حسن سلیمانی

Emo-sensory capital, of that individuals utilize to engage with their environment. Therefore, tThe present study attached a prime significance to language teachers’ emo-sensory capital that may facilitate the “sense-induced emotions” puts emphasis onlanguage learnerslearners receive’ “sense-induced emotions” while confronting with their linguistic communitydifferent language items. This study made an attempt to illuminate this neglected area of research through the lens of sub-components of complexity theory. For this purpose, a mixed-methods study was carried out in which 283 Iranian EFL teachers responded to a newly-developed questionnaire designed by the researchers. In order to analyze the study data, confirmatory factor analysis was performed via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) procedures utilizing EQS software. The study findings confirmedrevealed this instrument as a valid and reliable measure ement of Iranian EFL teachers’ emo-sensory capital. Moreover, the results indicated that the majority of the EFL teachers demonstrated a moderate level of their emo-sensory capital conformity to complex theory sub-components. Our qualitative findings also revealed that Iranian EFL teachers hadve developed their emo-sensory capital in moderate conformity to complex theory sub-components.

Professional ethics is considered one of the most important characteristics of teachers and student teachers, and examining the factors influencing it is essential. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the development of professional ethics among English language teaching students.

The method was qualitative, and since the goal was to investigate the student teachers' perception of factors affecting professional ethics, the phenomenology method was used. The participants of this research were 18 people (10 girls and 8 boys) of these student teachers in the academic year 2018-2019, who were selected by the purposeful sampling method of the standard type (getting a high grade in the course of professional ethics) and this sampling continued until the theoretical saturation of the data was reached. The research tool was a semi-structured interview, which was done through prior appointment. The obtained data were analyzed by the Colaizzi method, and the results were evaluated using Guba and Lincoln's four criteria.

Ethical Considerations:

 In conducting the research, the principles of ethics in research such as trustworthiness and accurate reporting of data were observed. The present study was extracted from the doctoral thesis of the first author with code 15932/32/D.

The findings obtained from a semi-structured interview with student teachers of English, in the form of five themes: "continuous education and self-awareness", "commitment to learning and teaching", "ethics and professional behavior", "responsibility and accountability" and "culture building and social values" were categorized.

Based on the findings, in addition to the internship courses for English language student teachers, it is essential to focus on their continuous education and self-awareness through training workshops, holding professional commitment and ethics courses conducted by experienced language teachers, and organizing in-service training programs for students aimed at enhancing responsibility and fostering a culture of professional ethics.

Success or failure in education is one of the most important concerns of any educational system. The educational system can be considered effective and successful when the educational progress and efficiency of its students are the highest and highest in different academic periods. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of web-based behavior engineering training on self-regulation learning strategies, stress management and academic performance of students on the eve of the national entrance exam.

The research method used in this research is the control group method with pre-test - post-test, which is part of the semi-experimental methods. The statistical population is all 12th grade students of the 1st education and training district of Sari city, who were selected by simple random sampling, 70 people and randomly assigned to experimental (35 people) and control (35 people) groups. The measurement tools were the self-regulated learning questionnaires of Bouffard et al., the stress management strategies of Cobin et al., and Pham and Taylor's academic performance, the reliability of which was 0.88, 0.90, and 0.89, respectively, using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Calculated.

The findings showed that there are average scores of self-regulation learning strategies, stress management and academic performance of students in the stages before (pre-test) and after (post-test). Because, the value obtained for the significance level (Sig.) is smaller than the value of α = 0.05. In other words, the students who were in the experimental group under behavioral engineering training compared to the control group who were under training did not have an appointment; they had an increase in the amount of self-regulation learning strategies, stress management and academic performance.

the use of web-based behavior engineering training has an effect on improving self-regulation learning strategies, stress management and academic performance of students on the eve of the national entrance exam and increases its value.

The examination of the literature reveals that scant attention has been paid to L2 graduate students’ engagement with feedback on their academic texts. To fill this gap in the literature, the current study investigated the engagement of 53 TEFL master’s degree students with peer comments using a host of data collection and analysis tools, including eye-tracking, stimulated recall interviews, and content analysis. The participants exchanged computer-mediated comments on an academic writing task (i.e., thesis proposal) and were asked to revise their texts based on these comments while their eye movements were being captured using an eye-tracking application. Then, the eye-tracking videos were employed as stimuli to extract the participants’ reasons for not applying the comments. In addition, the participants’ first and revised texts underwent content analysis, and their feedback incorporation strategies were identified. The findings of this study indicated that the participants applied more than two-thirds of the comments; however, justified elaborated feedback was adopted more than elaborated and concise general feedback. The participants also applied justified elaborated feedback more accurately than the other feedback types. Finally, the results showed that four main feedback qualities (being too general, incomprehensible, inapplicable, and faulty) adversely affected L2 MA students’ feedback incorporation.

