حدیث میرزایی

Alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) synthesized enzymatically in the mitochondrion from octanoic acid. Endogenous levels of α- lipoic acid have been reported in the micro molar range. Alpha-lipoic acid can easily pass through biological membranes due to its high lipophilicity and is converted into dihydro lipoic acid (DHLA) in cells. Alpha-lipoic acid and DHLA have been described as an ideal antioxidant couple, due to their very high protection ability against oxidative stress through multiple pathways. Alpha-lipoic acid and DHLA have metal chelating activity, acts as a coenzyme in glucose metabolism, and can produce other antioxidants such as ascorbate, vitamin E, and glutathione (GST). Alpha-lipoic acid has anti-inflammatory properties and its supplementation to broiler diets improves the expression of inflammation-related genes in the spleen. On the other hand, trivalent chromium has been recognized as an essential trace element for humans and other animals, which is part of the glucose tolerance factor (GTF). Chromium is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Chromium may be present in the diet in the form of inorganic compounds or organic complexes. After absorption, chromium circulates in a free state and binds to transferrin or other plasma proteins (protein β-globulin). Trivalent chromium seems to play a role in the structure and expression of genetic information in animals. Chromium binding to nucleic acids is stronger than other metal ions. Chromium protects RNA against thermal denaturation. It is also clear that chromium is concentrated in the cell nucleus. By binding to chromatin, chromium participates in gene expression and increases the start sites and thus increases RNA synthesis. This increase is due to the induction of protein bound to the nucleus and the activation of nuclear chromatin, as a result, chromium effects gene function. Chromium supplementation has shown a positive effect on immune response of broiler chickens. The aim of this research was to investigate the simultaneous effect of dietary chromium propionate and alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on the expression of cytokines interleukin 1, 2, 4, and 10, as well as IFN-γ, TNF, and TGF β4 genes in the spleen tissue of broiler chickens.

For this purpose, an experiment was performed with 144 Ross 308 broiler chicks in complete randomized design (CRD) with a 3×2 factorial arrangement of treatments including six treatments, 3 replicates and 8 chickens in each replicate. There were 6 dietary treatments: three doses of chromium propionate (0, 750 and 1500 μg / kg) combined with two levels of alpha-lipoic acid (0 and 300 mg/kg) supplemented to the basal diets. At the end of the experimental period (42 days old), two chickens from each pen were randomly selected and killed. The sample was taken from the spleen and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at -80°C. The quantity and purity of the extracted RNA was checked using a Nanodrop device. In order to confirm the specific amplification of the desired genes in this study using primers, the PCR reaction was first performed. The expression of cytokine profile genes were quantified by quantitative real time PCR. In this way, 28S was used as a house-keeping gene to normalize the gene expression data. To analyze the obtained data, the method of difference in threshold degree changes (∆∆CT) was used. The method of investigating gene expression changes in this research was the 2-ΔΔCT method (comparative threshold) and the ratio of gene expression (28s).

The results of electrophoresis confirmed the expression of genes in the spleen cells of broiler chickens and they appeared as one band on 2% agarose gel. Electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction products showed fragments of 86, 51, 82, and 88bp for interleukin 1, 2, 4, and 10, respectively. No bands were formed on agarose gel for IFN-γ, TNF and TGF β4 genes. The results showed that alpha-lipoic acid at the level of 300 mg/kg significantly decreased interleukin 1 gene expression than the control group (0 mg/kg). Also, supplementing the basal diet with the chromium propionate at the level of 1500 μg/kg significantly increased interleukin 1 and 4 genes expression compared to the control group and the chromium propionate at the level of 750 μg/kg. While the addition of alpha lipoic acid and chromium propionate had no effect on the expression of interleukin 2 and 10 genes.

Adding 300 mg/kg alpha lipoic acid to the diet can improve the immune response by reducing the expression of IL 1 gene in broilers. In addition, the addition of high amounts of chromium propionate (1500 μg) leads to a decrease in immunity (by increasing the expression of IL 1 and 4 genes). While the addition of chromium propionate up to the level of 750 μg/kg does not affect safety. Considering the results, it is recommended to add alpha lipoic acid at the level of 300 mg to the broiler diet. Addition of chromium propionate up to the level of 750 µg is fine if it has beneficial effects on yield and production characteristics.

