حسن کامران

Future generations face the threat of water scarcity and the depletion of aquifers, rivers, and other water resources, as well as the decline of fisheries and fisheries. Six types of environmental change can lead to conflict and conflict between political and identity groups: climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions, ozone layer depletion, degradation and loss of fertile agricultural land, deforestation, reduction and pollution of freshwater resources, and decline in fishing due to the depletion of fisheries. Environmental change, population growth, and the unequal social distribution of resources are the main factors contributing to the scarcity of renewable resources. The term environmental change refers to the reduction in the quality or quantity of renewable resources caused by human activities, which usually occurs faster than they can be replenished by natural processes. Environmental change is only one of three major factors contributing to the scarcity of renewable resources. The second factor is the growing population, which reduces access to a resource by dividing it among more people. The third factor is the unequal social distribution of resources, which makes resources available to more people. Therefore, environmental problems arising from the water scarcity crisis in its various dimensions, especially the provision of fresh water for human consumption, are among the most important components affecting the national security of countries. In today's world, security issues, in addition to traditional concepts such as military power and deterrence, include new issues such as global warming, water scarcity crisis, air pollution, soil erosion, desertification, and dust and fine dust. Due to the widespread and harmful effects of weakening natural ecosystems and destroying environmental elements on the present and future life of humans, environmental issues have been at the forefront of domestic and foreign policies of countries and international forums. According to studies, 48 ​​countries will face water shortages by 2025. According to forecasts, the only factor that causes natural population growth, without considering the role of other influential factors, will cause all countries in the Middle East and North Africa to face a per capita shortage of fresh water within the next two decades. Water is considered a strategic resource and a geopolitical issue in West Asia. The Tigris and Euphrates are the most controversial watersheds in this region. The main tributaries of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers originate in Turkey. 12% of the Tigris basin is located in Turkey, 0.2% in Syria, 54% in Iraq, and 34% in Iran. 28% of the Euphrates basin is located in Turkey, 17% in Syria, and 40% in Iraq. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 20th century, three new countries, Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, were created as riparian states of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the hydro political efforts of the riparian states to increasingly dominate the shared but limited water resources of this basin caused numerous political and security challenges and tensions in this important watershed. The large-scale irrigation projects initiated by the riparian states of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the 1960s were considered a threat to the national security of other riparian states, and they tried to stop these efforts through various means. For example, the tension between Iraq and Syria in 1975 over Syria's exploitation of the Al- Thawreh Dam and the reduction in the flow of the Euphrates River escalated to the point of full-scale war, with Iraq threatening Syria with bombing the Al-Thawreh Dam. This dispute led the two countries to deploy border forces on the borders of the two countries, which was eventually resolved through mediation by Saudi Arabia and the former Soviet Union. Countries affected by the Tigris and Euphrates have faced a shortage of water resources, especially freshwater, insufficient rainfall and its unbalanced distribution, successive droughts, a shortage of environmental resources, weakened ecosystems, and a destroyed environment due to Turkey's indiscriminate dam construction on the aforementioned rivers. Therefore, in recent years, the issue of water has transformed the foreign policy of countries affected by the Tigris and Euphrates.

The research method in this study is analytical-descriptive. To collect data, library methods (text reading and receipts, statistics reading and using tables, images reading and using maps and documents) were used.

In 1992, the Turkish government opened the Ataturk Dam on the Euphrates River, which has a capacity equivalent to 650 dams in Iran. It caused the formation of fine dust in western Iran and intensified desertification in Iraq. Now, the Turkish government has also built the Iliso Dam on the Tigris River, preventing 56 percent of the Tigris water resources from entering Iraq. The construction of the Iliso Dam by Turkey, which has a capacity equivalent to three times the largest dam in Iran, Karkheh, will prevent the entry of all 41 percent of the water volume that used to flow from Turkish territory into the Tigris, and will intensify processes such as desertification and drought in Iraq. Thus, Southwest Asia, and especially western Iran, is in a situation where, with the Iliso Dam on the Tigris, incidents such as fine dust will occur, and the Iranian environment will witness increasing unrest. What is more worrying is that by preventing the Turkish government from the entry of Euphrates water into Iraq and ultimately the country's wetlands, an environmental disaster will form and continue in southwestern Iran, and the wetland, which was once a place for fishing and a natural air cooling system, will gradually lose its functions. The possible consequences of increasing environmental problems will lead to increased migration, increased unemployment, destruction of agricultural and livestock environments, reduced development, reduced health, and all kinds of problems in various fields, which will increase the costs of the Iranian government and widespread protests by citizens of these regions against the policies of the central government and its possible consequences, which in turn will affect the dimensions of the environmental security of the Islamic Republic.

The policy of increasing regional power has led Ankara to seek water resources with the aim of implementing a strategy of hydro-hegemony so that it can impose its desired changes on the behavior of its neighbors and ultimately regional issues in politically sensitive times. Hydro-hegemony is part of the puzzle of Turkey's regional hegemony, along with plans such as becoming an energy transmission hub, a technical production hub, and a major regional exchange center, so that Ankara can rely on it to change the future patterns of regional macro-issues against the main regional power, Iran. Therefore, Turkey, by controlling transboundary waters at the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates, along with electricity generation and agricultural development, is pursuing geopolitical goals based on hydro-hegemony against the countries of Syria, Iraq, and Iran. Given the scarcity of fossil fuels, especially oil and gas, Turkey has faced many social and economic problems due to its maximum use of the Tigris and Euphrates water resources and its hydro political position over the past decades by limiting the amount of water entering these rivers into Iraq and Syria, and has had serious political, security and environmental impacts on the regional relations of the states in the basins of the aforementioned rivers. Thus, Turkey's hydro hegemonic strategy is to build a geopolitical power in West Asia for countries such as Syria, Iraq and Iran in order to involve these countries in the issue of security and water shortages and for Turkey to become the leading geopolitical power in the region.

