حسن حق شناس

Plant breeders to select their breeding objectives through the physiological and morphological characteristics variation (Khazaei et al., 2016); require classification of the limitations and capabilities which exists in plants (Soltani et al., 2000); this issue for plant characteristics associated for yield increasing is important in crop breeding programs (Rotter et al., 2015). Therefore, the aim of this research was determine to indentify the effective agronomic traits on yield of local rice cultivars using multiple regression models in Sari region. For experiment implementation based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications and 12 local rice cultivars, requirement data for using in regression modeling were collected. Using multiple regressions applied in order to determine the important traits and to show the contribution of each trait in formation of yield. The method identified the relation between yield and all variables. Also, according to the positive or negative correlation between the number of filled spikelet per panicle and harvest index, for indentifying yield variation of these traits, three hypotheses put forward and various aspects of them was examined Seven important traits including days to seed germination, days to pollination, days to physiological maturity, flag leaf length, number of filled spikelet per panicle, 1000-grain weight and harvest index which affected the most role on yield increasing were recognized their optimal values with multiple regression model. These seven variables explained 50% of yield. The results indicate that if the correlation between the number of filled spikelet per panicle and harvest index would be changed, it can be used for the benefit of yield. Regarding negative correlation between the number of filled spikelet per panicle and harvest index, three hypotheses were evaluated. If the negative correlation between the number of filled spikelet per panicle and harvest index is not breakable, the yield variation would have an increasing of 1722 (from 4581 to 6303) kg ha-1. If with increasing the number of filled spikelet per panicle, harvest index stay at moderate level, it would be an increasing of 1985 (from 4581 to 6566) kg ha-1, and if correlation between the number of filled spikelet per panicle and harvest index is breakable, it would be an increasing of 2747 (from 4581 to 7329) kg ha-1. The results of the method used in this study, due to the fact that the genetic differences between the cultivars are noticeable, can be a way for the breeders to move towards yield increasing in rice cultivars. Obviously, if the main goal is to determine the effective traits on yield of local rice cultivars in the Sari region, it is more appropriate to use more cultivars and years of experimentation. With selecting optimum amount of traits in model, would increase grain yield from an average of 4581 kg ha-1 to 6303-7329 kg ha-1. It was concluded that the method used in this study, because of concerning the genetic differences between varieties, can be used in determining yield increasing in conjunction with other methods and it can guide plant breeders to select important traits effective on yield.

Cognitive estimation is an attempt to provide reasonable answers to questions for which there is no relevant knowledge. For a reasonable estimation, the subject must be able to retrieve all the knowledge, modify them appropriately, and judge the logicalness in order to provide a reasonable response. Frontal lobe injury causes to present unusual responses to these questions. The aim of this study is to provide Persian form of cognitive estimation test and compare it among a group of normal men and women. 268 individuals (140 women and 128 men) aged 11-50 years old were selected by convenience sampling method. A cognitive estimation test was developed that contained 30 items from which 12 items were selected for the final statistical analysis. Although the results of the independent T test showed that women have more errors in cognitive estimation compared with men, covariance analysis showed that this difference is affected by the general information. There was also a significant negative correlation between age and cognitive estimation error (r=-0.17, p<0.05). There wasn’t any relationship between education and cognitive estimation error. The present study provides a Persian version of cognitive estimation test and an instrument to diagnose frontal lobe injuries and a quick diagnosis of cognitive changes due to aging.

The purpose of the present study was to determine personality characteristics in dimensions of temperament and character in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in comparison with patients with other anxiety disorders (OAD). A cross sectional method was used and participants were 85 patients attending a psychiatric clinic in the city of Shiraz during 2011–2012. Out of these, 45 patients with OCD and 43 patients with OAD diagnoses were selected (with the age range of 20-50 years) based on accessibility. The tools used were clinical interview, the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and Beck's (1988) Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Results showed that OCD patients showed significantly lower scores in novelty seeking and self-directedness dimensions in comparison with OAD patients. Also, anxiety level was not significantly different between the two groups. It seems that OCD patients have a lower tendency for having new experiences and independent decision making in contrast to OAD patients. The results can help psychologists to plan psychotherapy for OCD patients. Also psychotherapists can prepare schedules to promote initiatives and self - reliance for their routine decisions.

