حسن نقی زاده

Pragmatism is one of the major philosophical schools that was formed in the nineteenth century in the light of the ideas of Peirce, William James, and John Dewey, and has continued to exist to this day. Given the cultural interaction between the West and the East, as the influence of pragmatism spread in the West, the effects of this school gradually appeared in the intellectual studies of the East. Among the fields that were not immune to the influence of pragmatism is the field of modern Islamic studies in the contemporary world. In this article, the authors use a descriptive-analytical method to explain the dimensions of the influence of pragmatism on contemporary Islamic studies in the two fields of Islamic mediational sciences and instrumental sciences. The results of this research show that the contemporary Islamic studies, both in the field of mediational sciences (with the centrality of theology) and in the field of instrumental sciences (the science of hadith and interpretation), are seriously influenced by pragmatism, and this designates the necessity of a scholarly and fair encounter with the positive and negative dimensions of this school in Islamic scientific circles.

Although Mahdism (al-mahdawiyya) and the Return (al-rajʿa) are foundational, intertwined doctrines in Imami Shi'i thought, their historical linkage remains a complex subject requiring thorough investigation. Employing conceptual history to analyze hadith, theological, and heresiographical texts from the first to the fifth centuries AH, this study demonstrates that this connection developed through a gradual, three-stage process. The formative stage (1st-2nd c. AH) saw the emergence of a functional link, shaped by persistent leadership crises within early sects like the Kaysaniyya and Waqifiyya. In the expansion stage (late 2nd-early 3rd c. AH), while the identity of the "Qaʾim of the Family of Muhammad" was being defined in Imami discourse, the concept of rajʿa broadened. Promoted by ghulāt (extremist) movements, it came to include the return of believers and disbelievers, shaping the eschatological worldview of the Qaʾim's era. Finally, in the consolidation stage (4th-5th c. AH), theologians of the Baghdad School systematized this doctrine, using rational and transmitted arguments to establish the link between the Qaʾim’s appearance and rajʿa as an essential Imami tenet. By delineating this complete trajectory, this research offers a new understanding of how initial, fluid ideas were transformed into an established theological doctrine.

Isnād reinforcement through alteration, substitution or correction is a well-established method in addressing weak chains of transmission in Hadith literature. A prominent example is the practice of correcting weak chains in al-Mashyakhat al-Tahdhībayn using authentic chains found in al-Fihrist, a method employed by many rijāl scholars to increase the number of reliable isnāds and transmission routes in al-Mashyakha, though there are differences in how this principle is applied and in the process it involves. Most proponents base this approach on Shaykh Ṭūsī’s transfer of certain transmission paths from Mashyakha to al-Fihrist. However, Āṣif Muḥsinī, a contemporary expert in rijāl studies, questions this practice, arguing that such corrections lack sufficient textual support in al-Fihrist. He points particularly to the frequent use of the expression “akhbaranā” (he informed us) by Ṭūsī, which he believes indicates mere awareness of book titles rather than concrete modes of transmission such as audition or recitation. While Muḥsinī also presents some speculative arguments, these lack strong theoretical evidence.

Sheikh Saduq (may Allah be pleased with him) in Al-Tawhid narrates a tradition from Imam Hadi (AS), the apparent meaning of which indicates prohibition of speaking about religion. This interpretation conflicts with numerous traditions that emphasize the obligation of learning ('t'aleem') and gaining deep understanding ('tafaqquh') of the religion. Therefore, earlier and later narrators, such as Sheikh Saduq (may Allah be pleased with him) and Sheikh Al-Hur Al-Amili (may Allah be pleased with him), have interpreted the prohibition of speaking about religion as a prohibition of speaking about the essence (dhat) of God. However, this interpretation is not acceptable from various perspectives. In this study, the authors employ an analytical-descriptive methodology, relying on library sources to conduct a content analysis of this narration and to resolve the apparent contradiction. They aim to answer two fundamental questions: What is the intended meaning of the prohibition of speaking about religion and How does this narration relate to the traditions emphasizing the obligation of learning and tafaqquh in the religion The authors interpret "speaking about religion" in its literal sense and, of course, consider this a temporary prohibition due to the lack of qualified scholars in the science of Kalam (Theology).

