فهرست مطالب حسن دانایی فرد

This study aimed to understand the transition process of governors in the Islamic Republic of Iran.The study used a qualitative research approach and developed a grounded theory. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with nine previous governors and reviewing three former governors' biographies.

The study found that governors in the Islamic Republic of Iran experience confusion between institutional fields during the transition process. To overcome this confusion, governors employ tactics to discover institutional fields, develop communication channels, build connections with individuals within these fields, and exert influence over these fields. The governor's cultural and social capital are contextual aspects that play a role in this process. There are also intervening elements that are outside the governor's control, such as the public's perception of the government, the governor's legal standing and authority, the competence of the interior minister, and the province's degree of development.The study's findings provide a model for the transition process that can be used to support new governors in their transition to the governorate. The model emphasizes the importance of discovering institutional fields, developing communication channels, building connections with individuals within these fields, and exerting influence over these fields. The findings highlight the importance of contextual aspects and intervening elements that are outside the governor's control. The study's results may be useful in enhancing the performance of governors during their transition process and improving the governance of provinces in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The conflict over the duality of individual originality or community originality has a long history in sociological literature. The acceptance of each of the two sides of this duality plays a decisive role in the quality of the next theorizations about the laws governing the society and the stages of its formation.  Considering the mainly philosophical background of this issue, the need to address this issue from the perspective of Islamic attitude and especially transcendental wisdom, as the most complete Islamic philosophical system, becomes clear. In the meantime, Allameh Tabatabaei by proposing the principle of employment, Professor Motahari by proposing the physical creation and spiritual survival of society and Professor Parsania by presenting an innovative argument about the existence of society have expanded the horizon of transcendental wisdom from purely philosophical issues to sociological issues. However, firstly, there are problems in these views and secondly, there is some kind of inconsistency between these views in the initial opinion. In this article, first, answers are provided to the problems raised in these views, and then an attempt is made to sum up all three views by expanding the implications of transcendental wisdom in the recognition of society. Then, the development of the implications of transcendental wisdom is dealt with for further analysis of the society and some of its implications are presented in this regard, which include: Explaining the essential movement of society, a new division of different types of societies, proving the real existence of all types of society and the true unity between all societies while distinguishing them. In addition, in this article, according to each section, comparative, argumentative and implication research methods have been used.

The purpose of the current research is to identify the challenges of realizing transparency in the Islamic Council. In terms of direction, this study is placed in the category of applied research and in terms of its nature is an exploratory research. Also, according to the type of data, it is considered qualitative. The statistical population of this research is made up of all scientific experts in the field of public policy (including all faculty members of universities and research institutes of the country with expertise related to decision-making and public policy) and executive experts (including all current and past representatives, and researchers focusing on the Islamic Council). The data collection tool included a semi-structured interview, desk research and a literature review. Using the theoretical sampling method, 18 interviews were conducted with scientific and executive experts in the field of public policy. Theme analysis and MAXQDA10 software were used for data analysis. Finally, using the theme analysis method, a multi-level diagram of the relationship between the exploratory themes of the research was extracted. It included: (the challenges of realizing transparency) with 211 basic themes, 10 organizing themes and 3 overarching themes (systemic, behavioral and environmental challenges).

Although family organizations are usually on the sidelines of management research, they play a significant role in local and international economies. Therefore, in the last few decades, studies have focused on the differences between these organizations and conventional ones. One of these areas of attention is researching survival and organizational changes in these organizations. Due to their dual identity (family on the one hand and business on the other), family organizations face different change issues and have distinct characteristics that can prevent or promote changes.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

Previous research has addressed many issues and research questions about the different aspects of experiencing organizational change in family organizations. Specifically, the main research topics include the person-centered behaviors of the founders (such as their leadership style and entrepreneurial behaviors) alongside the specific features of these organizations (such as cultural differences). Another main focus of the literature has been explaining the distinct nature of family organizations, resulting in a middle-range theory about the dualistic nature of their identity, namely, the socioemotional wealth theory. Socioemotional wealth refers to financial aspects of the firm that meet the family's affective needs, such as identity, the ability to exercise family influence, and the perpetuation of the family dynasty. However, what is lacking in the literature is a more comprehensive look at how family organizations experience organizational changes. To answer this question, secondary data analysis, i.e., how previous studies have conceptualized organizational changes and its promoting and preventing factors in family organizations, would be a suitable path.