The study has investigated the perception of Iranian EFL teachers and policymakers towards the phenomenon of linguistic imperialism and globalization in the English language teaching curriculum and the relationship between contextual factors and the attitude toward linguistic imperialism. To conduct this research, 674 Iranian EFL teachers and eight high-ranking officials of Iran who are responsible for designing and compiling national documents in the Expediency Recognition Council, the Cultural Revolution Council, and the Ministry of Science, Research, and Information Technology were invited to participate in the research. Using structural equation modeling, the collected quantitative data was analyzed and the content analysis method was used for qualitative data. The findings showed the significant influence of cultural and contextual factors in shaping the attitude of educators and policymakers toward linguistic imperialism. To preserve the cultural and linguistic identity of students along with learning English as a global language, this approach can help students to increase their language skills and at the same time facilitate international communication. Therefore, the members of society specifically the planners, teachers, language learners, and parents should pay attention to the nature and cultural, social, and political consequences of this language and not consider it as a neutral communication tool.

Along the roaring waves of the development of contemporary modern technology, we witness the emergence of weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear weapons, biological weapons, etc., with a special index of destructive power and inseparability in the targets. And, among the secondary headings that will change the verdict is the rule of necessity, the prohibition of prohibitions, with its occurrence, the obligation is removed from the duty of the obligee, and the result of that is the permission to commit a forbidden act. Among other secondary headings is the rule of countering with like in legitimate defense. According to the results of the research, the use of weapons of mass destruction under secondary headings is also not allowed. However, in the sources of international law, such as the NPT, the United Nations Charter, and the consultation of the International Court of Justice in 1996, there was no clear reason to prohibit the use of weapons of mass destruction, and the use of this type of weapon for the legitimate defense of the country was allowed. Therefore, based on the arguments of Arbaah and the general provisions of international law treaties and for the purpose of legitimate defense and neutralization of modern weapons of war, with research and development and the acquisition of modern technology in order to create a suitable platform for the prevention of treatment, preservation and protection from the Islamic government, ensuring national security, human dignity, for example "Wa'adolham Mastatetam Potential" has taken action so that the Islamic homeland is mastered and equipped with modern weapons of war and relevant antidotes in special circumstances, especially in the form of legitimate and obligatory defense. Also, what can be inferred from Islamic ethics is that based on the teachings of Islam, from the Holy Book to the traditions, there are documents in the field of weapons of mass destruction, all of which emphasize the prohibition of the use of weapons of mass destruction and the use of such weapons in any The face is inhuman and immoral.

In response to the burgeoning significance of environmental and sustainability education, the educational landscape is undergoing rapid transformations, presenting new opportunities for foreign language classrooms to assume a distinctive role in exposing learners to the fundamental concepts and principles of environmental literacy. Drawing on a newly constructed Ecolinguistic computer-assisted language learning (CALL) evaluation scale, this study aims to investigate the implementation of this scale and the interplay between language, centering on an Ecolinguistically-based task that illustrates the interaction between and among the affordance of technology, the teacher participant's pedagogical considerations and their goal of encouraging learner agency in nurturing learners' ecological perspectives, content aspects, and competency of environmental knowledge.

A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was adopted to implement a newly constructed Ecolinguistic CALL perspective to promote environmental literacy among foreign language learners. Two intact classes, including 30 English foreign language learners, were randomly assigned to investigate the implementation of the subscales. A paired-sample t-test was applied to analyze the quantitative data. As part of implementing the Ecolinguistic scale and qualitative data analysis, the participants were assigned an Ecolinguistically technology-based task and were informed about the fundamental concepts of the subscale domains of environmental literacy using a technology-mediated task. Thematic analysis was run to gain a more robust view of the participants' ecological views.

