حسین اسکندری

In Iran, marriages between Iranian women and Afghan immigrant men are on the rise; however, there is limited information available regarding domestic violence against Iranian women with Afghan immigrant spouses. Domestic violence is a serious social and public health issue that requires a precise understanding of the influential factors in this context.

This study aimed to identify the factors influencing domestic violence against Iranian women with Afghan immigrant spouses. This study could contribute to improving policies and prevention programs aimed at addressing domestic violence in these communities.

The present study utilized a descriptive phenomenological approach. The target population consisted of all Iranian women who were victims of domestic violence with Afghan immigrant spouses residing in Tehran province. The sampling method was a snowball technique, ultimately resulting in interviews conducted with 14 participants. Data collection utilized semi-structured, in-depth interviews, and the collected data were analyzed using a seven-step Colaizzi method.

The results indicated that factors such as personal characteristics of women (such as age, education, and economic status), characteristics of Afghan spouses (economic, cultural, and social), and family and social factors (such as cultural pressures and societal attitudes) play a role in increasing domestic violence against Iranian women with Afghan immigrant spouses.

Given the findings of this study, it appears that a precise understanding of the factors influencing domestic violence in this community is crucial. This study can aid in formulating policies and prevention programs against domestic violence towards Iranian women with Afghan spouses, leading to improvements in their social and health-related conditions

This study aimed to determine the moderating role of defense mechanisms in the relationship between loneliness and internet addiction among university students. The study method was correlation and the statistical population included all students studying at Khayyam University (approximately 7000 people). A number of 200 students were selected by convenience sampling method and completed the Internet Addiction Questionnaire, Loneliness, and Defense Style Questionnaire. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient show a positive and significant relationship between loneliness and internet addiction, a negative and significant relationship between mature defense style and internet addiction and there is a positive and significant relationship between immature defense style and internet addiction. Also, a positive and significant relationship exists between immature defense style and loneliness. Finally, the results of the hierarchical regression analysis of the proposed model show that defense mechanisms significantly moderate the relationship between loneliness and internet addiction. This research shows that the relationship between loneliness and internet addiction is not linear and simple, and other variables such as defense mechanisms play a role in this relationship.
 Keywords: Internet addiction, loneliness, defense mechanisms, university students.

The research aimed to study the psychological consequences of child marriage among girls through a phenomenological approach and semi-structured interviews.

  Twenty women from Gilan, Khoozestan, Sistan and Baloochistan, Khorasan and Yazd province who experienced child marriage and their current ages were less than 50 years old were selected through purposive sampling. Interviews and observations were conducted by traveling to each province. Colaizzi method was used in order to analysis data.

Results were included of 5 main themes and 15 sub themes in psychological consequences. Main themes are crashed ego, psychic traumas, negative emotions, immaturity and personal maturity.

The results showed that negative psychological consequences of child marriage are much more than their positive ones.

Objective This study aims to identify potential harms of the virtual world concerning modesty and hijab, as a subject of social, religious, and educational studies. The study was conducted using a quantitative and descriptive-survey method. The statistical population comprises social network users residing in North Khorasan province. The sampling method was convenience sampling, the research tool was a questionnaire and its internal consistency coefficients were calculated by the alpha method of Cronbach. The findings indicate that individuals' attitudes and behaviors regarding modesty and hijab in real and virtual worlds are significantly interdependent. Overall, women's attitude and behavior scores in both real and virtual worlds are significantly higher than men's. Additionally, the scores for attitudes and behaviors of married individuals regarding modesty and hijab are significantly higher in both real and virtual worlds compared to single individuals. The scores of users who spend less than an hour on social networks regarding modesty and hijab are significantly higher in both real and virtual worlds than users who spend more than an hour in both worlds. Furthermore, the findings show that women compared to men, married individuals compared to singles, and low-usage users compared to high-usage users received better scores in the category of hijab and modesty in both the real and virtual worlds. Consequently It seems that in educational and training programs, religious propaganda, and the like, men should be addressed more than women, or at least to the same extent. Enhancing media literacy, especially among high-usage users and single people, can reduce the potential harms of the virtual space.