The current study tried to answer the research question by systematically reviewing the literature from 2000 to 2020. Unlike traditional narrative review, systematic review is repeatable and transparent. It provides a structured and documented approach to the literature selection and review process to reduce review bias. We followed the procedures and recommendations of some authoritative articles to conduct this review. Accordingly, the first step was determining clear and specific questions at the beginning of the study: “What approaches and theories are used in the conceptualization of change in family organizations?” and “What are the factors that promote or prevent change in family organizations?” The next step was doing an initial search and identifying related articles in 5 online databases (Google Scholar, Sage Publications, Science Direct, Taylor & Francis, and Wiley). We used two categories of keywords and logical operators (AND, OR) to perform the search. The search was conducted in September 2020 and only among sources published in English between 2000 and 2020. For the selection of articles, we set some inclusion and exclusion criteria, such as “the study should be empirical and being published in a peer-reviewed journal,” which were applied through software-aided control, referring to related sites, and reviewing the abstracts of the articles. By the end, 81 final articles were selected for this review. To extract data, we created an Excel file with columns related to the general characteristics of the articles and our research questions. During a back-and-forth process between the researchers, we negotiated and finally agreed upon the extracted information. Since the data and methods of the reviewed articles were heterogeneous, we combined the findings in this study qualitatively. To do so, the final articles were entered into ATLAS.ti (version 8) software for content analyzing and coding and their information was combined into three main themes: the approach or theory used for conceptualizing the change and its promoting and preventing factors.

This study was to summarize the findings of past studies and provide a more general picture of change and transformation in family organizations. Specifically, this research aimed to answer two main questions: “What approaches and theories are used in the conceptualization of change in family organizations?” and “What are the factors promoting and preventing change in family organizations?” Regarding the first question, the finding of this study is that change in family organizations is mainly conceptualized around five main perspectives: succession, entrepreneurship, sustainable business development, socio-emotional wealth, and organizational culture. As for the second question, reviewing articles shows that factors preventing and promoting change in family organizations are not far from these topics. For example, one factor that drives change in family organizations is the existence of an entrepreneurial culture and the existence of an entrepreneurial leader and founder. Also, the existence of a suitable substitute and non-family expert staff are factors that lead to change. This means that change in family organizations mainly happens either through an internal factor (i.e., entrepreneurial culture) or an external factor (i.e., the presence of non-family experts). These two observations show two main strategies to facilitate change in family organizations that can be used by managers or change consultants. The same pattern is observed among preventing factors. The existence of non-professional managers, traditional attitudes towards organization management, and nepotism have been among the preventing factors. This means that if the organizational culture of a family organization is institutionalized in the form of anti-change norms such as nepotism or authoritarian leadership, it would be one of the biggest obstacles to change. In such a case, managers or change consultants can facilitate changes in these organizations by making cultural interventions such as organizational confrontation meetings.

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

By categorizing and combining theories/approaches to the conceptualization of change and its preventing and promoting factors in family organizations, this study paves the way for developing a change management model in family organizations. For this purpose, this study has categorized all the obtained preventing and promoting factors into five capabilities: adaptability, human capital, generational transition, manager/s, and change management. This means that those factors that help to create these five capabilities are the promoting factors, and those that weaken these capabilities are the factors that prevent change in these organizations. Based on this classification, future studies can conduct research on how to measure and mature these capabilities in family organizations and provide a model for promoting and successfully managing changes in family organizations.