The study findings unveil a notable and affirmative influence on students' ecological perspectives, as evidenced by the rigorous quantitative data analysis and the participants' thematic analysis reflections. The successful implementation of the Ecolinguistic subscales and the Ecolinguistically-based task significantly bolstered learners' ecological perspectives while concurrently enhancing their comprehension of intricate ecological concepts. These outcomes substantiate the proposition that integrating Ecolinguistic dimensions into technology-mediated pedagogies holds promising potential for cultivating environmental literacy among English foreign language learners.

This research highlights the need to reconceptualize environmental challenges and problematizes the traditional positivist framework underlying mainstream linguistic inquiry. It accentuates the significance of thoughtfully integrating appropriate technologies into language learning environments to enrich students' learning experiences and stimulate motivation that aligns with their individual interests. Moreover, the study underscores the importance of employing practical and cost-effective evaluation techniques to assess students' environmental literacy. The findings yielded by this research endeavor will facilitate and advocate for embracing an eco-dimensional strategy that harmonizes numerous concerns about the volatility of the human habitat and the augmentation of the ecosystem's capacities via the integration of technical concepts, methodologies, and linguistic analysis techniques. This approach endows us with universally applicable to implementing humanitarian endeavors through CALL. It furnishes invaluable perspectives that enrich our comprehension of environmental literacy, thereby bolstering the efficacy of decision-making processes in enhancing our grasp of transformative endeavors within the realms of curriculum design and policy. Several noteworthy limitations warrant consideration. Primarily, the investigation failed to acknowledge the potential ramifications of additional constructs on the subscales of the Ecolinguistic scale. Secondly, the inquiry into the environmental literacy of the participants surpassed the confines of the study's purview. Notwithstanding these limitations, the study's findings and methodologies have propelled our comprehension of environmental literacy to new heights. Nonetheless, further measures are imperative to bolster curriculum design and policy formulation decision-making processes. The study carries substantial implications for pedagogy and academia, encompassing the enhancement of environmental literacy among English as a Foreign Language learners and the cultivation of a comprehensive approach to language acquisition. Additional research is indispensable to delve into the pedagogical preferences of educators, regulate variables, and encompass a more expansive sample size. Educators are strongly encouraged to adopt student-centered, transformative pedagogies while simultaneously ensuring equitable access to technology-driven resources. A thorough understanding of sociolinguistics and a thoughtful consideration of technological affordances also assume pivotal roles in this endeavor.

This article intends to study the historical mosques of Dezful in order to recognize the design of the mosque based on traditional and historical patterns in the design of contemporary mosques. The research questions are: What are the traditional and historical patterns in the mosques Dezful What is the formal and spatial structure of mosques in Dezful in different periods How can a model for contemporary mosques be proposed based on the architecture of Dezful mosquesThe inference process consists of three stages: review of mosques in Dezful and classification and selection of mosques in terms of history, structure and form; Classification of quantitative data and their analysis; Is the conclusion. Based on the research principles, the method used to conduct the research is a combination of solutions. The data collection method is a combination of library studies and field reference. To reach the research questions using a quantitative and qualitative method in comparison between the historical mosques of Dezful in terms of structure and form has been used. Then, according to the results, their design pattern is identified and explained. Based on the studies conducted for the model of contemporary mosques, based on the study and recognition of the architecture of historical mosques in Dezful, mosques can be adapted to the climate of Dezful city using traditional architectural patterns. The historical period has its own characteristics. Finally, using the lessons learned from these historical monuments, a model has been proposed to be used in the design of the mosque

international non-governmental organizations are among the active actors in various fields of international law in all world scenes, which have played useful and effective roles so far. During the outbreak of Covid-19, these organizations, relying on the international principle of cooperation among the members of the world community, despite having a guarantee of implementation and a binding institution, have important effects and many functions in the social, cultural, health, economic and even political fields. They have faced this epidemic and in convergence with other international actors. Examining the dimensions, functioning and influence of these international activists is a subject that has been analyzed in this research and is one of the goals of this research.

The present research was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method.

Despite the lack of recognition and valuing of the role of international non-governmental organizations, these limited activists of the international arena have done unlimited activities to help solve global problems, including this epidemic, and it will not be exaggerated. If we consider its results to be praiseworthy. By entering the health, cultural, social and economic fields and influencing the procedures of governments and international organizations and reforming them in different ways, in the fields of preventing and controlling the epidemic of Covid-19 and reducing its harmful effects even in the post-corona period From identifying problems to consensus and exchanging opinions and implementing agreed plans, they are trying to save the world from this devastating disaster and somehow prove the benefits of their existence and presence and show off their abilities to the world community.