The Shiite concept of Raj‘at (return) faced rival interpretations and confrontations since the first century AH. This study, employing the history of ideas approach and textual analysis up to the end of the Minor Occultation, explores the historical development of these confrontations. Findings indicate that the confrontations began in the first century with critiques of the extremist Sabaean belief in the Raj‘at of Ali (as) and the necessity of Taqīyyah (precautionary dissimulation) by a special group of followers concerning the concept of the Dābbat al-Arḍ (Beast of the Earth). The second century witnessed, alongside the efforts of the Two Sadiqain (as) to provide Quranic foundations and the formation of Shiite identity around Raj‘at, an intensification of confrontations (including attacks by Sunni narrators, denials by the Zaydis and Ibādiyyah sects, and theological debates), as well as the active role of the special followers. The third century and the Minor Occultation period marked the era of compilation of defensive Imami works (such as by Fazl ibn Shadhan), the peak of systematic confrontations (excommunication by Sunnis, refutation of Zaydis, disputes with the Mu‘tazilah), and concurrently, the consolidation of interpretive works (Qummi Tafsir) and reconstruction of the concept (Hidāyat al-Kubrá). This study, focusing on the historical process of these confrontations, reveals their role in refining and consolidating the concept of Raj‘at within the Imami school.

Research indicates that Physiological stress leads to tissue and cellular damage through its disruPtion of antioxidant status in the body. The main objective of this research was to determine the effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) and Ginkgo biloba (Gb) suPPlementation on suPeroxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant caPacity (TAC) serum levels in male firefighters of the oPerational division of Yazd City.

In this semi-exPerimental study, 48 male firefighters were randomly divided into four grouPs: high-intensity functional training (HIFT), high-intensity functional training combined with ginkgo biloba suPPlementation (HIFT+Gb), ginkgo biloba extract alone (Gb), and a control Placebo grouP (P-C). The training Program lasted 12 weeks, with ParticiPants training four times Per week. The ginkgo biloba suPPlement (80 mg) was administered in two caPsules daily after breakfast for the entire 12-week Period. Blood samPles were taken before the start and 48 hours after the last training session. The collected data were analyzed using rePeated measures ANOVA, as well as one-way and two-way ANOVA in SPSS version 16.

After 12 weeks of intervention, SOD, CAT, and TAC in the HIFT (P=0.0001), HIFT+Gb (P=0.0001), and Gb (P=0.0001) grouPs showed a significant increase comPared to the P-C grouP. SOD, CAT, and TAC levels in the HIFT (P=0.0001) and HIFT+Gb (P=0.0001) grouPs significantly rose when comPared to the Gb grouP. SOD, CAT, and TAC levels in the HIFT grouP (P=0.0001) were notably elevated in comParison to the HIFT+Gb grouP. The synergistic influence of HIFT with Gb markedly elevated serum concentrations of SOD, CAT, and TAC (P<0.05). The greatest Percentage of alterations in SOD, CAT, and TAC were noted after the HIFT intervention with Gb

The combined imPact of 12 weeks of HIFT Paired with Ginkgo biloba intake, in comParison to the individual effect of each, significantly enhanced serum levels of SOD, CAT, and TAC while ameliorating oxidative stress conditions in firefighters.

 Exercise combined with nutritional interventions has beneficial effects on reducing inflammation, improving antioxidant defenses, and increasing brain neurogenesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training combined with Ginkgo biloba supplementation on serum levels of lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in obese middle-aged men.

The research design was semi-experimental and applied, which was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. Thus, 56 obese middle-aged men (body mass index, 32.34±1.41 kg/m2) were selected through simple random sampling and randomly divided into four groups (n=14 per group) including aerobic exercise+placebo, Ginkgo biloba supplementation, aerobic exercise+Ginkgo biloba supplementation, and placebo. Aerobic exercise intervention (26 minutes at 75-85% of maximum heart rate reserve) was performed for 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Ginkgo biloba supplement (in the form of 80 mg gelatin capsules) was consumed twice daily (simultaneously) one hour after breakfast for 12 weeks. Blood samples were taken before and 48 hours after the last training session in a 12-hour fasted state to determine serum concentrations of Lcn-2, TAC, and BDNF. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance test with repeated measures, two-way analysis of variance and Post hoc Bonferroni test at a significance level of p≤ 0.05.