The Middle East as one of the most important and strategic regions of the world, after the end of World War II and throughout the Cold War, one of the main areas of conflict and rivalry between the two superpowers. The United States and the Soviet Union. In the meantime, although the Soviet Union, with one or two few footholds in the region, did not play a significant role in the region's processes and relations, much of this vast and important region was the field of activity and power mapping. Western countries, especially the United States, were completely under the control and influence of this world power and had a relatively integrated structure within the framework of the goals and policies of this country. With the outbreak of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1978 (1979 AD), the first major blow was dealt to the integrated and uniform structure of the region and it faced a major instability and rift. The Islamic Revolution in Iran, in addition to its internal effects, left far-reaching results and consequences among the nations and countries of the region, and the source and inspiration of popular movements and the emergence of anti-American and Western currents and movements of Islamic nature in Became countries of the region. Expansion of popular movements inspired by Islamic teachings and especially influenced by the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the ground for the rise of the above currents and movements in countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Syria, Palestine and Lebanon were provided and in fact a definite alignment emerged between the countries of the region and the spatial construction of the region became de-polar in nature. In this regard, several other events such as the eight-year Iran-Iraq war, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the events of September 11, the US invasion of the region and the occupation of Afghanistan and Iraq, the fall of Saddam Hussein's government in Iraq and finally Popular uprisings in the Islamic countries of North Africa spread to some Middle Eastern countries, such as Syria, Bahrain, Yemen, and Jordan, and eventually the military conflict between the Palestinian and Lebanese jihadist groups and the Israeli government and other similar incidents became more prominent. Political and economic alignments led among the countries of the region and practically divided the countries and movements in the region into two groups and specific fronts of resistance and surrender. The Islamic Republic of Iran as the main center of this front, was located along with countries such as Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestinian and Yemeni jihadist groups, which converged on axes such as common threats and views and had achieved relative unity, in the opposite row, the group of countries on the southern shores of the Persian Gulf with the government of Israel, which, relying on Western powers and large arms purchases, are trying to confront the countries of the resistance front.

The present study is among the theoretical and future research and in terms of purpose, it is part of applied research and problem solving that is in a descriptive-analytical form and using methods. Quantitatively and qualitatively, adjusted and compiled. How to collect data in two methods library and documentary and also by designing a questionnaire of 20 questions from the table of strengths, weaknesses and opportunities and threats of the SWOT analytical model and available to research samples selected by purposive sampling method Have been located. The research sample includes 30 experts in political geography, political science and Middle East studies who provided with a questionnaire by Delphi method and elite interviews. Then, the results obtained from the experts' answers reviewed and then the components of opportunity, threat, strength and weakness normalized separately. The weight scores of each obtained by normalizing the four components, and finally the sum of the weight scores is calculated. Thus, the number 2.56 obtained for the components of opportunity and threat and the number 2.49 obtained for the components of strength and weakness, which indicates that it is very close to the average number (2.5). In the following, 20 strategies have been extracted from the components, 9 of which have been prioritized with high scores. The TOPSIS method has also used to prioritize strategies.

As the developments in the Arab world became more complex and popular uprisings spread to most of the Middle Eastern countries, the increasing competition of powers for the intellectual and operational orientation of these developments began. In the meantime, a group of countries and groups called the Axis of Resistance activated to consolidate and increase their own geostrategic and ideological depth in the Middle East. Although the background of a number of actors in the axis of resistance dates back to the beginning of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, but the field developments in Iraq, Syria and then Yemen, added to the multi-layered nature of this axis and attracted new activists.

The research findings show that the sum of the weighted scores obtained indicates that the factors influencing the formation or non-formation of the resistance-based union are neither too strong nor too weak. It is in the middle position. In addition, the final number obtained is 2.56, which indicates that the idea of ​​forming a resistance-based union is strong. On the other hand, the sum of weighted scores also indicates that the situation of countries and groups based on resistance is in average conditions and the probability of forming a union based on resistance is moderate. To increase the likelihood of the formation of a regional union of the axis of resistance have proposed 20 strategies based on the principle of complementarity and interdependence.

The duty of the pre-hospital emergency department is to deal with medical emergencies and provide services to injured and emergency patients. Many components have an effect on the success of emergency services, including the time to reach the accident site, which is affected by the distance and characteristics of the route. Choosing the right place for the establishment of emergency centers in the country and their alignment can help in optimizing and providing better emergency services. On the other hand, some stations may not have been well chosen and have faced many challenges, therefore, implementing a system for potential measurement, spatial screening, choosing the right place can help to make better decisions in this field. Therefore, the emergency location decision support system has been designed to be a step in this direction. The country's emergency department is always one of the factors present in all accident scenes at all scales, from the micro level (accidents, trauma) to the national level (earthquakes, floods, fires, etc.), and the available evidence shows that So far, it has been able to do this well by relying on its intelligent management and elite personnel. Therefore, thematic diversity, wide geographical area, sensitive nature and responsibility, the need to use new systems and methods for better management to reduce the effects of diseases and hazards (conventional and unconventional), increase preparedness, prevention and reduction of the effects of accidents. mortality, injury, disability, etc.) and also diversifying activities on a national and geographical scale. Choosing the right place to establish emergency bases in the country is one of the important issues of emergency management. The purpose of this article is to present an intelligent system to determine the appropriate location for the establishment of emergency bases in the country, and it seeks to intelligently design the spatial decision-making process and design a system to help make better decisions in the emergency organization.

