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Barriers to Seeking Psychological Help Scale.

This descriptive-evaluative study was carried out in 2024 in Iran. The statistical population consisted of all Iranian individuals aged 18 to 65. Out of which, 227 individuals were selected using convenience sampling and completed questionnaires of  Barriers to Seeking Psychological Help, Mental Health Literacy, Attitudes Towards Seeking Psychological Help, and Self-Concealment. Construct validity, convergent and divergent validity, and reliability were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson’s correlation, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, respectively.

The confirmatory factor analysis results indicated a good fit for the 5-factor model. Significant correlations between the obtained factors and the scales of mental health literacy, attitudes towards seeking help, and self-concealment confirmed the scale's convergent and divergent validity. The reliability of the scale, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, was 0.91 for the total score.

Based on the results, the Persian version of the Barriers to Seeking Psychological Help Scale has a 5-factor structure and possesses the necessary validity and reliability for use in psychological research within the Iranian population.

As people age, they often look back on their history to determine their accomplishments and shortcomings, which might cause them to feel regret. The present study was designed to assess the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the regret scale in the Iranian elderly. The research method was a descriptive evaluation type. The study was conducted in Tehran in 2023. The sample consisted of 293 elderly men and women, who were selected by available and online sampling methods. The elderly completed the demographic checklist, regret, psychological distress, and psychological well-being questionnaires. The psychometric properties of the regret scale were analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient in SPSS software and R software. The content validity of the questionnaire items was found to be satisfactory in terms of quality. The results of the factor analysis indicated that the regret scale had a single-factor structure. The model had an RMSEA of 0.07 and an SRMR of 0.04, which indicated the appropriateness of the model. The calculated values of other indices (GFI, CFI, NFI, NNFI, and IFI) were 0.99, 0.96, 0.94, 0.86, and 0.96, respectively, indicating that the obtained model was acceptable. Additionally, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.81. The findings indicated that the regret scale had construct validity and acceptable reliability among the Iranian elderly. Besides, the single-factor structure of this scale could help to identify regret in the Iranian elderly.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between Perceived Partner Responsiveness and the level of Anaclitic and Introjective Depression symptoms according to the moderating role of Fear of Compassion. This research was a practical study and was following the adhered to the descriptive correlation model. The population of this research consisted of all married individuals in Iran during March and April 2022. The sample was randomly selected and consisted of 439 individuals, including 349 women and 90 males. The data for this study were gathered using the Reconstructed Depression Experience questionnaire (RecDEQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Perceived Partner Responsiveness Scale (PPRS), and Fear of Compassion Scale (FCS). The SPSS-26 software was used to conduct correlation and regression analyses on all data that was collected online. According to the findings, there was an inverse and significant relationship between the level of anaclitic and introjective melancholy symptoms and the perceived responsiveness of one’s partner (P<0.001). Anaclitic and introjective depression symptoms were also directly and significantly correlated with fear of compassion from others, fear of self-compassion, and fear of compassion for others (P<0.001). Additionally, the relationship between perceived partner responsiveness and anaclitic depression was moderated by apprehension of compassion from others (P=0.01). The results of this study contributed to the development of Blat's theory in the field of inherent and supportive factors of anaclitic and introjective depression. Also, according to the findings, paying attention to the fear of compassion as a developmental construct is beneficial in theorizing, etiology and designing treatment to improve the symptoms of depression in married people.

Shopping addiction is an uncontrollable need that forces a person to go shopping for temporary relief from psychological distress and depression. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of the shopping addiction scale in the Iranian sample. This research was a descriptive-analytical study of evaluation type. The sample consisted of 500 women (404) and men (96) in Tehran in 2021 who were selected by the available sampling method and completed the shopping addiction scale, saving inventory, and psychological well-being scale. Psychometric properties of the shopping addiction scale were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, divergent validity, concurrent validity, Pearson correlation, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in R software version 4.1 at a significance level of 0.05. The seven-factor structure (Salience, Mood Modification, Conflict, Tolerance, Relapse, Withdrawal, and Problems) of the shopping addiction scale was evaluated and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFI = 0.89, RMSEA = 0.07). In examining the concurrent and divergent criterion validity, the correlation of the online shopping addiction scale with the saving inventory was positive and significant. The relationship between shopping addiction and psychological well-being was also negative and significant. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total score of the in-person addiction scale was 0.96 and for its dimensions was 0.81 to 0.92. The findings indicate the structural validity and acceptable reliability of the shopping addiction scale, and the multidimensional structure of this scale can help to diagnose shopping addiction.