Within-group comparisons showed that serum Lcn-2 levels significantly decreased in the exercise (P=0.0001, 12.69%), supplement (P=0.037, 4.05%) and exercise-supplement (P=0.0001, 18.49%) groups. Serum TAC levels increased significantly in the exercise (P=0.012, 4.68%), supplement (P=0.048, 1.51%), and exercise-supplement (P=0.001, 6.92%) groups. Serum TAC levels increased significantly in the exercise (P=0.012, 4.68%), supplement (P=0.048, 1.51%), and exercise-supplement (P=0.001, 6.92%) groups. Furthermore, serum BDNF levels increased significantly in the exercise (P=0.0001, 35.15%), supplement (P=0.046, 8.07%) and exercise-supplement (P=0.0001, 41.73%) groups. Significant between-group differences were observed in Lcn-2 (P=0.0001), TAC (P=0.014), and BDNF (P=0.0001). The combined effect of exercise and Ginkgo biloba supplementation caused a significant decrease in Lcn-2 (P=0.0001), and a significant increase in TAC (P=0.0001) and BDNF (P=0.001). The main effect of exercise was a significant decrease in Lcn-2 (P=0.013), and a significant increase in TAC (P=0.001) and BDNF (P=0.015). However, the main effect of Ginkgo biloba supplementation was not significant on Lcn-2 (P=0.241), TAC (P=0.103), and BDNF (P=0.316).

The results showed that aerobic exercise and Ginkgo biloba supplement have beneficial effects on the biological activities of the body. Twelve weeks of aerobic exercise alone and especially with Ginkgo biloba consumption probably reduces inflammation, increases antioxidant defense and brain neurogenesis accompanied by improving body composition and aerobic capacity in obese middle-aged men.

Due to linguistic and semantic complexities of some verses of the Qur'an, "Jihad" and "Qital" are two Qur'anic concepts that evoke the meaning of struggle, war, and conflict. On the other hand, the Holy Qur'an, with its unique structure, seeks a specific purpose with each concept, and one cannot easily replace one concept with another. This research, using an analytical-critical method and a Qur'an-centered approach, aims to illuminate better the Qur'anic conceptualization of Jihad and, in some cases, critiques and examines the views of interpreters. The unidimensional nature of Jihad, its Meccan and Medinan contexts, the use of the term "Mujahid," the connection between Jihad and patience and migration, its unlimited nature, and other factors all reflect the special conceptualization of Jihad in the Qur'anic context. The findings suggest that the use of this concept in its Qur'anic context serves a specific purpose. Therefore, in verses that also depict the atmosphere of war, Jihad can be considered as a form of "struggle" encompassing all activities, actions, and reactions. Additionally, given its ethical and Islamic significance, all necessary prerequisites for Jihad are included. Thus, any sincere effort by Muslims to confront polytheists and hypocrites, and if necessary, to fight polytheists, can be considered Jihad. In summary, any type of struggle that can be "in the way of Allah" and prevents "hindrance to the way of Allah" is considered Qur'anic Jihad, as is the type of fighting that fits this definition.

Nowadays, the intervention of physical exercises along with sports nutrition is considered as an effective treatment method in modulating inflammatory and oxidative responses in obese people with metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training and alkaline consumption on interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO) and total thiol (T-SH) in Obese men with metabolic syndrome.

 The current research was a semi-experimental one-blind type. For this purpose, 56 men (average age= 33.27±3.11 years, average weight= 94.16±2.91 kg and BMI= 32.56±1.32 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in this research.  Subjects were randomly divided into four groups: endurance training, endurance training with alkaline water, alkaline water and control. The training intervention was implemented three sessions a week for eight weeks. Alkaline water (pH 9.5) was received at the rate of 10 kg/mL after each training session. Blood samples were taken before training and 48 hours after the last training session to measure inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress.