This research is a type of applied research. The indicators required in this survey have been obtained through documentary studies and organizational needs assessment. In the first stage, the review of global experiences was carried out and after that organizational needs assessment was carried out and the indicators required by the organization and global experiences in this field were matched. In the second stage, the location information was collected, based on the data of Iran Statistics Center in the 2015 census, the basic information of the land survey and the location information of the emergency centers of the target database were prepared and finally with the multi-criteria decision-making system based on the goals, compared to Smartening of the proposed emergency locations was done.

Based on the perspective of continuity of activities of organizations in times of crisis and understanding the conditions of the organization and existing gaps that can damage the continuity and continuation of an organization's activity in an event is of particular importance. Continuous evaluation of the status of an organization, periodical review and checklists, and the estimation of the level of organizational resilience, both in terms of infrastructure and human resources, are among the most important indicators in the continuity of activity. Therefore, in this review of the country's emergency organization as an organization involved in crisis management; It should evaluate its existing bases in order to identify the existing risks and damages that affect the activity of this organization's bases in times of crisis based on the evaluations. On the other hand, the proposal of the future bases of this organization requires not only the above conditions, but also the need to identify all the physical and demographic considerations and potential and actual risks in the establishment of new bases, so that based on that, bases can be established with the least damage and the least cost.

In this research, the theoretical foundations related to the indicators of the establishment of a specific emergency base and after that all these indicators were systematized through the location data available at the country level, in order to assess the risks based on a database and an intelligent system. The bases should be considered and decisions should be made in locating the required stations in the future based on an intelligent system based on supporting systems.

Despite extensive efforts to determine criteria for identifying and distinguishing these cities, so far no single theoretical and empirical basis for identifying global cities has been provided. One of the basic and important ways to understand the characteristics of global cities and the extent to which cities are moving towards development and globalization are the descriptions and characteristics provided by various researchers. This basic research is a descriptive-analytical method of expressing and examining the theories presented by the eminent researcher John Friedman, about the characteristics of global cities and how to reach a global city. Friedman believes that the three world cities of London, New York and Tokyo, with their large economies in hand, have taken over the role of commander and the top of the urban hierarchy. The importance of this research lies in the fact that by emphasizing the ideas of John Friedman, it shows the ways to achieve development and progress, and according to the outstanding criteria of the world city, it paves the way to the world city.Based on the research results, it can be said that the city should show its dynamic characteristics. Any metropolis that can be influential at the international or global level in one of the fields of economics, culture and politics, and as a center and a superior pole, can assume functions such as international command, domination and control in its geopolitical space, can Have the status of a world city.

Gender distribution in the centers of power and the level of participation in elections from a gender perspective are among the ambiguous issues that show the composition and quality of power structures in political-spatial units. From a geopolitical perspective, how power is distributed through representation and political participation through elections reflects the presence or absence of gender justice in power structures. Given the high geopolitical weight of women in the Iranian population pyramid, the present study has reviewed the city and village council elections in Fars province from a geopolitical perspective of gender. For this purpose, by using descriptive and survey methods and by examining different statistics and data in the three rounds of city and village council elections in Fars province, the gender distribution of the elected representatives in these three rounds has been investigated. Is. The results showed that in the first round of urban and rural elections in Fars province, men held 90% of the seats. In the second round, this ratio reaches 80%, and in fact, there is a relative improvement in the gender distribution of representatives. In the third round, however, the sinusoidal trend reverses to the first round so that the gender weight of the representation remains established in the masculine structure.

The events of recent years in most regions of the world indicate that geographical factors and geopolitical components are still important and influential in shaping the quality of relations between countries to achieve national goals and interests .Among these regions ,is the geopolitical region of latin America, whose political - security landscape has several factors,some of which have roots in the regions' geographical and geopolitical conditions. Given this importance , the present article seeks to examine the role and function of geographical and geopolitical factors among Latin American political units at the regional level. According to the results of this study, the geopolitical relations in Latin American countries, influenced by the geopolitical and geographical components of the region,especially the peaceful relations governing the relations between Brazil and Argentina as important regional powers, are based on the pattern of interaction. And future view indicates that given the region's geographical and geopolitical privilege , Latin American countries , and especially Brazil as a regional leader , is capable of sustaining interactions and regional strategic management. At the same time , due to the calm Space of this region , the necessary conditions for the creation of a unified regional identity are provided . Under these circumstances , the Latin American region will overcome its current geopolitical margin and will reach a stage of integration and consolidation . And the pattern of its geopolitical relations will be based on continuity relationship , which will increase the geopolitical weight of the region and be more in line with developments in the peripheral and global geopolitical system .

The research method is applied in nature and is of analytical-explanatory The method of data collection has been done through libraries (books, articles), websites and inferential analysis,The research question and hypothesis is also set out as follows:Research Question: What are the geographical and geopolitical components of relationship formation in Latin America? Also what basis is the pattern of Latin American geopolitical relations at the regional level?