Today, with the increasing development of technology, we are witnessing the expansion of a category called virtual education or e-learning and the production of electronic content. Virtual education, which is a wide range of applications and educational methods, including computer-based education, virtual classrooms, web-based education, etc., is known as the turning point of the convergence of education and the Internet. Issues such as the cost of face-to-face classes, travel costs, traffic and pollution, and many common problems have increased the popularity of e-learning and the expansion of this type of training. However, this category can also create problems for the student-teacher confrontation. In this research, it has been tried to examine the advantages and disadvantages of virtual education; In this regard, the study population was the students of the Persian Gulf University. During a field study, students were asked to prepare a questionnaire with 40 questions (20 questions related to the advantages and 20 questions related to the disadvantages) of virtual education. The advantages of Baroush Savara training classes have been obtained and its 3 important indicators are: the indicators of reducing the need for school uniforms, solving the problem of dormitory and reducing transportation costs are considered as the most important advantages and also the disadvantages of virtual education. Rated from 1 to 3 by the Savara method, we can mention the lack of physical activity and long staring at the computer, changes in students' lifestyles, as well as the lack of fit between the test questions and the answer time.

Listening skill is one of the basic skills in teaching Persian language as a second language. Listening skill is a basic skill and plays a fundamental role in learning Persian language and communication ability of language learners. It is considered that if the learner has sufficient mastery of this skill, s/he can use his/her spoken language well and express his/her intended purpose in a good way and be successful in communicating. It also seems that by strengthening listening skills, other skills are also affected. By strengthening listening skills, other skills are also affected. Therefore, it is important to learn the strategies of listening skills through simple techniques. The purpose of this article is to review the relevant literature and extract the concepts and theories in this field, and to express practical strategies for the improvement of this skill and finally to provide suggestions to improve the listening skills of Persian learners. For this purpose, using the descriptive method, the desired variables were examined and analyzed. The materials and data included authentic books and numerous articles published in authentic magazines in the field of Persian language teaching to non-Persian speakers. In particular, the categories presented by Oxford, Rubin, O’Malley and Chamot were used in the data and materials reviewed in this article. In addition, by citing examples, we examined the most important learning strategies (cognitive, meta-cognitive and emotional-social ones) that the use of these strategies has a significant effect on learning a second language and facilitates the learning process in listening skills. By using the document analysis method, the results of the study showed that the use of learning strategies as a set of operations that the language learner uses to learn the language makes the learning process easy, fast and enjoyable. Knowledge of these strategies and practice to use them increases the ability and expands the learning capacity of the language learner. Learning strategies means a set of operations that a language learner uses to learn a language and the learning process becomes easier, faster and more enjoyable. Knowledge of these strategies and practice to use them increases the ability and expands the learning capacity of the language learner. This article aims to provide a strategic model of listening skills in teaching Farsi to non-Persian speakers using a descriptive method, and after stating the importance of Farsi language education, we review the categories suggested by Oxford, Robin, O’Malley, and Chamot. Also, by citing examples, we examined the most important learning strategies (cognitive, metacognitive and emotional-social) the use of which has a significant effect on learning a second language and facilitates the learning process in listening skills.

The empirically-validated link between teachers’ professional role identity and explicit manifestations of teacher efficacy has resulted in a burgeoning literature on educational programs/settings influential in teacher identity formation. In an attempt to expand on this strand of research, the present study explored how taking part in an academic multi-faceted teaching practicum may contribute to professional role identity construction/reconstruction among Iranian EFL student teachers. To this end, 45 third-year undergraduates majoring in teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL) were traced throughout a two-year (four-semester) teaching practicum held by Farhangian University, Iran. Based on a concurrent triangulation mixed methods design, the participants’ identity was gauged at five different time points: At the outset of the practicum and after every practicum semester. The quantitative data were gathered through the repetitive administration of a standard Likert-scale questionnaire developed based on Farrell’s (2011) tripartite model of professional role identity. Coincident with the surveying process, the qualitative data were gathered through a semi-structured interview held at the beginning of the practicum and four integrative reports developed by the participants at the end of every practicum semester. Within-group comparison of the survey data in tandem with content analysis of the qualitative data based on the focus framework revealed that the multi-faceted practicum helped the student teachers strike a balance in their identity as a manager and a professional. Additionally, the results called into question the contribution of the practicum to acculturator identity development. The influential role of a multi-faceted practicum in promoting professional role identity among student teachers calls for an investment of cost and time to exploit the full potential of practicums of the same quality.