 The results showed that the values of IL-6 and TNF-α in the group of endurance training with alkaline water and endurance training compared to the groups of alkaline water and control had a significant decrease, and the values of NO and T-SH had a significant increase (p<0.05). The highest percentage of significant changes in the values of IL-6, TNF-α, NO and T-SH were assigned to the training group with alkaline water. Alkaline water alone did not cause significant changes (P>0.05).

Therefore, the combined effect of endurance exercise and alkaline water improves inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in obese men with metabolic syndrome.

The book Faḍāʼil Fāṭimah al-Zahrā by al-Ḥākim al-Nīshābūrī was composed amidst intense religious controversies and opposing discourses surrounding the status of the Ahl al-Bayt. The present study aims to examine how the position of Lady Fāṭimah al-Zahrā is represented in response to opposing discourses and analyzes the underlying ideological constructs embedded in the linguistic choices and narrations within this work. Utilizing Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), this research analyzes the text on three levels: Description, interpretation, and explanation. On the descriptive level, it explores the linguistic methods and word choices employed by al-Ḥākim al-Nīshābūrī to emphasize the virtues of Lady Fāṭimah al-Zahrā, with meticulous attention to detail. On the interpretive level, this study examines the social and political contexts of the author’s time and their impact on shaping the book’s discourse. At the explanatory level, it thoroughly analyzes power relations and the author’s endeavors to fortify the status of the Ahl al-Bayt while countering opposing discourses. The findings indicated that the selection and use of linguistic elements in this book were specifically designed to highlight the elevated status of Lady Fāṭimah al-Zahrā. Furthermore, the political, social, and cultural contexts of the Samanid and Buyid periods significantly shaped the composition of this work. This research sheds light on the intricate interplay between religious and political discourses in Islamic history and underscores the pivotal role of the Ahl al-Bayt within this framework.

Due to having a physical aspect, a human is equipped with faculties that are tasked with prompting him to perform actions that ensure the fulfillment of material perfection and pleasure. However, since the true nature of a human is his spiritual aspect, naturally, his spiritual faculties should be the primary controllers of his actions, with the bodily faculties serving the spiritual faculties. In this case, the human moves towards true happiness. However, if the spiritual faculties of a human do not have full control over him, and he is somewhat influenced by his bodily faculties, or if the bodily faculties have complete control over him, he falls into 'practical lust'. This research, by examining the views of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, aims to investigate two aspects of the condition to which a person becomes afflicted: 'the process of the influence of practical lust on human perceptions' and 'the effects and consequences of being afflicted by practical lust on human perceptions.' In the first section, it is stated how the inner proof of God for a person becomes weakened and leads to destruction when the person turns away from the external proof of God. In the second section, five results and consequences of the weakening of the inner proof, or the affliction of practical lust, on human perceptions are examined, which are: 'refusal to accept boundaries', 'loss of practical resolve', 'denial of God's sovereignty', 'creation of division in society', and 'falling into compound ignorance'. In this research, the method of gathering materials is library-based, and in the analysis of the materials, a descriptive-analytical approach has been followed.

The Rijali utilities often refer to the data, principles, rules, and foundations of the Rijali science, which constitute a significant portion of Shia critical literature. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method, while re-examining the history and interaction of the Rijal utilities with other sciences, addressing the essence and the reasons behind why it is not defined by most Rijal scholars, and has revised and rewritten the chosen definition.The focus of this article is to articulate the outcomes and outputs of the Rijali utilities solely in the realm of the development of Rijali rules. Accordingly, it reviews a few propositions concerning the expansion of these rules in two domains: specific and general validations, which is a significant achievement of this research.