Latin American countries seek to prevent the domination and interference of different actors in the region through the process of balancing their regional power so as to ensure their path of progress, peace and stability through regional peace and integration. . Because the main context of regional and trans-regional threats , on the eve of the 21 st century, it is more affected by geographical location and geopolitical condition.After decades of tension and suspicion, better relations between Brazil and Argentina have been established. Their trade has increased compared to the past, with Brazil exporting a variety of manufactured products in return for agricultural products. Nearly a quarter of Brazil's exports of goods to Latin America were sent to Argentina in the late 1980s. Relations between Latin American countries are influenced by factors that exist in relations between the political units of the region, especially Brazil, Argentina and Mexico, and are generally explored within the context of co-operation resources and peaceful relations. Elements such as high geopolitical weight, geographical sources of cooperation (proximity-neighborhood), geopolitical resources, geopolitical identities, regional unions and organizations, and their effective performance in creating convergence, geopolitics of globalization, overlapping elements of convergence, high degree of stability, are important geopolitical and geographical factors that have shaped the geopolitical relations between the important powers of this region based on an interactive relationship. Based on this relation, the convergence elements dominate the divergence components. Considering the region's capabilities from a cultural point of view (the common colonial and historical roots of the region's members, the religion and language common to the majority of countries in the region), from a hydropolic perspective (according to statistics and reports published more than one-third of the world's freshwater resources atLatin American countries), economically (abundance of fossil and non-fossil fuel sources and other strategic resources, Venezuela has the world's largest oil resources), strategically and geographically (majority of countries in this region have access to of free water, Favorable climate and climate variability, fertile lands, etc.).This will allow the region to have a profound impact on its environment and on global issues. On the other hand, these privileges, and how they can best be used, require the stability and continuity of good relations between countries in the region.

The countries of South America, Central America, the Caribbean, and Mexico in North America belong to the Latin American region in terms of geographical credibility, historical roots, liberation from colonial domination, political orientation, cultural interactions, economic relations. So There is a geopolitical area in Latin America. Due to the calmness of the region and the limitations of passive disputes and crises and the existence of geographical and cultural linkages and interconnections, the prevailing atmosphere diverges from the tensions and hostile relations of decades ago and provides the basis for regional engagement , has constructed And in the light of regional cooperation and the constructive relations of regional powers, an interactive pattern has emerged between regional political units.The end result that with having geographical, historical, cultural linkages, increased regional self-awareness, the existence of common geopolitical codes, the growth of regional convergence in the form of important and strategic alliances such as the Slack organization, the Unasaur Union, Mercosur, the Alba Union ,... Countries in the region will step in to stabilize relations and promote regional peace and stability, and their dominant model of geopolitical relations will be a continuum model.

peace, political and economic development of these regions will add to the geopolitical stability of the peripheral and global system.In fact, Latin America is passing through the crisis of geopolitical transition and reaching the stage of geopolitical stabilization and continuity, the important and remarkable role played by this region in various aspects of world system developments.

The Kurdish regions of Iraq, centered on two traditional parties, the Patriotic Union and the Democratic Party, were created with the opportunities created after the collapse of the Baath regime. They were able to take power and gain countless powers in the economic, security and political fields of the new Iraqi structure. In the new Iraqi structure, the Kurdistan Region is centered on the Democratic Party in the areas of security, economic, foreign policy, territoriality, and so on. Acting unilaterally And, instead of the nature of the intergovernmental pattern of interaction with the central government of Iraq, it has followed the pattern of opposition and has been challenged by the central government. Following the ISIS invasion of Iraq, the common enemy on the one hand has led to military cooperation between the Kurdistan Region and the central government of Iraq. On the other hand, the security vacuum created in the disputed areas has led to the cultivation and sale of oil in those areas by the climate and has exacerbated the challenges with the central government. The opposition of the Democratic Party to the central government in the fields of economic and security and the excessive alignment with Turkey has caused the crisis and dissatisfaction of other parties in the Kurdistan region. And this situation has made the Patriotic Union closer to Iran as a regional power, in order to balance the political currents with regard to the common historical background. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method and library-based sources and documents to analyze the geopolitical analysis of the Kurdistan region after the collapse of ISIS. The results of the research show that the ISIL war with regard to its capabilities has led the Democratic Party to intensify its opposition to the central government and the proximity to Turkey as well as to the balance of power in relation to the regional powers of the Patriotic Union toward Iran. It is more likely that the possibility of the geopolitical division of Iraqi Kurdistan between the regional powers (Iran and Turkey) is more likely.

Considered the most important environmental issues of our time, the water crisis and security challenges arising from it. Water is the source of production, effort and civilization, and life and death and not to be dependent on it. In situations where conflicts over water resources are increasingly caused tension in the relations between states, increasing attention to issues of rivers, the importance of finding increasingly, we are seeing increased emphasis and hydro disputes among nations. Iran, through common border rivers is no exception. The river Harirud common rivers including Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan lie that originates from Afghanistan. This is the most important source of water utility is the North East of Iran. This article is a descriptive study, with an emphasis on geographical and political issues, seeks to answer the question whether hydro-border development and utilization of Salma dam in Afghanistan can be a challenge for security, environmental and national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran is? And in case of challenges, approaches and Proper management what is it?
Findings from the study indicate that according to Salma dam upstream position with respect to the seasonality factor Harirud water, can be the subject of environmental security, and from the perspective of national security, given the prospect of big cities northeastern dependence on water resources and the high risk of water security of the country, can be challenging. The challenges to Proper management, to look at the system, in the form of legal approaches, economic and political, are essential.