Migrations have had political, social, economic, and cultural effects, either intentionally or unintentionally. As the effectiveness of the migration phenomenon, especially in the cultural aspect, is one of the important and significant issues. As an important waterway, the Persian Gulf has been a meeting place of various cultures not only politically and economically, but also culturally. One of these cases is the generally unwanted migration of people of African descent, especially from the eastern parts of this continent, to the shores and rear shores of the Persian Gulf centuries ago and especially in the last two centuries. In addition to being influenced by the residents of these areas, this group has also had a deep impact on the culture of these areas. One of the most important of these effects is the formation and spread of a phenomenon called zar, which is considered one of the subcultures in these areas. In the term, zar is a kind of confusion and distress of people, which they considered to be the result of the actions of evil spirits. The formation and wide spread of the Zar phenomenon has many reasons. The basic question of this research is that what are the causes of the spread and continuation of the zar phenomenon in the shores and backshores of the Persian Gulf? It seems that the lack of a safe haven and the lack of logical reasoning to solve the problems of the residents of the shores and backshores of the Persian Gulf on the one hand and living with many problems in the southern regions of Iran, the many trips of sailors from these areas to the African coasts and the settlement of African descendants on the coasts On the other hand, the Persian Gulf has caused the spread and development of a phenomenon called Zar. Also, this phenomenon has had harmony and similarity with some cultural structures of these areas. This research has been done by relying on library sources and field observations and with descriptive analytical method.

The experience of existential distress, along with other forms of distress, is one of the common experiences in end-of-life patients. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to review related studies and conceptualize existential distress in palliative care of cancer patients.

This study was a systematic review, which was conducted from May 1 to July 31, 1402 at Allameh Tabatabai University and search strategy was written and performed in MEDLINE, Web of Science/PubMed and Scopus databases from the beginning of 2003 to the end of 2022. The inclusion criteria included all quantitative, qualitative, mixed and review studies that focused on the experience of adult patients. Lack of access to the full text of the article and studies in non-English language, clinical trial (randomized and non-randomized), letter to the editor, case report and protocol were excluded from the list of studies. After removing duplicate articles, two research authors reviewed the studies independently according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the differences between them were resolved by discussion.

After searching, screening and selecting articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, finally 22 articles were included in the study, of which three were review articles, eight were quantitative and 11 were qualitative. Terminally cancer patients experience existential distress, and the data are significant for estimating the prevalence of these symptoms, especially in the severe category. In addition to examining the prevalence of this symptom, patients have described their experience of existential distress in several categories: Feelings of loneliness and isolation (or loss of support system), relationship concerns (concerns about family, changes in relationships, and conflictual relationships), loss of control/autonomy (physical control, cognitive and emotional control), burden on others, loss of sense of continuity (loss of roles, pleasurable activities and sense of self), uncompleted life tasks, hopelessness/helplessness, dissolving of the future, uncertainty and frightening ambiguity, feeling guilt/ regret about the past, lack of meaning, inevitable thoughts of death.

It seems that the themes raised beyond cultural differences show the universal human suffering, whose accurate conceptualization can help to develop effective therapeutic interventions to reduce existential distress.

The purpose of this study was to formulate and validate indivitual systemic psychotherapy and determine its effectiveness on ego depletion of depressed people. In the present study, a mixed method research of consecutive exploratory design was used, which was performed in two stages.In the first stage, after reviewing the literature and the concepts and therapies in the field of system theory, the treatment protocol was developed by qualitative content analysis and Stirling content analysis. Then 8 clinical psychologists determined the content validity of the protocol. In the second stage, to determine its effectiveness, a single-subject multiple baseline with different subjects and follow-up period was used. The statistical population included all people with depressive disorder who referred to a mental health center in Tehran in 1399. Using the available sampling method, 3 of these people were selected with the incoming and outgoing research criteria. The intervention was performed individually in 12 sessions of 60 minutes and after two months and three months, the subjects were followed up. Data were collected using semantic Stroop test. For data analysis, graphs and visual analysis of graphs were used. The results showed that the individual systemic psychotherapy protocol has an acceptable content validity. The results of the treatment intervention also showed that the symptoms of ego depletion were reduced in depressed people and this effect continued in the follow-up phase.