Background and Çognitive reserve is a hypothetical construct which is widely used to explain how individuals vary considerably in the severity of cognitive aging and clinical dementia, despite the similar nature and extent of neurodegenerative changes. This study was conducted to investigate the current and premorbid ÏQ in the elderly with dementia in comparison with those without it. Ïn a cross-sectional study, using convenience sampling in nursing homes and the psychiatric clinic of Hafez Hospital in Shiraz, 70 participants were recruited and divided into two groups (35 patients and 35 healthy people) with the age range of 65-90 years. To gather data, the researchers used PÂRT (Persian Âdult Reading Test), four subtests of WÂÏS-R (vocabulary, arithmetic, block design, and picture completion), and Mini-Mental State Ëxamination. The results of an independent t-test showed that current and premorbid ÏQ (verbal and performance) in the elderly with dementia were significantly lower in comparison with those without dementia. Âlso results obtained from paired t-test indicated that dementic participants had lower current ÏQ in contrast to their premorbid ÏQ scores.Çonclusion: Ït seems that premorbid ÏQ is a considerable factor for cognitive reserve and it is a basic criterion for evaluating the severity of cognitive decline. Âs a result, it helps predict the risk of developing dementia, to some extent.

The aim of present research was to study the prediction equation between personality trait and life style and marital satisfaction among woman nurses. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The target population included all married woman nurses working in hospitals in Shiraz. A sample of 140 respondents was drawn through cluster random sampling method. The instruments were NEO inventory, Miller & Smith’s Life Style Questionnaire, and Enrich’s Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire. A use was made of descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis in order to analyze data using SPSS. The findings showed that there was a negative relationship between neuroticism and marriage terms, whereas, a positively significant relationship was indicated between agreeableness and life style and marital satisfaction. It was also found that there was no significant relationship between extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, age, and marital satisfaction. Other results showed that neuroticism, agreeableness, life style and marriage terms could meaningfully predict marital satisfaction, while, extraversion, openness, and consciousness as personality variables and age could not significantly account for the variance.

Driving faults have always been a cause of traffic problems and accidents in all communities. Rates and types of the resultant traffic problems vary and depend on cultural, social, economic, and geographical contexts. Environmental factors, control measures, administrative issues, and disparity between transportation infrastructures and number of vehicles are among influencing factors on driving faults. However, the human causes are the main influencing factor and are responsible for the highest percentage of driving faults. The present study was designed to investigate the personality factors that may be related to driving behavior and faults in city ofShiraz in southwest Iran in 2005. Participants were recruited with convenient sampling in places like car services centers and one central specialty clinic. Questionnaires included a demographic one, Perssian translation of Manchester Driver Behavior Questionnaire, and NEO FFI Personality Inventory. Analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used for analyzing data. The findings showed significant positive correlation between neuroticism score and all types of driving faults (P<0.05). Negative and significant correlations were found between agreeableness and extroversion scores, and driving faults (P<0.05). No correlattion was found between conscientiousness score and total driving faults. Positive correlattion was observed between openness score, and non-violent faults (P<0.01). There were negative correlations between age and years of driving practice, and nonviolent driving faults. Surprisingly there was a significant positive correlation between years of formal education and all types of diving faults (P<0.05). The findings of the present study demonstrated a significant relationship between personality traits and driving faults. Therefore it is suggested to perform psycchologic assessments at the time of granting driving licenses and periodically thereafter and provide trainings for fault-prone drivers.