Main purpose of recent research is to survey of deferent aspects of military and security measures of authoritarian regime of Israel and focusing on environmental consequences of actions of this regime. Because, in despite of several research that has been done on measures and policies of Israel regime but in term of environment or environmentally, destructive actions and todays impacts of its security and military measures of this regime on the environment of occupation territories of Palestine and Israel neighborhoods and middle east has not studied in detail. This recent article tries to analyses this issue from deferent aspects in comprehensive. Findings of the research show that settlement-making and military measures of israel on environment of Palestine territories caused destructive consequences such as pollution of water resources of Palestine, destruction of plant and animal life, air pollution and transform of natural environment of Palestine by Israel settlers and as result creation economical insecurity and health problem for people of Palestine and other people of the region. It also causes destruction of cultural heritage of Palestine by road-building and constructions of Israel, pollution of dangerous solid garbages. Israel military and security actions of Israel also cause the pollution and threat of the Middle East environment. Military measures, canal construct, drainage of swamp, transport of heavy military vehicles, application of chemical, biological and conventional weapons against its neighborhoods(Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Somalia, Jordan and other countries of middle east region) caused erosion of soil, remove of plant cover, air pollution and destruction of water and dry ecosystem and climate change of this region. Huge amounts of organic deposits has raised on soil surface and inflammation of this deposits led to development of new zones of deposits and in its subsequence, spread of soil and sand particles in air and spread of them in the regions countries. Also, warmongering of sad am and Americans and drying of swamp by sad am and transform of land surfaces and west hegemony on this region are another important factors of the environmental, social and economical threats in this region. Method of this research is causal- explanation method and method of data collection is use of library –documental resources.

In today's world due to the increasing importance of economic growth, this area is to strengthen the military might spend a backup to the main arena of competition between countries has become. With the emergence of new economic powers like China and India and the country's fast economic growth, the crisis has been the scarcity of energy resources than ever before. The interdependence and economic integration, followed by economic growth and energy security of the determinants of relations between the countries. China to continue its economic growth required to adopt appropriate policies to reduce vulnerability in the field of energy. Forecasts suggest that China's rapid economic growth of the country's energy resources are insufficient,and this issue concerns China's energy security future is ahead. In this regard, China to diversify its sources of imported energy, relationships with the world's most important center of energy production put on its agenda. In addition to Russia and Africa, relations with oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf area of China's new foreign policy options are considered. Persian Gulf region as an important part of the strategic energy ellipse, one of the main suppliers of energy needs more than ever to ensure economic growth of the world economy is emerging powers. Energy security from the perspective of the consumer market and purchase of oil producing countries, namely the diversification of these countries. Attract new foreign investments in the development of the energy industry, the other from the perspective of the country's energy security. So the topic of energy security can be the intersection of these countries with China as the world's new economic power. The aim of this study was to investigate China's foreign policy priorities in the strategic Persian Gulf in order to reduce the vulnerability of its energy. Also looking for examining the interaction between the economy and foreign policy and the role of trans-regional powers in view of China's relations with the countries of the Persian Gulf.

America tried to use the event of September 11 as a mean to achieve its purposes in the global level. Purposes like defense from America against terrorist measures with slogan of fighting against terrorism, completing the siege ring of energy heartland and stabilize the America hegemony on the global society (safavi and sakiani,2010, 2). so, after the September 11,2001, based on its new strategy, it divide the world into two the friend and enemy block thereby take steps towards establish and founding its country hegemony. Despite of this problems, geopolitical specialties of Afghanistan such as vicinity to Russia and china, vicinity to middle east, expansion of nato to the east, having neighborhood with Iran and center of energy heartland, vicinity to central Asia and Caucasus ,proximity to endian ocean, Hormuz strait and Persian gulf are some cases that made the nato and west especially America to place themselves in Afghanistan and around of Iran borders addition to fighting against terrorism as short term purpose, provide the establishment of its hegemony as a long term purpose. America and nato attack Afghanistan in October ,2001, and after ten years ,Barack Obama expressed that America forces is going to go out Afghanistan. Meanwhile, the state feature in Afghanistan is continuous fails and Taliban are still acting in this country and their terrorist actions are interrupting security of Afghanistan. Afghanistan likewise is suffering from lack of security, economic and political non-development, lack of social security, terrorism and production and trafficking of drugs, and as a result, neighbor countries especially Islamic republic of Iran has been damaged because of this insecurities. The research method that has been used in this research is descriptive-analytical method.

Principle Planning is essential to promote the needs of each country's sovereignty in the border areas. Iran has also shapes the land, extent and geographical and geopolitical threats, and competing ethnic, religious and regional Western countries have high sensitivity in its limits. Especially in the border areas of different ethnicities and religions live. In addition to the high level of poverty in the areas of divergent ethnic and religious groups are active in these areas. It also offers all the capabilities and capacity of the mining and agriculture industries are weak. One of the areas bordering Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan that all these threats and challenges it presents. This shows the importance of the Iranian government and the Kurdistan region of Iraq, rational planning, and consistent with the requirements of ecological and humanitarian issues in the region's political and cultural. Therefore, in this paper, has reviewed and analyzed, the approach makes use planning in the region and geopolitical factors affecting the preparation of this area. So the main questions are: (1) geopolitical factors that influence the preparation of the border between Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan are there? (2) How the geopolitical factors affect how land use planning study area? Research hypothesis is as follows: It seems Geo-Culture components, geo-political-security and Geo-economy, geopolitical factors influencing the preparation of the border between Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan. The methodology of this paper is descriptive-analytical.