Egg is one of the most valuable food items in the human diet. Several factors, such as diseases, bird age, diet, temperature, humidity, transportation, and storage time can affect the quality of eggs. The longer the storage time, the more CO2 penetrates the eggshell, particularly at room temperature, resulting in decreased internal quality. Eggs are a perishable product and must be stored in the refrigerator from production to consumption. Refrigeration increases production costs and ultimately leads to an increase in the final product price. Currently, there is a growing interest in developing effective methods to preserve the internal quality of eggs. The use of edible coatings after washing the eggs can help preserve the internal quality of the eggs during long-term storage. Edible coatings are an available technology that is currently used to control moisture, gas exchange, and oxidation processes for many products. The use of suitable active and antimicrobial edible films and coatings can potentially reduce the microbial load of egg surfaces, reduce undesirable changes, and increase their shelf life. Proteins are commonly used as film-forming materials. Proteins that have been previously investigated for egg coating development include whey protein isolate or concentrate, zein, and rice protein concentrate. Chicken feathers are a by-product of the poultry industry and are mostly disposed of without any processing, causing severe environmental pollution. To date, hydrolyzed feather protein has not been reported as an egg coating, so this study investigated the effect of hydrolyzed feather protein coating at two concentrations on the shelf life of chicken eggs under room temperature storage conditions.

In this study, a total of 120 fresh white-shelled eggs were obtained from Hy-Line W36 laying hens. The eggshells were washed to remove any surface contamination, then the eggs were numbered and randomly selected for each coating method. The samples were divided into three treatments of 40 eggs each treatment in a completely randomized design. The treatments included control (0%, without coating), a coating containing 10% (w/v) hydrolyzed feather, and a coating containing 20% hydrolyzed feather. Pure glycerol (Serva, Germany) was added to hydrolyzed feathers (2% w/v). The feather hydrolyzed protein was prepared at Tarbiat Modares University using alkaline hydrolyzed raw chicken feathers obtained from a commercial broiler slaughterhouse (Iran Borchin, Tehran). The chemical analysis of hydrolyzed feather protein was performed based on standard methods (dry matter, protein, ash, and fat), and the amino acid profile of the protein was also tested. Some nutritional or toxic important minerals were also measured. Egg weight, Haugh units, albumen weight, yolk weight, yolk color, albumen pH, yolk pH, and shell strength were measured during storage weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

According to the data of this study, the height of the egg white and Haugh units in the stored eggs were significantly affected by the experimental coatings (P<0.05). The height of the egg white and Haugh units were significantly higher in the treatment with 20% hydrolyzed protein coating compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The yellowness of the egg yolk was significantly affected by the experimental coatings in the third week (P<0.05). The highest egg quality score was observed in the first and third weeks in eggs with 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coating (P<0.05). The eggshell characteristics were not affected by the experimental coatings. The egg white and yolk percentages were not affected by the experimental coatings. The pH of the egg white in the first and third weeks decreased significantly in eggs with 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coating compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The pH of the yolk was not affected by the experimental treatments. The pH in both the yolk and egg white increased over time. Eggs with coating had significantly less weight loss compared to uncoated eggs (P<0.05). The lowest weight loss was related to eggs with 10% and 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coating, which had a significant difference with uncoated eggs (P<0.05). The weight loss after seven days of storage in uncoated eggs (2.12%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (1.16%). The weight loss after 14 days of storage at room temperature in uncoated eggs (4.21%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (2.35%). The weight loss after 21 days of storage at room temperature in uncoated eggs (6.8%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (3.35%). The weight loss after 28 days of storage at room temperature in uncoated eggs (8.27%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (4.80%). Based on the results of this study, it was found that the use of hydrolyzed feather protein coating can improve the internal quality of eggs during the storage period. For future research, it is recommended to conduct further studies on the effect of hydrolyzed feather protein coating on the quality characteristics of eggs during storage. Previous studies have been conducted on improving the internal quality of eggs during storage using protein coatings with different hydrolysis. Some of these studies have shown that protein coating with hydrolysis can significantly improve the quality characteristics of eggs. Additionally, some studies have been conducted on the effect of protein coating using different proteins such as rice protein, meat protein, whey protein isolated, or whey protein concentrate and zein.