The dynamic process of governance, management and carrying out the public affairs of the society requires the provision of expenditures that are referred to as "public expenditures" of the country, because these expenditures can be considered as facilitators for the realization of the purposes specified in the country's constitution. Undoubtedly, every country resorts to various theories to determine the form and content of these expenses. In the existing literature of public expenditures, there are four main theories that governments use to manage their public expenditures: macroeconomic performance theory, public economic theory, general theory of political systems, and budget goals theory. These four theories claim that the decisions of governments and governments regarding public expenditures are made according to economic considerations, economic relations between the government and citizens, the influences and concerns of political actors, and the goals included in the country's annual budget document. However, in Iran, other theories can have an impact on the justification and allocation of government expenditures, because the the government is Islamic. The purpose of this article is to reflect on these theories and suggest strategies to reduce the costs of state management.

Open policy making represents an innovative and modern approach for governments to create and deliver policies that are effectively aligned with the rapid changes and evolving demands of a fast-paced, digital world. This approach is emerging as a vital and progressive methodology in the field of government administration, particularly in the era of information technology and global connectivity. The anticipated outcomes of adopting open policy making are manifold. They include achieving more optimal policy adoption through collaborative efforts, garnering robust stakeholder support for the implementation of desired policies, enhancing access to critical data for both elites and the general public, significantly increasing public participation in the policy-making process, and substantially boosting public trust in governing institutions, such as the Shura Council. Within this framework, the current research is specifically focused on developing a comprehensive open policy framework tailored for the Parliament of Iran, aiming to modernize and improve its policy-making processes

This research is grounded in the interpretative paradigm of the philosophical foundations of research and is applied in nature. It utilizes a mixed-methods approach for data collection. The target population encompasses all scientific experts in public policy (including faculty members of universities and research institutions with expertise in decision-making and public policy) and executive experts (including current and former members of the Parliament). Data collection tools included semi-structured interviews, library research, and literature review for the qualitative part, and questionnaires for the quantitative part. Using snowball sampling, 22 exploratory and in-depth interviews were conducted with scientific and executive public policy experts. In the quantitative phase, 44 individuals were selected through stratified probability sampling. Grounded theory and Maxqda10 software were used for data analysis in the qualitative part, while the structural equation modeling approach was applied in the quantitative part.

Data analysis identified the general dimensions and preconditions of the open policy model, along with the components and elements constituting its main dimensions, including understanding the problem, developing solutions, compiling, and evaluating. Quantitative findings demonstrate the positive and significant effect of transparency, a key dimension of open policy, on problem understanding, solution development, formulation, and evaluation. Similarly, public participation significantly impacts problem understanding, solution development, formulation, and evaluation. The results also highlight the direct and meaningful impact of cooperation, another general dimension of open policy, on these aspects. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that understanding the problem positively and significantly affects solution development, which in turn influences formulation and evaluation.

Given the fundamental principles of transparency, participation, and cooperation, the implementation of the open policy model is essential and highly beneficial for strengthening the overall performance of the Parliament. By embracing this model, the Parliament can significantly enhance its efficiency and effectiveness in fulfilling its legal roles, while also fostering a more inclusive and collaborative approach in its governance. This adoption not only aids in decision-making processes but also ensures greater accountability and public engagement.

The philosophy and mission of government is to deal with the risks facing the society. The main tools for doing such a special task are public policies, but these policies face a variety of inherent and environmental risks in achieving their goals. While the inherent risks are rooted in the wrong understanding of the problem, policy formulation and design, selection of alternatives, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of policy performance, environmental risks refer to the risks faced by public policies during implementation. Since public policy analysis is considered to be the center of gravity of public policies, one of the main concerns of analysts in this field is to understand, diagnose, measure and manage the risk of such policies. Few studies have dealt with risk research in the field of policy analysis. The ultimate goal of this article is to draw the attention of the scientific community and agents of the country to “risk research” in national policy studies in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, while analyzing the concept and strategies of coping with risk, a framework for recognizing and managing “public policy risks” is provided. At the end, a guideline for future research in this important field will be suggested.