Indiain South Asia andin neighboringChina,Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Bhutan and Nepalis located.It hasabsolutelydominantintheirsouthernIndian Ocean. India isthe seventhcountry inthe worldin terms ofarea Andthe secondmost populous countrywithover one billionthree hundredmillionof the world's population andTot racial,cultural, religiousand linguistic.Thesystem theory(structure) geopoliticalworld,Cohendividesthe world intofour components, one of these componentsis an independentgeopoliticalregion.Thisareacoincideswiththe political geography ofthe Indian subcontinentIndia's premierhub forthe regionis beingupgradedto becomethe worldsthirdterritorygeostrategic(Hafez Nia, 1390: 244).India isupgrading toan actor in thebalance of powernot only amongits neighbors inSouth Asiabut throughoutAsiaandthe world. India isupgrading toan actor in thebalance of powernot only amongits neighbors inSouth Asiabut throughoutAsiaandthe world.Indiahas nowbecomea centralactorin therelationshipwithChina, Central Asia, thePersian GulfandSouth Asia(Mojtahedzadeh et al, 1390: 16).India's geopoliticalterritoryin order of preferenceare:SoutheastAsia and theIndian Ocean, the SouthEastandWestAsia,with a focus onIran, CentralEurasia,Duringthe 1980sand 1990s,themilitaryorganizationof India, India's strategic interests in theareaofthe landmass ofSouth AsiaandthePersian Gulfto the Indian Oceanthroughthe Strait of Hormuzhas set.Thehorizontalwidthof the 21st century, the countrysstrategic interestsbeyond theStrait of Malaga, and willcontinueinother areas.

China's Communist revolution in 1949 led to the transformation extensively in Chinese foreign policy. This country has gone through different periods from the foreign policy and its relations with the countries of the world, has been associated with many ups and downs. In total, China's foreign policy ever since the Communist revolution in 1949 can be divided into two different periods, and during the Mau period. Under Mao, China to protect its fledgling state, relying on Soviet policy, but Mao later due to ideological differences with Moscow, from the Soviet Union and policy away from its reliance placed on the agenda. After the death of Mao and the rise of Deng Xiao Ping, China's policies towards the ideological distance and went and pragmatic Realpolitik. It was in this period that China's break with the ideology of Mao's policies, the rotary control in its foreign policy that remains to this day. This Paper with methodology of descriptive-analytic, has been reviewed the various aspects of the foreign policy of China from the Mao era, up to Now, and has attempted to respond to this question that What are changes in the foreign policy of China, from the Communist revolution of 1949 up hitherward? The results show that the foreign policy of China has backed away from the ideological fettle and has pursued realistic and practical approach based on the realities of the world geopolitics.

The rule of blocking the way is one of the most important rules of jurisprudence. That majority of jurisprudents have proved it, according to verses, narrations, consensus (ijma') reasoning (a'ql) and in many cases, this rule is based on the inference Islamic laws. According to this rule, each of the relations, including the legal act and contract which causes the infidels to find a way to dominate and influence Muslims or to make them superior to the Muslims is invalid.
It can be used in many political, economic, social and jurisprudential dimensioned; but in the present time that domination and influence of foreign and colonial countries in various forms have shadowed Muslims and their lands, one of the best ways to save and get out of this weak situation is to pay attention and do this rule.
The most important application of this rule in political and economic issues of Islam, considering this rule and the advice and emphasis of the supreme leader the Islamic revolution on the resistance economy and that it's correct implementation can save the country from dependence on foreigners in various field, this paper aims in descriptive and analytical way to describe one of the most effective ways to save and get out of domination and foreign countries and the lack of dependence on infidels. According to this, have been discussed on the provisions of the rule of blocking way, basics, arguments,, referent supplies and it’s results.

The fundamental technology of virtual space, in culture, social life, patterns of interaction between the state and the nature Threats role is important. This suggests that the national security state Thdydafryn other Limited to the real world, not the virtual world in tandem with the real-world environment is Thdydza government. At Among one of the most emerging threats, cyber-terrorism. And according to the density of dissident terrorist groups Environment of Islamic Republic of Iran and the increasing role of non-state actors in Thdydafryny with Take advantage of the virtual environment, the purpose of this article is based on, Cyber Terrorism aspects and scenarios And explored its potential in terms of national security under review.

Persian Gulf is one of the unique geographical regions with outstanding characteristics in the world. It has always been recognized as an attractive place by governments in such a way that it has been exposed to competitions and combats regularly. This area includes countries that are members of Persian Gulf Cooperation Council as well as Iran and Iraq. The relationships of Iran and southern countries of Persian Gulf have been scrutinized from different aspects. The aim of this article is to consider the relationships between these countries and Islamic Republic of Iran in a constructivism theory framework. According to constructivism theory, the reality of system is not only predetermined but also has made a genesis in mutual communication of players and then indexes and the characteristics of this social stage appears within the relations. The players perform based on their own constructs, ideas and imaginations in the reciprocal communications and, in the long run, they create the reality based on a combined imagination. To investigate this issue, with regards to the special style of this approach in relation to the ontology uses to recognize and analysis of phenomena, we have chosen a particular approach in the methodology and therefore we will use a hermeneutic-approval method.