Ibn ‘Uthaymīn is a prominent Wahhabi interpreter and a student of bin Nāṣir al-Sa‘adī and bin Bāz, whose exegetical writings, entitled “Al-Kanz al-Thamīn fī Tafsīr Ibn-i ‘Uthaymīn,” have been published in fourteen volumes. He has a high standing among the contemporary Wahhabi interpreters because of his interpretation on most of the works of Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn Qayyim and he is at the forefront of the Saudi exegetical movement. His exegesis is organized on the basis of some foundations, principles, and rules. The main purpose of this article is to criticize Ibn ‘Uthaymīn's interpretive rules. Seven rules were obtained from searching into Ibn ‘Uthaymīn's works on interpretation studies and interpretive views. The resultant of the criticisms indicates the impact of his formalistic perspective, the denial of allegory in the semantic rules of interpretation, a linear view instead of a relational view on the interpretive rules, simplistic view and simplification of the interpretive rules, and most importantly, the limitations of his interpretive rules.

functional exercises and consumption of the medicinal plant Ginkgo biloba, a natural source of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds, have beneficial effects in improving the inflammatory state and physical performance of people exposed to occupational stress. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of high-intensity functional training and consumption of Ginkgo biloba extract on the serum levels of interleukin-8 and interleukin-1β in operational male firefighters of Yazd city.

For this purpose, 48 male firefighters were randomly divided into four groups including high-intensity functional training (HIFT), high-intensity functional training with ginkgo biloba consumption, ginkgo biloba extract consumption, and control-placebo. The training was carried out for 12 weeks and 4 sessions per week. Ginkgo biloba extract (80 mg) was administered as two capsules once a day after breakfast for 12 weeks. Blood samples were taken before and 48 hours after the last training session. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance with SPSS-26 software.

The results showed that the interaction effect of exercise and ginkgo biloba extract, as well as the effect of exercise and ginkgo biloba extract alone, caused a significant decrease in the serum levels of interleukin-8 and interleukin-1β (p<0.05). The highest percentage of changes in interleukin-8 and interleukin-1β were obtained following exercise intervention along with the consumption of Ginkgo biloba extract.

Performing high-intensity functional exercises with Ginkgo biloba extract had the greatest effect in reducing serum levels of inflammatory indicators and improving oxidative stress conditions in firefighters.

Analysis of the focal component of the spiritual health of the family in the field of emotional education Emphasizing its indicators and identifiers from the perspective of the Qur'an and Hadith  Abstract:     The spiritual health of the family means that the family has a purposeful and harmonious point of view with the system of creation in line with the worship of the Lord of existence, which plays a fundamental and prominent role in directing emotions and influencing the performance of its members. The spiritual health of the family can be explained in three areas: insight, emotional and behavioral. The purpose of this research is to discover the most basic component of the spiritual health of the family in the emotional field and design its indicators and identifiers from the perspective of the Qur'an and hadiths.This research has been done by analyzing verses and narrations by descriptive-analytical method and library study. The findings of the research show that "positive emotional exchange" is the central component of the spiritual health of the family in the emotional field. This focal component, as a big emotion, affects all dimensions of family life and gives direction to other emotions in life and creates the background of family peace. This focal component has two indicators of "kindness" and "good manners".The index of affection has the indicators of "expressing honest feelings in the family", "speakability" and "kissing children" and the index of good manners has the indicators of "smile" and "decoration of the face".

The use of medicinal plants along with exercise especially in obese people has received much attention due to the modulation of inflammatory and oxidative responses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and green tea supplement on serum levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), amyloid beta-42 (Aβ42) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in untrained obese elderly men.

Forty eight obese elderly men (age 65.42±3.16 years and body mass index 30.93±1.15 kg/m2) were randomly divided into four groups of 12 people including HIIT, supplement green tea, HIIT+ green tea supplement and control- placebo. HIIT training was carried out for eight weeks and three sessions per week. Green tea supplement in the form of six capsules per day in the amount of 450 mg was received by the target groups. Testing was done 48 hours before and after the last training session. The AChE and AB42 were measured by ELISA and MDA by TBARS method. Results were extracted using by analysis of variance with repeated measurement, analysis of variance two -way and Tukey’s post hoc tests at a significance level of p<0.05.