The spread of the corona virus in China at the end of 2019 and the beginning of 2020 has once again turned the minds of the world community towards the issue of biological attacks. At the same time, the development of biological weapons has become a challenge for the present age. Accordingly, the question is whether humanitarian law developments cover biological attacks. What are the dimensions of this regarding the spread of the virus

This research was carried out in terms of practical purpose and in terms of gathering information by documentary method and through the study of valid laws and sources, and the obtained information was analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner.

One of the most dangerous non-conventional weapons of mass destruction are biological weapons, based on the 1925 Geneva Protocol and the 1975 Convention on Biological and Toxin Weapons; Their production, acquisition, transfer and storage is prohibited. In spite of the prohibitions stipulated in international humanitarian law, the special characteristics of biological weapons in terms of the impossibility of distinguishing between military and civilians, the difficulty of identifying the type and origin of these weapons have practically created a huge challenge in the way of applying these regulations. These huge changes in biological weapons require bigger changes in international humanitarian law, changes that should be made both in the concepts and examples and in the nature of the said regulations. This important issue undoubtedly requires the participation of all countries and international governmental and non-governmental organizations.

Since the formation of Islam and its spread over a wide geographical area over time, the most important building or monument in any Islamic city was the mosque, it was a symbol of the unity of the Muslim nations. Architects have worked in every Islamic land, implement their most prominent art in Islamic architecture in mosque buildings. The importance of the mosques made it possible for each historical period to have its own style of construction. In modern times, with the emergence of modern and modern styles in the design of buildings has led, despite the mosque's architectural experience in Islam and Iran, there is a significant gap between the ideal mosque - the mosque that desires the end of Islam - and the ideological types and patterns of the mosque have greatly expanded, and from the particular traditions that dominated the construction of mosques, mosques cannot be characterized as having any particular form. This article seeks to explore the historical mosques of Shooshtar in order to recognize the design of the mosque based on traditional and historical patterns in the design of contemporary mosques. Research questions are: How are traditional and historical patterns in mosques in Shushtar city What is the shape and structure of the mosques in Shushtar during different periods How can we suggest a model for contemporary mosques based on the architecture of Shushtar mosquesThe inference process consists of three stages: Survey of mosques in Shushtar city and classify and select mosques historically, structurally and formally; the classification of quantitative data and their analysis are conclusions. Based on the basics of the research, the method used for conducting the research is synthetic approaches. The data collection method is a combination of library studies and field visits. In order to reach the research questions using a qualitative and quantitative method, it has been used structurally and formally in comparison with the historical mosques of Shushtar. Then, according to the results, their design pattern is identified and explained. Based on the research on the pattern of contemporary mosques based on the study and recognition of the architecture of historical mosques in Shushtar, mosques can be adapted to Shushtar using traditional architectural patterns. The historical period has its own characteristics. Finally, using the lessons learned from these monuments, a model for mosque design is proposed.

Research Issue:

 With the victory of the Islamic Revolution and its goal in achieving comprehensive development, nuclear energy became the focus of the men's government. Enmity with the Islamic Revolution and opposition to the West with its development caused Iran's goal of peaceful use of nuclear energy to turn into an international. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the legal consequences of Borjam.

The present study seeks to investigate the legal consequences of JCPOA by descriptive-analytical method, which is used by libraries with the method of deleting files from law book sources as well as the use of Internet resources.

In this study, the historical course of the nuclear negotiations from the 2000s to the Vienna Agreement, the legal opportunities and threats of the UN Security Council, the legal weakness of the UN Security Council were discussed. Some believe that after reaching a nuclear agreement or a UN Security Council, due to the form of the document and citing the intentions of the parties and explicitly the text, only the executive document contains some voluntary actions by both parties and therefore, it can not be A treaty, agreement, treaty or international agreement.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of computer-mediated instruction (CMI) on conversation skills of low-functioning autistic students studying at seventh grade in pre-secondary education in comparison to textbook instruction (TI).