The shift in traditional family roles has led to a complex understanding of power within the family, and couple interactions have undergone significant changes. Given the lack of knowledge in this field and its culturally oriented nature, this research was conducted to elucidate the concept of power perception in Iranian couples’ marital relationships and present a theoretical model. This qualitative study used data-based analysis among Iranian couples in 2022. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews (in pairs and individually) with 11 couples until data saturation was reached. Data analysis was performed using MAXQDA 20 software. This research identified 18 secondary themes, 10 main themes, and one central category consistent across both study groups. The constitutive and effective concepts on the perception of power in couples included personal sufficiency, causal attitudes, dos and don’ts, personality and demographic characteristics, growth and unconscious conflicts, and subsequent strategies of perceived power. Ultimately, improving the quality of life and confusion in marital relations were two categories obtained within the framework of the consequences of power perception. Additionally, the central category of situational power-attachment fusion was identified. The results of this research demonstrated the significant impact of power perception on couples’ quality of life. Given that this issue encompasses culture and society, educational measures in power perception in marital relationships are paramount and warrant further attention.

Psychological problems in children are a significant public health concern. These problems can affect the well-being of children, their families, and peers and negatively impact the quality of their lives in adulthood. The present research aims to assess the relationship between mothers’ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the internalizing and externalizing problems of children mediated by mothers’ emotional dysregulation and mental capacity.

This is a correlational study using structural equation modeling. The study population consists of all married women with children aged 6-12 in Bushehr Province, Iran, who had registered information in the electronic comprehensive health services system in 2022. Utilizing a random cluster sampling method, 700 women were selected, of whom 632 completed the online questionnaires, including the child behavior checklist, the ACE questionnaire, the difficulties in emotion regulation scale, and the parental reflective functioning questionnaire. All analyses were performed in SPSS Software, version 26 and AMOS version 24 software.

The ACE of mothers had a direct and significant relationship with their emotion regulation difficulties (β=0.363, P<0.001) and internalizing (β=0.182, P<0.001) and externalizing problems (β=0.201, P<0.001) of children. Additionally, the ACE in mothers had an indirect and significant relationship with their mental capacity (β=-0.125, P=0.006). The ACE of mothers also had an indirect and significant relationship with internalizing (β=0.126, P<0.001) and externalizing (β=0.134, P<0.001) problems of children through emotion dysregulation. The ACE of mothers also had an indirect and significant relationship with externalizing problems of children (β=0.011, P=0.039) through mental capacity.

Mothers’ ACEs have a direct impact on their children’s internalizing and externalizing problems. This relationship can also be mediated by their emotional dysregulation and mental capacity.

Despite the importance of sexual mindfulness for the sexual satisfaction of couples, there is no suitable tool to measure it in the Iranian population. Therefore, it seems necessary to have a valid and reliable measurement scale. This research aims to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the sexual mindfulness measure (SMM) for the Iranian people. 

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022-2023 on 366 Iranian married people. The Persian versions of the SMM, the five-facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ), and the marital sexual function scale (MSFS) were used to collect data. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to assess internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to examine the factor structure. Convergent validity was evaluated using the MSFS and FFMQ. Regression analysis was employed to test the predictive validity. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 25 and AMOS software. 

The CFA results confirmed the two-factor structure of the Persian SMM (awareness and non-judgment). The findings for the convergent validity showed that the SMM score had a positive and significant correlation with the MSFS and FFMQ scores. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.83 for the awareness subscale and 0.71 for the non-judgment subscale. 

The Persian SMM has suitable psychometric properties and can be used in research and clinical fields related to sexual functioning and mindfulness in Iran. Also, therapists should pay attention to sexual mindfulness as an important factor to improve the sexual function of married clients.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Embodied Sense of Self Scale (ESSS).

This is a psychometrics study. Participants were 215 Iranian people (160 females and 55 males with a mean age of 33.34±10.81) who were different based on age, education level, marital status and place of residence. They were selected from the general population by a convenience sampling method in 2020-2022. After translating the Persian version of the ESSS, it was completed by the participants online, along with the dissociative experiences scale II (DES-II) and the prosocial tendencies measure (PTM). Data were analyzed in SPSS sifwaer, version 27 and R version 4.3.2 Lavaan package using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the average variance extracted (AVE), Pearson correlation test, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and McDonald’s omega coefficient.