Middle East is one of the most important geopolitical areas of the world and therefore it has been always a field on which all the players have been competing to make it as their territory. While in the past it was the states that tried to territoriality, nowadays there are some non-governmental players as Muslim Brotherhood movements that try to play the game of territory making so that non-governmental endeavors have been much more than governmental ones. Muslim brotherhood movement is a cause that the nature and aim of its territoriality is an ideological one. The movement although incepts in Egypt but in a little time was expanded to other countries either in Middle East or even in the world and it could catch the power in some of the Middle East counties. In this paper the authors tries to explain the process of the territoriality of this movement in Middle East and to study the factors effective in its territoriality. The method of this survey is descriptive and analytical and the resources Were collected used library and documents. It concludes that the movement of Muslim Brotherhood has expanded its territoriality with using factors as Sunni domination, culture, race and Arabic language, geography and geopolitical developments, such as colonialism and the question of Palestine. Brotherhood movement's success in Territoriality, in addition to the above skills, influence compliance with the environmental situation in the different countries, So that the movement in different countries, has come almost completely different paths.

Caspian Sea as the largest sea enclosed in the dry, with diverse ecosystem and substantial resources of oil and gas as well as strategic location and Geo economically, with the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991 by the Great Powers trans-regional, especially America and Europe Union on the one hand, and China, Turkey and Israel On the other hand, Was considered.Russia as the main successor of the Soviet Union collapsed and Iran, before the collapse of the USSR, as the only owner of the water Zones, Interests and goals have been followed in the Caspian region in modern conditions too. This presence and the new competition in region have created the complex and diverse field in the international relations that have been analyzed in this research.

Iranian Islamic Revolution is one of the biggest social upheavals of 20th century. It not only drastically changed the Iranian political and social landscape, but had many repercussions in the region and in the world. It influenced and motivated Muslims and specially Shiites everywhere in the region. Pakistani Shiites, particularly, were hugely impressed, as could be expected due to the fact that the two countries are neighbors and the two Shiite populations are inheritors of the same socio-cultural and religious legacy. Here we have used analytical- descriptive method to gauge this influence and to explain it on the basis of Diffusion theory. Our investigation shows that the influence has been shaped by particulars of the origin (Iran) and of the destination (Pakistan) and by the fact that the two countries are neighbors; and that is why there has been a contagious Diffusion involved. Iranian Islamic Revolution has always been a source of both opportunities and challenges for Pakistani Shiites. Iranian Islamic Revolution revived the socio-political existence of Pakistani Shiites and organized them round a core motif. It gave them a religious identity and strengthened their quest for a better stance within Pakistani society, and it motivated them to establish political parties and express their political demands.

Today، with advances in the technology of weapons and military equipment، urban areas are most at risk of invasion. Among the most important factors in enhancing human casualties in military attacks on urban areas، one can point to the unrealistic architecture of houses which does not conform to principles such as optimal site selection and layout of the structure of human settlements، proper distribution، principles of concealment، camouflage and deception، the high degree of vulnerability of buildings and interior architecture of buildings with regard to passive defense. Structural arrangement of spaces and their connection with surrounding areas has created great opportunities for saving lives And improves system performance and reduces its vulnerability. This study with a descriptive-qualitative approach، investigates the role of passive defense in urban housing planning and the conclusions are used to create safe city، strong city and deterrent city. Results show that determining the geometric design of house، pop location، availability and predictability of secure spaces are regarded as multi-functional space for each building in times of peace and war are among the optimal components of building architecture and vernacular architecture from the perspective of a passive defense. Crises، threats and disasters are classified into two main categories: natural، including earthquakes، floods، landslides، droughts and human category such as war، accidents and diseases which are more than 50 types. The main objective of this study is investigating crisis caused by war in residential areas. In the full-scale military conflicts، one of the ultimate goals of the parties involved is making an effort to bring the breadth and scope of the battlefield to civilian centers especially to urban centers، which is usually accompanied by heavy air strikes. This act is one of the most effective strategies in the fate of wars. Dragging wars to residential areas is usually accompanied by extensive damage and high human casualties and if there is no planning at macro measures in peacetime، during the war casualties would be double and it would bring terrible psychological burden for politicians and top military commanders. Among the main factors increasing the number of people killed and injured in the military attacks we can point to security attacks and natural and unexpected disasters occurring in urban areas and the high vulnerability of buildings which are resulted from the improper planning of housing، inadequate spatial layout and structured problems، construction engineering problems (unsafe structures and fortifications)، inappropriate architecture (not anticipating the shelter، open spaces، etc.)، non-standard communication networks and etc. Thus، regarding key principles underlying passive defense in buildings can be considered as bedrock for the development of sustainable security in urban areas. Another major cause of casualties in urban warfare is the population growth in urban areas due to excessive migration and unplanned growth of non-standard and unsafe human settlements in the margin of urban areas (e. g. Tehran metropolitan). So that in 1900، 29% of the world population lived in urban areas and in 1950، this rate increased to 49% and according to UN statistics; in 2010 this percentage was more than 75% (Vautravers، 2010، p. 438). Theoretical bases: The main objective of this study was to investigate and analyze structural and architectural factors affecting patterns of planning and design of housing in urban areas in order to deal with the effects of enemy invasion to residential areas and based on this، the hypothesis of the study has been developed which seems that the optimal pattern of planning of urban settlements and giving priority to housing planning based on defensive architecture and passive defense principles are among the major factors in reducing casualties and financial losses in residential areas during the crisis. The research method was descriptive - analytical. Data were gathered and analyzed through sources and documents available in libraries.