The high rate of environmental changes creates more difficult conditions for organizations and disrupts their performance. Therefore, the ability of organizations to maintain proper performance despite the crises has become important. One of the important issues in this regard is how to improve the reliability of organizations or the ability to maintain proper performance in crisis conditions. Organizational reliability has two hard and soft areas, the dimensions of which have been the focus of researchers for several decades, but less attention has been paid to the dimensions of the soft area. Hence, despite the wide scope of application and recent theoretical attention focused on the dimensions of the soft domain of organizational reliability, the dimensions and components of this type of reliability have not been identified in a way that can help its implementation in organizations. The current research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the soft dimensions of organizational reliability in public organizations. This research was done with a qualitative approach. The participants were managers and experts of six public organizations who had experience in crisis management and safety. The statistical population was sixteen and the sampling method was purposeful. Data collection tools were semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data. The findings show that the model of soft dimensions of organizational reliability includes human resources, organizational, knowledge, and human resource management capabilities. Moreover, the improvement in these capabilities helps the continuity of organizations' services in critical situations.

Metaphorization is one of the common strategies in understanding and theorizing phenomena, and despite the widespread use of this method, little research has been done on its methodology. This issue, along with the creative and complex nature of metaphor, has led some to believe that it is not possible to provide a methodical framework for Metaphorization. By analyzing the research done in the field of metaphor and metaphor research, this article tries to provide a methodical and step-by-step framework for conducting metaphor research in the field of organization and management. Based on this, in this article, first by reviewing metaphorical researches, the depth, scope and types of metaphorical research methods are explained, and then, while analyzing the place of metaphoricalization in the process of scientific theorizing, the methodology of metaphoricalization in the field of organization and management in the form of the conventional process of stating the problem and the rationale of the research , the method of setting the research question or questions, data collection, the method of data interpretation and the conclusion will be presented.

In recent times, owing to the rapid growth of technologies and their significant impacts on economic, political and social spheres as well as the changing expectations of citizens, digital transformation in the public sector has become an imperative need. Governments act as the guardians of the society in harnessing and benefiting from digital transformation. However, despite this, there are challenges confronting the government that hinder it from playing such a role. According to the literature review and the lack of a comprehensive framework of the challenges of digital transformation in Iran's public sector, this study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the challenges facing Iran's public sector in establishing digital transformation. In this study, the qualitative content analysis method was employed to collect data and extract expert opinions from semi-structured interviews with 40 information technology specialists. Based on the findings, the challenges of digital transformation in Iran's government organizations can be categorized into four types: hardware challenges (information technology infrastructure and financial infrastructure), software challenges (digital governance and the culture of digital transformation), human challenges (competencies of digital transformation custodians and digital citizenship competencies) and ecosystem challenges (ecosystem interactions and ecosystem capacity). This framework can be utilized by theorists and researchers as a guide for future studies on digital transformation in the public sector and provide useful guidelines for policymakers and government managers.

Artificial intelligence and technologies based on it can affect all areas of human life. Undoubtedly, the process of governance, management, and current operations, which is called statesmanship, will also be affected by this huge progress of this century. The great achievements of this technology have been studied by many scientists around the world. Any technological phenomenon, including artificial intelligence, can also have dark areas. In this article, some of the challenges caused by the emergence of artificial intelligence in the process of governance will be explored.

Novel technologies and social changes have transformed the media and their influences on different aspects of society. Although the role and effect of the media on public policies have been focused on by previous researchers, few studies have identified this role in relation to other policy actors and the role of emerging and technological trends. The public policy arena, as one of these societal aspects, has been revolutionized by novel media changes, so the interaction between public policy actors in the new circumstances should be scrutinized. The present paper deals with the issue of media's function regarding the relations among the public, policy-makers, and politicians. Extracting the required from the interviews, the research has applied the grounded theory method to deliberate the issue. The paper concludes with a theoretical development of its model and presents policy recommendations. The contribution of this research is to provide a theory respecting the actor’s relations and consider new technological changes in media

The rapid development of intelligence technologies has expanded the technological capabilities of the government, but the application of these technologies in various fields of special government functions has accelerated tremendously. Undoubtedly, the process of statesmanship (governance, management, and operations) based on artificial intelligence technologies is the inevitable necessity of the current era and will be the most important mechanism for the leading and administration of the country and society in the not-so-distant future. Artificial intelligence and related technologies can greatly affect the quality, speed and timeliness of governance, management, and executive operations and bring huge outcomes to the country. In this article, I want to review some of these outcomes.