The purpose of this research is to design and validate a gamification program to improve sustainable behavior based on the community-based social marketing (CBSM) approach and to investigate its effectiveness on electricity consumption. First, the gamification program was designed to modify the electricity consumption behavior of household subscribers based on CBSM. According to the stage model of behavior change, behavior modification strategies were divided into four stages. Validation was done based on the opinions of ten experts. The second stage was a single-case study with an interrupted time series design. The statistical population consisted of household electricity subscribers in Tehran, and the sample included three families, selected in an available manner. Electricity consumption data were collected monthly. The baseline was from June 2016 to March 2021, the intervention from April 2021 to December 2021, and the follow-up from January 2022 to June 2023. The per capita electricity consumption of household electricity customers in Tehran during the same time periods was used as a control in the analysis. The effect size was calculated using the "mean baseline reduction" method. The overall analysis of time series data and the significance of changes were done using the interrupted time series analysis method and the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model in SPSS 26 software. CVR and CVI indices were above 0.9, indicating the validity of the program. The calculation of the effect size showed a decrease in the consumption of families one and two after the start of the intervention, with most of the decrease occurring in the follow-up phase. The continuation of lower consumption in the follow-up period indicated the relative persistence of new habits. Family three and household electricity subscribers in Tehran showed a slight increase in consumption. In the visual analysis, only in the time series of family 1 was a decreasing trend observed after the implementation of the intervention. All time series exhibited a pattern of seasonal changes. These seasonal changes were controlled with the ARIMA model and the data of Tehran electricity subscribers. Based on the interrupted time series analysis, only the decrease in consumption of family 1, which was a high-consumption household, was significant (P<0.05). This family reduced consumption by about 50%. It can be said that the program is valid. Further study of its effectiveness is recommended, considering the limitations of this research, especially in high-consumption households that are in the pre-operation stage.

Depression during adolescence can lead to various psychological and social problems that often persist into adulthood.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on mental imagery on depression symptoms and autobiographical memory in adolescents.

The present study employed a multiple baseline case study design. The study population included adolescents aged 12-18 who sought treatment at non-governmental psychological clinics in the city of Rasht during the years 1401-1402. The sample size consisted of three participants selected through purposive sampling. The instruments used were the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1996) and the Autobiographical Memory Test (Williams & Broadbent, 1986). Descriptive statistics, effect size, percentage of improvement, and mixed regression were used for data analysis with SPSS 24 software.

The results indicated that the cognitive-behavioral therapy package based on mental imagery significantly reduced depression symptoms in adolescents (p < 0.05) and increased meaningful self-report memories while decreasing more general self-report memories (p < 0.05).

When individuals approach specific memories through mental imagery instead of avoiding or neglecting them, hidden emotions become apparent, providing the individual with new meanings of those images and contributing to mood improvement. Considering the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on mental imagery on depression symptoms and autobiographical memories in adolescents, it is recommended that healthcare practitioners working with individuals diagnosed with depression take note of the findings of this research.

The present research investigates trade relations between the Rasūlīd government (govern. 626-858 A.H./1228-1454 A.D.) in Yemen and the Persian Gulf, and provides a historical overview of the Rasūlīd’s power and government. It seems that the study of relations between the Rasūlīd government and Persian Gulf ports can open a new chapter in the historical studies of the Persian Gulf region. This is due to the commercial nature of their government and the reliance of Banī-Rasūl government on trade revenues on one hand, and the position of Persian Gulf in East-West trade on the other hand. The research findings indicate that the Rasūlīd’s government was a commercial state, where trade especially with the coasts and islands of Persian Gulf held particular importance. Persian Gulf was considered one of the most important destinations of international trade for the Rasūlīds. The research employs library resources and investigates the topic using the descriptive-analytical method.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a neurological condition that often occurs in children.

The purpose of present research was to develop and validate internet neuropsychological training program and investigate its effectiveness on response inhibition and impulsivity of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The program was compiled in a meta-synthesis method from data sources articles within 1982 to 2021 and was approved by professors of clinical psychology and psychiatry, Then, in quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design, 21 children aged 5 to 6 years with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Alborz province in 2022-2023 were selected by the convenience sampling method and randomly allocated into the experimental and control groups. The internet neuropsychological training program was held in 16 sessions for children and in 8 sessions for parents. Children's Raven Colored Progressive Matrices scales (1938), the Conners Parent Rating scale (1978) and Go/No go test (1984) were used to collect data. The program was analyzed by thematic analysis and the data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS version 20.