This study was a mixed-method study with a single subject design. The study population was selected from specific schools for autistic students with higher levels of teachability during academic year 1400-1401. Among them, six students were selected through purposive sampling. To select the homogeneous students, the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (2004), Second Edition (KABC-II) was used. These students were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Each student in experimental group distinctly received four sessions of CMI. Students in control group similarly passed through the phases of the study using TI.

Results demonstrated significant increases in the variables: sentence imitation, diagnosis of characters’ roles and diagnosis of setting in experimental in comparison to control group. The follow-up posttest results showed the permanency of this effect. Qualitative analysis of the parents’ responses to interview questions revealed the effectiveness of CMI on increasing motivation in students’ participation in English conversations.

Considering the deficits of autistic students in conversation skills as a social communication and the positive effects of CMI in this study on their English conversation skills and their motivation in engagement in conversations, the implication of the CMI may be recommended for teaching EFL conversation skills to autistic students.

In principle, a sanction in international law means methods in which actions are taken by an injured party or subjects in international law against a government in breach of its obligations until the latter function ceases to continue its violations or adopts a policy that is in line with the policies of the provocative function. The most important type of sanctions in terms of their effectiveness and scope of application in international relations is economic sanctions. Monetary and banking sanctions are also considered part of economic sanctions in international law. But the imposition of sanctions in general and the imposition of monetary and banking sanctions in particular have consequences, including their negative impact on the realization of human rights. The fundamental question, then, is what effect do monetary and banking sanctions have on the enjoyment of the human rights of the citizens of the target country This research has been done by documentary and library study method. The results show that the use of monetary and banking sanctions against some countries for specific purposes, although it can lead to a change in the behavior of some target states, but due to the restrictions imposed on individuals and subjects of that state and The fundamental violation of some human rights has been followed by the negative reaction of governments, governmental and non-governmental institutions and organizations, and of course the general public and free nations of the world, and has reduced the acceptance of these sanctions.

Present study aims to compare the basic vocabularies in the Persian language-teaching book, written by Ahmad Saffar Moghaddam (2008), and the Persian language-teaching book, written by Ahmad Zahraei et al. (2013) with emphasis and comparing with the Basic Vocabularies of Iranian learners’ book by Shahin Nematzadeh et al. (2011). In the present study, the vocabularies in the first, second and third volumes of Persian Language Teaching book by Saffar Moghaddam (2008) and the vocabularies in the first, second and third volumes of Persian Language Teaching book by Ahmad Zahraei et al. (2013) were studied. The research method was descriptive-analytic and for collecting data, the vocabularies of the studied books were extracted and stored in Excel software, then sorted alphabetically. In the next step, repetitive words were removed from all volumes. The study of the words was done in the following way. If the extracted word existed in the basic vocabularies book of Nematzadeh et al., it received code (1), otherwise it received code (0). Then the vocabularies were sorted according to the relevant codes and the number of words in each series of books was counted and adapted to the basic vocabularies. The results of the study showed that the first, second and third volumes of Persian Language Teaching, written by Ahmad Saffar Moghaddam with 237 basic vocabularies, cover only 47.69% of the basic vocabularies of Ne’matzadeh et al. (2011), while the first, second and third volumes of Persian Language Teaching, written by Ahmad Zahraei et al. (2013) with 422 basic vocabularies, cover 84.9% of the basic vocabulary of Ne’matzadeh et al. (2011). It can be concluded that the first, second and third volumes of Persian Language Teaching book Ahmad Zahraei et al. (2013) are more suitable for teaching vocabularies to Persian learners than the first, second and third volumes of Persian Language Teaching book by Saffar Moghaddam (2008).

The present study explored the impact of various techniques of pre-class content delivery in flipped classrooms on Iranian EFL learners’ inferential reading comprehension. In addition, the students’ perceptions toward the flipped learning experience and WhatsApp application as the online platform for the delivery of course contents were rigorously examined. To this end, 72 homogeneous intermediate EFL learners from one language institute in Iran were randomly assigned into four equal groups. The techniques being evaluated in these four flipped classrooms were attending video conferencing meetings, listening to audio podcasts, watching PowerPoint slides, and the combination of all the aforementioned ones, respectively. To elicit the required data, multiple sources of instruments, including Nelson-Denny Reading Test (NDRT), reading comprehension pre-and post-tests and a semi-structured interview were used. The results of descriptive statistics demonstrated that while the participants’ scores of all groups increased in the reading comprehension post-test, blending various techniques of pre-class delivery contributed most in improving the participants’ performance. However, the increase in the final scores of the PowerPoint group was insignificant. The results of one-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated a significant discrepancy among the four groups after the treatment. Post hoc comparisons indicated that the significant difference only occurred between the blended and PowerPoint groups. The results of qualitative data showed that most interviewees favored learning English in a flipped learning environment and they were also satisfied with the quality of pre-class content delivery via WhatsApp. Based on the findings, the study also offers important implications for future research.