Statement of Problems: Job burnout is a result of frequent and constant physical and mental stress in a long time. Dentistry is one of the most stressful jobs in the field of medicine. These stressful factors make dentists prone to burnout and psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety. The aim of this study was to measure the relationship between demographic and personality characteristics and job satisfaction and burnout in dentists. In this simple filter sampling study، 30 dentists as faculty members of the dental school of Shiraz University filled in questionnaires about job satisfaction، job burnout and general health. Statistical methods such as Pierson Correlation Coefficient، Multivariate Analysis and Chi-Square test were used. In this study، 12 males (40%) and 18 females (60%) were involved. The mean occupation year for females were more than that of males. Meanwhile، men practice more hours a day. There was no significant difference between males and females regarding general heath and job satisfaction. Dental chair side hours and years of occupation had no effect on general health and job satisfaction. The results showed that NEO 5-personality factors، sex، occupation years and age did not have any meaningful effect on job burnout، but this study could predict 29% of the job dissatisfaction (p =45%; F=06%; R square=29%; R=54%). In this study، age، sex and occupation years did not have any effect on the job burnout، but with the increase in the volume of the sample، it would be meaningful. This study was conducted only on the faculty members; which makes it different from other studies.

Test anxiety is a situation dependent anxiety that can cause a significant reduction in the ability of people in dealing with tests or assessments. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of cognitive-behavioral methods in the form of group education on the reduction of test anxiety in high school adolescents in the city of Fasa (Fars province, Iran). 30 boys and 30 girls in a unisex group therapy scheme (boys and girls separately, each group containing 15 individuals), participated in 10 group therapy sessions with cognitive-behavioral methods. Intervention methods included programs for training muscle relaxation and cognitive therapy for confronting stress. Comparison of the results of the pretest and post-test revealed a decrease in the level of anxiety in the subjects to one third of the primary level, which remained constant until two months after dis-continuing the approach. The effect was higher in girls than in boys. Group therapy had a significant effect on the increase in the scores of participants’ self-esteem (p<0.001). Different methods of cognitive-behavioral group therapy can be effective in decreasing test anxiety in high school students.

This study has been carried out with the aim of investigating motor, cognitive and executive functions of a group of accident-prone drivers. Seventy professional accident-prone drivers with major faults and 30 drivers recognized as good and safe drivers, were examined using tests that assessed reaction time, recognition, memory, attention and concentration, as well as tests assessing decision making and response selection. From among the applied tests, perseveration error scores in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (p<0.01) and reaction time for visual search (p<0.01) significantly differentiate between the accident prone and safe bus drivers. Scores on the visual search test showed highest correlation with IQ among the measures utilized (r=0.35, p<0.01). However, the scores for visual search test did not show significant correlation with other tests except for response errors in continuous performance test (r=0.24, p<0.001), and perseveration errors in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (r=0.22; p<0.05). Age showed a positive and significant correlation with IQ scores (r=0.39, p=<0.001), response errors in continuous performance test (r=0.38, p=0.001) and reaction time for visual search test (r=0.23, p=0.05). Neuropsychological tests can diffe-rentiate accident-prone from safe drivers. However, regarding the limitation in the validation of this tool, one should be careful in generalizing the results.

Considering the importance of memory problems in the development and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder, the present study has been carried out with the goal of evaluating a number of memory functions in patients with the mentioned disorder. In order to study memory bias and confidence, and the effects of responsibility on them in patients with checking obsessions, 11 OCD patients with washing rituals, 7 patients with generalized anxiety disorder, and 10 normal individuals were examined in two responsibility conditions (high and low) for secure, insecure and neutral objects in three stages, using quasi-experimental method. Data were analyzed using MANOVA with repeated measures. OCD patients with checking rituals had memory bias to insecure objects recall (p<0.01). Also, regarding memory confidence, patients with checking rituals had lower confidence about their memory (p<0.05), which was more severe for insecure objects and high responsibility conditions (p<0.01). The number of times of task execution did not show a significant interactive effect. It seems that the most important problem of these patients is in the process of meta memory, where a low confidence to recalls plays the most important role in explaining the disorder. The results of the study support the development of a self perpetuating mechanism in checking OCD

Good performance in academic tests plays a major role in the student&#039;s further academic and occupational achievements. In students who experience excessive amounts of anxiety while sitting for a quiz or test, lower academic grades may be achieved as a result of and impaired information processing. This study examined the relationship between anxiety test (AT) and some socio-demographic factors in high school students in Shiraz.