The results showed that the content validity index of the parents' program was 0.87 and the children's program was 1, and the content validity ratio of the parents' program was 1 and the children's program was 0.75. The measured F-values showed significant changes in response inhibition (P<0.01) and impulsivity (P<0.00).

The results of the research showed that the internet neuropsychological training program was effective on impulsivity and response inhibition; Therefore, this program can be used as an effective program in improving response inhibition and impulsivity of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Somatic symptom disorder is a culturally dependent form of disorder, and culturally appropriate tools are necessary for its assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. Although various studies emphasize the influence of culture on the factors and fields effective in the formation of somatic symptoms disorder, However, few studies have developed a suitable test to evaluate the factors and fields of Somatic symptom disorder in iranian culture.

The present study was conducted with the aim of development and validating the questionnaire of the Antecedents of somatic symptom disorder (causal and contextual) in the Iranian society.

In terms of purpose, the present research is fundamental-applicative, in terms of gathering information, it is survey-questionnaire, and in terms of methodology, it is considered among test-making studies, which was carried out in the form of a correlational research project. The statistical population of the research included all people over 18 years of age in Tehran in 2023. The statistical sample size was 915 adults who were selected by available sampling method. To collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire on the antecedents of somatic symptom disorder, which was derived from a qualitative research, was used. Data analysis was done using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the first and second type to check the construct validity and principal component analysis method using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software.

The findings of this research showed that the questionnaire of the antecedents of somatic symptom disorder in iranian society has favorable psychometric characteristics. The results of factor analysis showed that this questionnaire has 4 subscales of dictatorial parenting, dysfunctional couple relations, emotional and cognitive characteristics of childhood. Using Cronbach's alpha, the values of the internal consistency coefficient were found to be 0.922 for dictatorial parenting, 0.929 for dysfunctional couple relationships, 0.842 for the child's feelings, and 0.846 for the child's thoughts.

According to the obtained results, it is suggested that specialists in medical centers use the questionnaire of the antecedents of somatic symptom disorder to evaluate, diagnose and prepare a treatment plan for somatic symptom disorder in iranian society.

The First World War and the occupation of Iran by foreigners, especially Britain in the south, is an important field in the issue of resistance against foreigners. The people of Bushehr, Tangestan, Dashti and Dashtestan regions were the main focus of these stability. Despite the all-out defense of the people of these areas against the British and their mercenaries, this persistence failed in the end. One of the important issues in this context is the dispersion of local forces and their lack of unity, especially local chiefs against foreigners. The basic question of this research is that what was the nature and positions of the local forces of the above-mentioned regions at this historical point and what effect did it have on their stability against the British? It seems that the different political and economic tendencies and interests of the local chiefs in these areas, the weakness of the central government and the British conspiracies caused the complete and proper exploitation of the potential forces and facilities against the foreigners. This article is done with descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and especially documents. The findings of this research indicate that the conflict of political and economic interests of the local leaders in the south and the fundamental differences between the northern and southern areas of Bushehr along with the British conspiracies became the main factors of the failure of these stability and heterogeneous arrangement against the British.

The aim of this study was to design and develop a computerized musical serious game to improve the attention components in both auditory and visual aspects of children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. First, based on the research background and experts' opinion, the content of the game was designed, compiled and validated. Then, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the game, a one-case exploratory method was used. For this purpose, a child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder was selected for the intervention and his attention span was assessed in 5 components of attention: selective attention, focused attention, continuous attention, intermittent attention and divided attention into auditory and visual aspects using the computer attention test (IVA-2), before intervention and after intervention (playing a serious game). Designed for 2 weeks (one hour daily). The results of the study of the effectiveness of serious game showed the improvement of the two components of selective attention and focused attention in the auditory and visual aspects of the child with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, but improved other components of attention such as continuous attention, Intermittent and divided attention appeared only in the auditory aspect. In addition, the findings of this study showed that the serious game has a more significant and positive effect on the components of auditory attention than the components of visual attention (P <0.05).

The study’s purpose is to design a model of wise managers based on the implicit theory of employees. In this research, the qualitative method of phenomenology has been used, which reveals the structure and implicit meaning of a phenomenon according to the implicit meaning that people have experienced in their lives. The statistical population included all employees of an industrial company, which continued by purposive sampling until theoretical saturation (26people). Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. Reliability was examined using inter-rater reliability and validity was investigated and confirmed by subject-matter experts. The data were analyzed by qualitative analysis. The results showed the model consists of 7dimensions in which concern and awareness of others, organization and planning, problem-solving and decision making, and motivation had the highest frequencies. These results can be used in dimension-based selection and development of wise managers, as well as the design of simulated situations and assessment centers.