Urban housing Housing is one of the affect ive indicators in the mortality caused by military invasion to the cities. Since housing is known as the basic of urban fabric. The housing issue is broad and complex and has various dimensions. Housing has a physical location and is regarded as a shelter، basic and primary need of individuals. In this shelter، some of the family or individual''s primary needs such as food، rest، and protection against environmental conditions are met (Pourmohammadi، 2009، 3). Housing planning is part of the urban planning in which residential units are considered as part of the deformed and adopted spaces which will be considered with regard to their subjects in the housing planning framework. Based on this، housing planning deals with allocating habitable spaces to needs of residential housing and paying attention to the limitation of resources and the use of special techniques، theories with social، cultural، political and economic frameworks. Passive defense principles in the design and construction of urban human settlements Defensive architecture of the building is presented in order to get ready for more attacks against military and other natural disasters. Passive defense considerations in housing are crystallized in three categories of architecture، structural strength and installations. In architecture، attending principles such as optimal site selection and layout of buildings، the proper dispersion، observing such principles as camouflage، concealment and deception principles and high-grade restoration of interior architecture of buildings is important (Faraji Mollaei and Azimi، 2011، 998). The structural arrangement and connection with surrounding areas has provided great resources to save lives and has improved the system performance and reduced its vulnerability. Determining the geometric design، pop location، availability and predicting secure spaces as multiple performance spaces for each building in peacetime and war are the responsibility of architects. Architects should design the space to suit the needs of the user so that in addition to the defensive performance in the time of war، it has appropriate use in time of peace (21st issue of the National Building Regulations، 2009، 3-4). The structural aspect of buildings deals with how to design the building to resist the explosive loads. This work is the responsibility of Structural Engineers. In order to have the right structural system and choosing the appropriate section of the building for secure space، architectural plans must be coordinated with the structural issue. In the facility sector، it is to prevent the damage caused by the blast effects، such as gas leaks، flooding، electrical hazards، fire and installing alarm system. Limited utilization capacity or variability of building facility systems consistent with the desired performance is considered by facilities engineers.

Urban housing planning must be designed and implemented under this title. In addition to attending the social، economic and security issues، it should seek to achieve the goal of increasing the nation''s capacity to deal with threats and potential harms and to promote empowerment and national tolerance for dealing with emergency situations. From the discussed issue، we can conclude that it is possible to decrease the severity and extent of damage caused by enemy attacks during crises cassette through applying appropriate architecture measures with a defensive approach، considering the 16 principles of passive defense consistent with the physical and special properties of cities and especially in urban residential areas، while creating beautiful spaces without compromising space and their functionality and without spending too much cost. This work involves the national resolute determination of relevant organizations which is possible with the cooperation and synergy of organizations. Suggestions: In order to reach housing programs with an appropriate level of safety based on passive defense principles the following suggestions are offered: Comprehensive housing plan for the development of quality of buildings along its quantitative development. Considering the safety of the buildings. Preparation of passive defense guidelines based on safe housing planning. Compilation of architectural document requirements in the design of buildings with passive defense approach. Planning for reducing physical instability of residential buildings in the historic fabric and marginal areas. Paying special attention to textures and old residential areas in central cities، and granting support from government facilities for strengthening، upgrading and refurbishment of old buildings.

Discussion about passive defense has a long history especially in construction of urban spaces as well as public buildings. Accuracy of this claim can be found in Initially of Islam wars and defensive measures such as digging ditches, making a fort. Now days is felt, that Should be improved in considerations of passive defense for reducing casualties of war due to advancement of technology and its impact on the development of WMD. A defensive consideration in urban development is most important because of Iran has strategic objectives and strategies such as: authoritarianism, Seeking glory, preservation of territorial integrity, political independence, pattern of local development and etc. Also considering to passive defense in countries especial in Iran due to their placement in the Middle East and having unique opportunities such as: geopolitical, geostrategic, geo-strategic geo-ideological on the other hand is important. The research is, applied. Office buildings sensitive of Shahriyar city is as studied characterizes to reduce damage from enemy attacks. Generally collocated data is library and has been used field studies.At first in this study, was identified hazard zone in country also was determined building sensitive of shahriyar. So we can prevent financial and physical damages before occurrence of war where these damages are more than other parts of city.

The urban old texture an important problem in urban planning that today due to anquity buildings and unsuitable accessibility has converted to disposale damage fields against natural and artifact events. The research object is spatial analysis of old urban texture based on passive defence principles for attending to stability pattern.

In present research the research method is combination of analytical_ survey and typical methods and kind of research is applied. The important indexes determined an antiquity buildings, build quality, number of floor, green space, compatibility, media services, urban services and surrounded degree.

one of main problems of urban centres’ part is residential regions depreciation that according to accomplished studies, texture centres’ according to unsuitable of urban passages from accessibility index to assisting centres located in undesirable situation in critical times.