There was no significant difference in weight loss between 10% and 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage in different weeks, but the 10% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage provided better protection against weight loss. Since weight loss is mainly due to eggshell water evaporation, it was observed that despite being thinner, the 10% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage provided better protection compared to the 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage. Therefore, the use of coverages during egg storage can increase shelf life while maintaining egg quality.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of using nanoliposomes vitamin D3 (NVitD) in diet on performance and egg quality of laying hens. One hundred and twenty Leghorn laying hens (Hy-line W-80 Commercial strain) were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments, five replicates and six hens per replicate for six weeks. The treatments consisted of: 1- control with 3300 IU VitD/kg of diet, 2- 4950 IU VitD/kg of diet 3- 3300 IU NVitD/kg of diet and 4- 4950 IU NVitD/kg of diet. In the second three weeks of the experiment, the hens that received 4950 IU VitD/kg in their diet had the most feed intake in comparison with others. The egg yolk VitD content was increased significantly with increasing VitD concentration in hens diet. In equal amounts of diet VitD, application of nanoliposomes reduced the VitD content of egg yolk. Egg yolk cholesterol concentrations increased when using NVitD. The results of the present experiment showed that the use of NVitD did not have a significant effect on the production performance and egg quality traits of laying hens.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of processed date pit on broiler performance. In this experiment, 280 broiler chicks were usedin a completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replicates. The experimental treatments were: 1- control (diet without date pit), 2-10 percent raw date pit, and treatments 3 to 7- were 10 percent date pit that processed with steam pressure, NaOH, and fermented with Lactobacillusfermentum, Bacillus subtilis, and Aspergillus niger respectively. The crude protein content of processed date pit was higher, and the ether extractcontent was lower (exept NaOH) than raw date pit (P<0.05). The feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and cecal microbial populationof broiler chickens were not affected by experimental treatments. The small intestine length of birds that fed diets containing processed date pit withsteam pressure and NaoH was significantly reduced in comparison with birds resived diets containing fermented date pit with Aspergillus niger andwithout date pit (P<0.05). The highest amount of litter dry matter and lowest amount of excreta ash was observed in groups fed diet containing rawdate pit (P<0.05). According to the results of this study, the processing methods of date pit has no effect on broiler performance and cecal microbialpopulation. Therefore, due to the high cost of processing, and the favorable effects of feeding raw date pit on broiler litter quality, the use of raw datepit in broilers diet is recommended.

The present experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels of fennel essential oil nanoemulsion (FEON) on energy and protein efficiency ratio, litter and excreta quality and welfare related parameters of broiler chickens reared under heat stress. A total of 200 day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were assigned in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. The experimental treatments were control (basal diet with no additive), basal diet and 200 mg/kg fennel essential oil (FEO) and basal diet with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of FEON. The results of this experiment showed that trans-anethole, fenchone and limonene with the values of 81.49, 7.16 and 4.98 percent, respectively were the main compounds of fennel essential oil. The protein and energy efficiency ratios were not affected by different experimental treatments. The excreta pH of chicks fed diet containing 200 mg/kg FEON was significantly (P≤0.05) less than those of fed diets containing 50 and 100 mg/kg of FEON and the control group. The litter moisture was decreased significantly (P≤0.05) by supplementation of diet with 50 mg/kg FEON when compared with control group. The hock burn and abdominal plumage scores were decreased significantly (P≤0.05) in chicks fed diet containing 50 mg/kg FEON when compared with other groups. According to the results of this experiment, it seems that the utilization of FEON in heat stress condition can improve broiler welfare related parameters via decreasing the litter moisture.

This research aimed to compare marital satisfaction in different groups of women according to premarital relationships. The sample of this subsequent and comparative study includes 197 women who have been married for 2 to 5 years. According to the findings of this research, there was a significant difference in marital satisfaction (which were gained via ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale) between groups, in a way that satisfaction was from highest to lowest in the following order: non-sexual relationship with future husband, non-sexual relationship with different person, without premarital relationship, sexual relationship with future husband, and sexual relationship with different person. Also, in all subscales of marital satisfaction (including personal issues, marital communication, conflict resolution, financial management, leisure activities, sex, marriage and children, family and friends, and religious orientation) the group with non-sexual relationship with future husband recorded higher marks. Analysis showed that having non-sexual relationship with future husband companies with more marital satisfaction. On the other side, having sexual relationship with husband or a different person was associated with lower marital satisfaction.