The most significant changes (decrease) in body mass index (p=0.01, 3.50%) and percent body fat (p=0.0001, 11.07%); and a significant increase in maximum oxygen consumption (p=0.02, 9.22%) was observed in the HIIT+ green tea group. The combined effect of HIIT and green tea supplementation showed a significant decrease in AChE (p=0.0001, 19.91%), Aβ42 (p=0.0001, 27.99%), and MDA (p=0.01, 26.09%). Moreover, the HIIT caused significant decrease  in AChE (p=0.02, 15.67%), Aβ42 (p=0.01, 16.22%) and MDA (p=0.01, 14.14%); and green tea supplement caused a significant decrease in Aβ42 (p=0.023, 6.19%).

The combined intervention of HIIT with green tea supplement compared to the effect of each one alone, causes a further improvement of inflammatory and oxidative indices in obese elderly men.

Part of our narrative heritage is regarding the life, personality, and biography of the divine prophets. One of these hadiths is the narration "Ākhiru man yadkhulu al-Jannata Min al-nabīyīna Solaymān ibnu Dāwūda(AS) wa dhālika limā ʾuʿṭīya fi al-donyā". It is about Solomon and apparently conveys that he will be the last prophet entering Paradise due to the gift given to him. By searching the meaning of this narration in the hadith sources, only two and three narrations were found in Shia and Sunni narrative books, respectively. It is necessary to analyze the text and isnad of these narrations. Regarding the meaning, the raised question is, despite the divine prophets' high status, infallibility, and selection by Allah, how will Solomon's kingdom, the special feature of his prophecy, lead to his delay in entering Paradise The findings show that the isnads of these narrations are invalid, and their denotations are incompatible with the Quranic and narrative texts.

This article seeks to introduce the concept of spiritual health of the family in the Islamic lifestyle along with its indicators and identifiers by analyzing Quranic and narrative texts and propositions. This research examines the most fundamental component of the spiritual health of the family in the narrative Quranic teachings in order to discover and extract its indicators and identifiers in the institution of the family.

To collect the required information, the materials and data of the library and reliable and first-hand religious sources and books with emphasis on the verses and traditions have been used              

"monotheistic belief" is the main cognitive component of spiritual health in the family, which, as a macro belief, has an effect on all dimensions of life and gives direction to other wisdom goals in life and eliminates the background of family conflicts.
Its indicators from the Qur'an's point of view are the internal cohesion of the family, hope and optimism in the God of existence, prayer and the hereafter, and for these indicators, there are indicators such as the speed of doing good deeds, inviting the family to the affairs of the province, reminding the family members of the issue of death, offering prayers at home. reciting the Quran at home, normalizing the Hereafterism in the family, increasing the threshold of tolerance and patience towards the behavior of family members, observing moderation in consumption and removing false ornaments from life in order to stabilize the Hereafterism in the family.

Based on this, the spiritual health of the family finds maximum function in Quranic teachings and Islamic lifestyle and in all areas of health. A function that is less visible in today's spiritual health studies

Narrators of tradition benefits in Twelvers circles as a writing style among the writing methods that have been cast on most of the sciences, have a distinct and different place. Narrators of tradition benefits in Twelvers circles as a writing style among the writing methods that have been cast on most of the sciences, have a distinct place. In this research, by using the descriptive method in addition to stating the nature and history of benefits and a reference to authoring styles, to the types, application and background of the emergence of narrators of traditions benefits that show the effectiveness of the data and findings which have helped to develop narrators of tradition knowledge and formulate its principles and rules, are discussed. Mentioning the works of scholars in the field of benefit writing and description and analysis of propositions, data and information of the mentioned works with a cognitive approach is the author's strategy in the research. Among the achievements of the present research, we can point out the abundance of narrators of tradition writing and its evolution compared to other authoring styles in Islamic knowledge and its emergence before the Helleh School.