The three-factor structure of the scale was not confirmed by the CFA but the two-factor solution (agency and narrative) had good fit. The AVE values for agency, narrative, and overall scale were 0.45, 0.52, and 0.42, respectively. The correlation coefficient of narrative and agency domains with subscales of DES-II were in the range of 0.33-0.55. The correlation values of agency and narrative with subscales of PTM were in the range of 0.17-0.30. The Persian ESSS had good convergent validity but had low divergent validity. Cronbach’s alpha values for narrative and agency subscales were 0.86 and 0.83, respectively and McDonald’s omega values were 0.84 for both subscales, indicating the good internal consistency of the two-factor structure of the Persian ESSS.

The Persian version of the ESSS with two subscales has acceptable validity and reliability for Iranian samples; however, exploratory factor analysis is needed to reach optimum validity.

This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Adaptive Coping with Disease (AKU) questionnaire for Iranian patients with chronic diseases.

In this psychometrics study, participants were 477 patients with chronic diseases aged 16-79 years referred to medical centers in Tehran, Iran, who were selected using a convenience sampling method in 2022. They completed the Persian versions of the AKU, Lazarus’ Ways of Coping questionnaire (WCQ), and the 36-item short form health survey (SF-36). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) used for assessing the construct validity, while Pearson correlation test was used for determining the convergent validity. Reliability was determined using Cronbach’s alpha. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS software, version 27 and R package Laavan 4.3.2.

The CFA confirmed the six-factor structure of the AKU including Trust to Divine Help, Trust to Medical Help, Search Information and Alternative Help, Conscious Ways of Living, Positive Attitude, and Reappraisal, after excluding items 6 and 19. The fit indices showed the good fit of the CFA model (χ2/df= 2.32, RMSEA= 0.053, and CFI=0.949). The questionnaire had acceptable internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.82 for the overall scale and 0.59-0.81 for the six factors. The average variance extracted (AVE) was 0.53 and the composite reliability coefficient was 0.94, indicating the fit of the model for convergent validity. A significant correlation was found between the Persian AKU score and the scores of WCQ and SF-36, indicating a good convergent validity.

The Persian AKU questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool that can be used in research and clinics on Iranian patients with chronic diseases.

Chronic pain at an early age can lead to serious psychological, social, and academic issues and negatively impact cognitive functioning. Due to the limitations of medical treatments, psychological interventions can offer effective solutions to improve quality of life and reduce pain. This review study aimed to determine the effectiveness of psychological interventions in treating children and adolescents with chronic pain.

Through a systematic review study, all selected articles were evaluated by the research authors using specialized keywords in external databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ProQuest, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Scopus, covering the period from January 2001 to July 2024. A total of 973 published English articles were reviewed, considering inclusion criteria and quality assessment using the PRISMA model. Based on the final qualitative evaluation, 38 articles were selected and examined to address the research questions.

The results of the studies indicate the effectiveness of biofeedback-relaxation (7 studies), mindfulness-based interventions (9 studies), acceptance and commitment therapy (8 studies), cognitive-behavioral therapy (10 studies), and compassion-focused therapy (3 studies) on the psychological and physical health of children and adolescents with chronic pain.

Psychological interventions have proven to be significantly effective for children and adolescents with chronic pain. These therapies have reduced pain intensity, stress, anxiety, depression, and pain-related disabilities. Conversely, they have improved quality of life, coping skills, physical functioning, and life satisfaction in patients. Overall, these treatments have not only alleviated negative symptoms but also enhanced various aspects of the patients' lives.

Attention and response inhibition is one of the problems of dysgraphia students whose treatment has not been paid much attention, so it requires new psychological interventions including cognitive rehabilitation.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on the attention and response inhibition of dysgraphia students.

The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a follow-up period with a control group. The research population included all second and third grade female students with dysgraphia in the 15th district of Tehran in the academic year of 2021-2022, who were referred to Sharq Counseling Center from regular schools. 14 people were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling; and they were randomly placed in two experimental and control groups and answered Yaqoubi et al.'s dysgraphia diagnostic questionnaires (2021), Mandy Brackencamp's selective attention, concentration and effort test (2002) and Bruno-Nero Hoffman test (1984). Then the experimental group received the Aram Nejati attention and memory rehabilitation training program (2017) for 10 sessions of 60 minutes, but only school training was provided to the control group. After the training sessions, the post-test was conducted. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that cognitive rehabilitation training was effective in improving attention and response inhibition of dysgraphia students compared to the control group. These results continued in the follow-up period(p< 0/01).

Based on the results, counselors and experts can use cognitive rehabilitation training to improve attention and inhibit response of dysgraphia students.