Many threats against human societies originate from environmentalissues. Today, the issue of environment has become a global crisisand if there is no scientific and serious solution to solve thisproblem. It will confront humanity with a huge disaster; Therefore,non-governmental environmental organizations are one of thecenters that can direct and guide people's participation inenvironmental protection, by concentrating individual andcollective efforts, they can increase efficiency. Environmental nongovernmental organizations have grown slightly in recent decades;Therefore, the main research question of non-governmentalorganizations is how and can they try to create and support a healthyliving environment The hypothesis of the article is as follows: Nongovernmental organizations can help maintain environmentalsecurity and protect environmental health by creating civil societyand sustainable development. In order to carry out this research, aqualitative library type method has been used. In this way, thenecessary data was first extracted from written and electronicsources and then explained. The findings of this research show thatenvironmental threats have brought great risks and human rightshave been attacked against the natural and human environment.

Following the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1737 in 2007, the European Union imposed sanctions on individuals and entities, including some Iranian banks. Sanctions imposed by the European Union have prompted Iranian banks under sanctions to seek relief from the Court of Justice of the European Union, seeking sanctions relief and compensation, which they have sought in some of the lawsuits until 2015. Some of these cases were successful. In contrast to this practice, after the conclusion of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in 2015, certain applications were dismissed. This article will first briefly outline the legal bases and legal framework for sanctioning Iranian banks by the EU, and after referring to the status of Iranian banks in this regard in the post-JCPOA period, three examples of lawsuits filed by Iranian banks against the EU will be analyzed to answer the essential question of the article on how and why the banks are sanctioned and the Court's approach to the lawsuits.

Situated-learning translation training approach has been proven to be an efficacious translation training approach in cultivating translators' long-life learning, translation competence as well as translator competence. However, previous studies have mainly delved into the effect of simply one single trend of this modern translation training model on student translators' competencies and sub-competencies and have not compared the effects of different situated-learning trends. To fill this gap, this mixed-methods study was set out to explore the comparative effects of cognitive-apprenticeship (CA), simulated project-based (SPB), and integrative (I) training methods on students' legal translation quality (TQ), their critical thinking ability (CTA), as well as employed problem-solving strategies (PSS). To this end, 71 undergraduate translation students were assigned to three experimental groups of CA, SPB, and I. The quantitative phase involved a quasi-experimental, pretest-treatment-posttest design and the qualitative phase was established on the grounded theory method. Data analysis results indicated that CA and I groups outperformed their counterparts in most subscales of TQ and CTA. The results of the thematic analysis of TAP data also showed that the largest variety of linguistic and non-linguistic PSS was respectively used by G3 and G2.

The right to equitable access to health care and, in general, the belief that all human beings enjoy fundamental human rights as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and humanitarian treaties, and the idea of ​​the responsibility to protect human beings. It is undoubtedly a reflection of the highest and deepest human values ​​embodied in the social norms of the last century. The exercise of these right, given the circumstances of governments and the international community, has always faced challenges such as war, natural disasters and incapacitated governments that have jeopardized the just enjoyment of fundamental human rights by human beings. And sometimes made impossible.

This research has been done opinions of jurists.and using descriptive-analytical method.

The international civil society, which is an independent system of governments and international organizations, with the help of its subordinate institutions active in the field of health, including Médecins Sans Frontières, is present in crisis areas and identifies The injuries of the accident enable the deprived, the helpless and the helpless as a result of the mentioned causes and sufferings.

Ethical considerations:

 In the present study, adherence to the scientific method, ethical principles, fiduciary duty and intellectual and intellectual property have been respected.

The international civil society the objective realization of the equal right and equal access of human beings to health and medical services without considering any kind of discriminatory forms.Cite this article as: Zandian A, Soleimanii H, Behniafar HR, Médecins Sans Frontières and the Right to Fair Use of Health and Medical Services: The Pathology of Legal and Ideological Structures. Medical Law Journal  2021; 15(56): e14.