The concept of "return" (rajʿah) had a special place in early Shia hadith and theological circles. From the theological perspective, the primary proof for the belief in rajʿah among Shia is based on numerous hadith and verses. However, a correct understanding of these reports related to rajʿah requires recognizing the historical development of the concept and the intellectual currents of the periods when this term was used. The process of expanding and solidifying a doctrinal belief like rajʿah results from a series of various actions. This study aims to examine this issue using a historical-interpretive approach, focusing on a significant subset of the available reports, which mainly involve the application or interpretation of certain verses. It traces the evolution of the concept of rajʿah in these reports up to the end of the Minor Occultation. The research shows that in the first century AH, the concept of rajʿah as the return and immortality of Imam Ali (AS) was introduced by the Sabaiyyah. In the second century AH, opposition to the Sunni People and the establishment of Shia theological doctrine regarding rajʿah emerged; while in the third century AH, new elements were added to the core of second-century reports, and finally, during the Minor Occultation, there was an expansion and reflection of the reports on rajʿah in hadith literature.

Obesity appears to be associated with respiratory problems, and respiratory function is affected by various factors such as physical exercise. For this purpose, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of non-linear resistance training and radio frequency (RF) on respiratory function and body composition in obese men.

The current research is semi-experimental. The statistical population included obese men (mean age 30.12±2.62 years and weight 92.18±3.01 kg), and 60 people participated in this research. Subjects were randomly divided into four groups: non-linear resistance training, non-linear resistance training + RF, RF and control. Training and RF intervention was implemented three sessions a week for eight weeks. Respiratory function, body composition and VO2max were measured before and after training. Data was analysed using factorial variance analysis (2x2) with repeated measures and Tukey's post hoc test at a significant level of p<0.05.

Interactive effects of training and RF significantly decreased body weight (P=0.002, 3.08 %), BMI (P=0.011, 3.08 %), body fat percentage (P=0.0001, 10.16 %), and significantly increased VO2max (P=0.017, 4.52%), FVC (P=0.0001, 12.71%), FEV1 (P=0.0001, 14.96%) and FEF 75-25% (P=0.018, 5.86%). Training alone caused significant changes in all dependent variables (p<0.05), but RF alone did not cause significant changes (P>0.05).

Therefore, the combined effect of non-linear resistance training and RF led to further improvement of respiratory function, body composition and aerobic capacity in obese men.

Verse 57 of Sūrat Az-Zukhruf is a parable that has been mocked at and ridiculed by the polytheists and they dispute with the Prophet Muhammad(PBUH). Mufassirūn (Arabic: مفسرون, an author of a tafsīr) have not been consonant or consonant in what is meant by the mentioned parable and what this verse means and have raised views that each one faces a kind of challenge. The present research, by a descriptive-analytical and critical method, has tried to provide the most appropriate tafsīr (Arabic: تفسیر, Quranic exegesis) or Quranic exegesis by examining this verse and other verses and analyzing the Quranic exegesis and narratives that are under the verse. The results show that there is a confusion between the two types of narratives related to the cause of the revelation and ignoring this point has made it more difficult to understand the verse. Therefore, the narration that attributes the parable to the polytheists and not necessarily to Ibn Zibaʿrī (Arabic: ابن زبعری) is more correct and at the same time more consistent with the context of the verses themselves. This can be considered as a criticism of the Quran based on examining ʾaḥādīṯ transmitted to mufassirūn who consider the given parable to be from God.

Study of the role of political currents claiming Mahdism can identify the fabricated hadiths introduced by politicians to Mahdavi traditions and refine the traditions of this area as much as possible. Among the reasons for politicians' approach to Mahdism is the capacity of this discussion to advance their goals. In other words, there are concepts and teachings in Mahdism which are effective for politicians. The special capacity of some concepts of Mahdism, such as "the political function of some titles related to Mahdism", "the theory of connected state," and "the special ability to discuss the signs of emergence" are among the most important reasons for the approach of these currents to Mahdism. Using the analytical-descriptive method, this research seeks to trace fabricated narratives that have been forged or fabricated by political currents in the field of Mahdism. It takes also a look at reasons for the approach of political currents to Mahdism. Findings show many types of forgery in Mahdavi traditions and teachings, of which the most important types are as follows: "Forgery in the name, lineage, and example of the Promised Mahdi", "forgery in the physical characteristics of the Promised Mahdi", "forgery in the place of Appearance", "forgery in the issue of connected government", "forgery in praise and blame of lands".