This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample consisted of 512 high school students in Shiraz, Iran. Participants were students from both sexes and from all kinds of high schools (named: Governmental, private, and specialized high schools for the exceptionally talented students). The instruments used for data collection were Spielberger&#039;s Test Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and a demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11 software, using ANOVA, paired t, and Pearson&#039;s correlation tests.

The STAI mean scores showed significant correlations with the districts of education organization to which the school belonged, the populated status of the classroom and the attitude of parents and school authorities toward academic failure (P

The Findings demonstrated the adverse effects of AT on the student&#039;s academic performance. Identifying the bio-socio-demographic correlates of AT may help to plan more specific interventions for reducing AT in students.

Driving faults have always been a cause of traffic problems and accidents in all communities. Rates and types of the resultant traffic problems vary and depend on cultural, social, economic, and geographical contexts. Environmental factors, control measures, administrative issues, and disparity between transportation infrastructures and number of vehicles are among influencing factors on driving faults. However, the human causes are the main influencing factor and are responsible for the highest percentage of driving faults. The present study was designed to investigate the personality factors that may be related to driving behavior and faults in city of Shiraz in southwest Iran in 2005. Participants were recruited with convenient sampling in places like car services centers and one central specialty clinic. Questionnaires included a demographic one, Persian translation of Manchester Driver Behavior Questionnaire, and NEO FFI Personality Inventory. Analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used for analyzing data. The findings showed significant positive correlation between neuroticism score and all types of driving faults (P<0.05). Negative and significant correlations were found between agreeableness and extraversion scores, and driving faults (P<0.05). No correlation was found between conscientiousness score and total driving faults. Positive correlation was observed between openness score, and non-violent faults (P<0.01). There were negative correlations between age and years of driving practice, and non-violent driving faults. Surprisingly there was a significant positive correlation between years of formal education and all types of diving faults (P<0.05). The findings of the present study demonstrated a significant relationship between personality traits and driving faults. Therefore it is suggested to perform psychologic assessments at the time of granting driving licenses and periodically thereafter and provide trainings for fault-prone drivers.

Assessment of cognitive deficits in patients with schizo-phrenia bears significant implications, particulary in localizing the underlying accompanying neurological impairments. This study aimed for evaluation of cognitive deficits in first-degree relatives of these patients who reflect the same underlying genetic vulnerability for the disorder. In this cross-sectional study, 30 patients with schizophrenia, 30 first-degree relatives, and 30 control subjects were assessed. They completed tests of verbal & visual paired associate recall, Wechsler digit span, and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Data were analysed using statistical t-test, ANOVA, Tukey test, Chi-square, and Kruskal-Wallis test. Our study revealed alterations in the memory of patients with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives compared to the controls. Both patients and their relatives also showed significant diffrence in verbal and visual paired associate recall tests, backward digit span, and PASAT. Diminished cognitive functions is observed in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Verbal and visual paired asso-ciation tests, Backward digit Span test, and PASAT may indicate vulner-ability towards this disorder

Background and Love is one of the most significant predictor of marital satisfaction. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between three components of love in Sternberg’s triangular theory and maital satisfaction. Reliability and validity of the Sternberg’s love scale was also assesed in this study. A sample of 123 married individuals selected by convenient sampling method from various communities were requested to complete three quostionaires: Sternberg’s triangular love scale, marital satisfaction scale (ENRICH) and demographic questionnaire. The results revealed that the Persian version of the Sternberg’s love scale is a valid and reliable scale and the three components (intimacy, passion, commitment) were also significantly related to scores of marital satisfaction. Intimacy was the strongest predictor of marital satisfaction and there was no significant difference in scores of intimacy, passion, commitment and marital satisfaction between men and women. Sternberg’s triangular love scale could be used together with other marital satisfaction questionnaires in marriage counseling. Intimacy score is the strongest predictor of both men’s and women’s marital satisfaction.