Deciding on the implementation of the organization's well-being strategies and programs is one of the main concerns of human resource managers to improve the health and well-being of employees. Because identifying the desired programs from the employees' perception, along with measuring the level of their implementation, not only creates more satisfaction and happiness in the employees but also enables the organization's executive ability to spend the budget with the least waste of resources. What should be done to decide on the direction of various programs in the organization? After analyzing 6 strategies, 13 programs, and 60 actions to promote employees’ well-being in the qualitative stage, the present mixed study shows how to prioritize each action of the employee well-being programs in the workplace by applying the importance-performance analysis technique in the quantitative stage. The statistical population of this research was all 320 employees of the administrative and recruitment organization, of which 200 were selected as a sample. The research results show that managers can focus more on some of the 60 actions, discard or continue some of them, and finally give less priority to some of these actions to decide about employee well-being programs at work.

In Iran, a number of studies have been conducted on population policies in recent years. By examining these studies, it is evident that no review study has examined these studies and provided a clearer picture of the state of population policy studies. Most of the articles were written in documentary and descriptive form and in some periods (2010 and 2015) were more published, which can be caused by the persuasion of researchers through some factors such as the desire of politicians to change the population policy and also communicating the general policies of the population. The conflict of opinions in population policy approaches in Iran is evident, most of the studies have agreed to increase the population policy in the target period. Analyzing the reason for this difference of opinion, the discourse of each of these approaches, and conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses about population policies as well as designing the optimal model of population policy-making in can be suggested

One of the challenges facing Iran's public administration is to strengthen the resilience of employees in the face of the country's crises, because government organizations can effectively lead and manage crises with their human resources. Several researches have been conducted on the strategies of the administrative system to promote the resilience of public sector employees; But these strategies have been established based on the view of managers and rulers of organizations. An important knowledge gap in this field is the lack of employees' own views on ways to strengthen their resilience. The ultimate goal of this research is to conceptualize the concourses of the employees regarding the strategies to increase the resilience of the employees in the crisis situation (here corona) using Q methodology. In response to the research questions, six factor (Resilience in terms of creating a sense importance in the organization, resilience in terms of enriching the work environment in the organization, resilience in terms of crisis-oriented planning, resilience in terms of process transformation, resilience in terms of constructive interactions in the organization and resilience In terms of the evolution of organizational democracy)emerged in the light of factor analysis, and at the end, the implications of these mental models for the theory and practice of employee resilience were discussed for researchers and policy makers.

Policy makers’ mental models provide a sound basis for Public policies’ forms and contents in every state. Interaction and discourse of the models (dynamics of models) can improve the context quality for policies’ formation. In process of public policy analysis, having an explanation for assumptions, values and mental models of policy makers is the most important function of policy analysts. One of the most common methods in this area is drawing of public policy makers’ cognitive maps. In this article, the method is explored and analyzed in terms of entity, historical evolution, a way of implementation (data elicitation, coding rules, merging and standardization, intercoder reliability, validity and reliability), an applied case in policy making field (presenting and interpreting Excerpt from a pre-crisis cognitive map of former German Chancellor Angela Merkel)  as well as criticism of it. Finally, Implications of the method for policy researchers are presented. This method elicits underlying values and assumptions easier, and less costly than many other eliciting methods.

According to the new theory of metaphor, metaphors contribute a crucial role in understanding phenomena by structuring and classifying concepts and the semantic system of the human mind. Based on this, by diagnosing the metaphors governing people’s minds, it is possible to understand their way of looking at the world to some extent and predict their actions towards their surrounding environment. On the other hand, the purpose of social sciences, including management, is to understand, predict and control human actions. A simple comparison between the stated function of identifying people’s mind metaphors and the purpose of social sciences can well explain the status of metaphor research (with the aim of describing people’s mind metaphors) in social sciences. However, despite the stated importance, no coherent and systematic method for metaphor research has been presented so far, and often the results of these researches, i.e., metaphors, have been given attention. The authors intend to present a revised method for metaphor research in organization and management studies in the form of five main steps: statement of the problem and research rationale, research question, data collection method, data interpretation method, and how to write the conclusion in metaphorical research.