The study of personality characteristics of students has always been considered important to pedagogic system’s specialists, consultants, psychologists and mental health professionals. Schools and their media have great impact on the development of the students’ personality. The present study was designed to evaluate possible personality differences between students of gifted high schools and students of ordinary high schools. Methods and Materials: Two hundred students (97 gifted and 103 ordinary) in their third year of high school in Shiraz participated in this study. They were assessed using NEOPI-R (NEO Personality Inventory-Revised) and General Health Questionnare (GHQ-28). The results show that students of gifted schools obtained higher scores on the openness to experiences domain of NEO PI-R and had lower scores in the agreeableness domain when compared to students of ordinary schools. Female subjects had higher scores in the agreeableness domain as compared to male subjects. The results show that students from gifted schools have better mental health condition when compared with students from ordinary high schools. The findings suggest that students attending gifted high schools have different personality characteristics and mental health conditions when compared with ordinary high school students.

This study aimed to make and validate the Social Desirability scale (lie detecting scale) for NEO PI-R test. Twenty-two statements of Social desirability were selected and combined with the ori-ginal NEO PI-R test. The test was administered on 285 job applicants. After factor analysis, 15 statements were selected. The subjects were categorized into three groups based on the means and SD of the NEO PI-R scores and were compared with 79 incumbents as controls. The lowest intergroups difference was seen on Openness, and the most difference was seen on Conscientiousness.The incumbents’ scores on the Neuroticism and Agreeableness domains did not differ from the low scorers in Social Desirability. The high scorers on Social Desirability tended to show more stable and conscientious than the low scorers. There was no significant correla- tion between Social Desirability scores and Extroversion and Openness. However, other domains were significantly correlated with Social Desirability scores. Social Desirability scale could differentiate between those who want to fake good and those who are honest in responding to NEO PI-R. The findings also revealed that in the profile of those who tend to fake good, Extroversion and Openness domain scores can be safely accepted while the other domain scores of these subjects must be interpreted with caution.

To evaluate blood glucose and body weight in patients treated with clozapine and conventional antipsychotics. Forty-three patients with schizophrenia (36 males and 7 females) on clozapine were com- pared with 41 patients (33 males and 8 females) treated with conventional antipsychotics, regard-ing their fasting blood glucose (FBS), 2 hours post-prandial glucose (2HPPG) and body mass index (BMI). Data were analyzed using t-test and the chi-sqaure. Of the patients on clozapine, 2 had high FBS, 6 had high 2HPPG, and 5 were diagnosed with diabetes, which was significantly different from the group on conventional antipsychotics. More- over, comparing the BMIs, the patients on clozapine had higher weights than the conventional treatment group. Clozapine may play a role in high blood glucose of some of the patients.

The present study was conducted to investigate the personality traits which may have a negative impact on patients’ performance, health, and occurrence of panic disorder as well as its process and prognosis. Method 51 subjects diagnosed with panic disorder were compared with 51 normal subjects through NEO Personality Inventory- Revised (NEO PI-R). Findings The findings indicated that subjects suffering from panic disorder were more susceptible to experiences of anxiety, depression, aggression, guilt-feeling, and stress. They were less extraverted, but as capable of controlling their impulses as normal subjects; they prefer to have a stable life, and are not interested in experiencing adventures. Results The study demonstrated that the personality traits of the subjects diagnosed with panic disorder more likely correlates with those of the Cluster C of personality disorders.

This study compared some cognitive activities of two groups of patients: those suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder and those suffering from anxiety and depression. 20 patients in each group were studied through semi-structured interviews, cognitive tests of learning, visual and verbal pairs associations, digit span, word fluency, learning digit, and Verbal Intelligence Scale. The results were analyzed through a multi- variate MANOVA. The findings demonstrated that the two groups were significantly different in terms of cognitive performance. The multi-variate analysis showed that the performance of the patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder was significantly less satisfactory than the depressive anxious patients on tests of word fluency, learning visual pairs associations, delayed learning and learning verbal pairs associations. The patients with post-traumatic stress disorder suffer from disabilities in expression, verbal and visual memories, which might be the result of soft brain abnormalities particularly in the hypocompus in the left hemisphere caused by an accident this can seriously affect their social and individual life.