The purpose of this study is to design and implement an effective performance management system in a public financial Fund using the Socratic method and dialogues. The first stage of the study seeks to intervene using this method while identify performance criteria and indicators and in the second stage, based on the findings of the previous stage, the purpose is to investigate the impact of interventions on staff performance, employees' perception of supervisor’s behaviors in the performance management process, and PM-related behavioral and attitudinal consequences. As an explorative mixed method, this study has used the method of dialogue and questioning approach as an intervention technique to extract the key criteria and performance indicators. In the second stage, in order to investigate the effect of the interventions, a quasi-experimental design with unequl groups consisting of three experimental groups, control 1 and control 2 was used. A sample of 166 people was selected from the three groups so that 53 people were selected for the intervention group, 68 people for the control group 1, and 45 people for the control group 2. In the qualitative stage, performance criteria were identified, reviewed, and modified. In the quasi-experimental study section, post-test results showed that employees who effectively participated in the process of designing and implementing the performance management system performed better than the control groups.

The Administrative and Recruitment Affairs Organization of Iran is responsible for reforms governance in various dimensions of the public sector, including structural, process, human resources, cultural, technological, and managerial aspects, as well as the optimal level of political presence in administration and local government. Therefore, according to these reform axes, it has designed vice-chairs in its structure. The Administrative and Employment Affrias Organization has an irreplaceable role in the transformation of the country (governance, administration, and running operations). Although these reform transformations in the structure of the public sector have been considered in different governments, it seems that several reform axes have been seriously considered by this organization, which, if realized, can lead to a huge change in the “thought, dialogue, and administrative behavior” of the Iranian public sector, which I will talk about in this article.

Policy capacity refers to the ability to develop “policy options” to achieve public goals. The policy has a close interaction with the legislation. On one hand, policies are converted to the law in bills and plans format, and on the other, some laws have policy aspects themselves. Therefore, if the capacity of policymaking is strengthened in parliament, then the legislation will be strengthened. There are evidence and issues such as hyperlexis, a long line of bills and plans in committees, and the required research policy to create dynamic and constitutional rules and laws, increasing the requirement to study policymaking capacity promoting in Parliament. The aim of this research is to develop a model through the identification of constituent elements of policymaking capacity and their relationships. This study was conducted utilizing a qualitative approach and case study strategy in which Parliament, as a case study, is explored deeply and qualitatively. Statements of the Supreme Leader, interviews with members of Parliament, the legislative and policy experts, expert reports, and plans and bills were used as data collection tools because the study is based on multi-method or pluralism. The data analysis method was based on thematic analysis and eventually, the final model was developed with the CIPP, context, input, process, and product, and framework. Capacity-building infrastructures, policy capacity enrichment, and improved policy capacity, in addition to the environment governing the policy capacity, are among the model elements, whose attention and operationalizing lead to the issue of constitutional laws and the strengthening of the special functions of the Islamic Consultative Assembly.

The high rate of extensive changes in the contemporary environment creates more difficult conditions for organizations and disrupts their performance. Therefore, the ability of organizations to maintain proper performance has become important in recent years despite the crises that have occurred. One of the important issues in this situation is how can improve the reliability of organizations or the ability to maintain their proper performance in crisis conditions. Organizational reliability has two hard and soft areas that the dimensions of its hard area have attracted the attention of researchers for several decades but the dimensions of its soft area have been less addressed. In this way, despite the scope of wide application and the recent theoretical attention focused on the dimensions of the soft area of organizational reliability, still the dimensions and components of this type of reliability have not been identified and formulated in a way that can help its implementation in organizations. Therefore, this research has tried to extract main and sub-themes and codes which were renamed the soft dimensions, components and indicators of organizational reliability by using the sequential exploratory mixed research design based on semi-structured interviews and review of published articles and using thematic analysis method (qualitative research) and in the second step, use confirmatory factor analysis to determine construct validity. The obtained result is a valid measure for measuring reliability in organizations.