Fear of guilt is a characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder, which confirms the centrality of guilt in obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Iranian adaptation of the Fear of Guilt Scale.

This study was applied and developmental in terms of aim and psychometric type,respectively. The population included all the people of the three company in Tehran, Iran, in the year 2022 from which 520 adults, were selected by availabile sampling. The Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (2004) and the Fear of Guilt Scale (2016) were used to collect the data. Besides, mean, standard deviation (SD), exploratory  and confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity and construct validity, SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 were run to analyze the data.

Confirmatory factor analysis revealed the existence of two factors: "punishment" and "prevention of harm." The scale demonstrated favorable convergent validity. Concerning scale reliability, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated at 0.90 for the entire scale, 0.88 for the "punishment" subscale, and 0.75 for the "prevention of harm" subscale which revealed the convergent and construct validity of this questionnaire.

This study confirms the psychometric properties of the Fear of Guilt Scale in terms of evaluating the features of fear of guilt in obsessive-compulsive disorder .Future researches can use this tool for the purposes of evaluating and investigating the fear of guilt in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder.

today , infrastructure is an important part of life , growth and dynamism of societies .economic sustainability , community life quality and national security  stability are  significantly  dependent  on  availability , persistence  and  sustainability of  the  country 's vital infrastructure .due to the increasing reliance on cyber space and cyber threats , the defense approach  of  them should  also be  a smart  approach ; therefore , this  paper  aims  to  achieve a  model  for cyber smart  defense  of the vital  infrastructure of the islamic republic of iran .in the present study ,  theliterature and theoretical foundations , including  concepts , classification and types of critical infrastructures , infrastructure reliance  on cyber space , cyber space awareness  , smart defense , threats and  vulnerabilities of critical infrastructurs , cyber - defense  and  challenges of  emerging technologies  in  critical infrastructures were studied  .then by scrutiny and analysis  of upstream documents  and comparative study of models , patterns , frameworks , designs and methods of national and international cyber - defense , dimensions , components and indicators were identified and conceptual model of research  was drawn .to evaluate the conceptual model , a questionnaire based on five options  likert scale was set  and  the validity and  reliability of the questionnaire  was confirmed by questionnaire .then  , the  final questionnaire was provided to 80  experts and practitioners in the field and the expert  opinion was obtained 72 people .in order to  analyze  the research data and to confirm the factor of conceptual model of research , smart p .l .s ) using  partial least squares method .based on the calculations carried out by this tool , the overall fitting of model equivalent model  was obtained  indicating  strong fit  of  model .finally , according to the dimensions , components and indicators confirmed by the analysis tools , the conceptual model of research was modified and finalized .

Post-traumatic growth emphasizes the fact that people experience positive changes in psychological, interpersonal and environmental dimensions after facing stressful events. The present study was conducted with the aim of developing and validating an educational program based on the post-traumatic growth model (PTG) and its effectiveness on the resilience and psychological well-being of patients with leukemia. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included patients referred to Tehran's Firouzgar Hospital in 1400, 30 patients were selected using voluntary and available sampling, and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. The tools included Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (RIS-CD) and Ryff Psychological Well-Being (RSPWB). The treatment program was held during 12 sessions, and after two months, the experimental group was followed up again. The results of covariance analysis showed that the F value obtained for resilience variable and dimensions of psychological well-being including independence dimension, mastery of the environment, personal growth, positive communication, purpose in life and self-acceptance. It is meaningful and the educational program based on the pattern of post-traumatic growth is effective on resilience and dimensions of psychological well-being (P<0.05). The results of the repeated measurement analysis are significant (P<0.01) in order to check the lasting effect of the educational program on resilience and dimensions of psychological well-being. The educational program based on the post-traumatic growth pattern as an effective and special program can be used to improve resilience and psychological well-being of patients with leukemia.

Considering the structural applications of polymer composites and the increasing demand for greater strength and stiffness of these types of composites, also due to the unique properties of Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs), the possibility of using Carbon nanotubes as an additional reinforcement in a polymer composite have been investigated. In this research, the representative volume element (RVE) is studied in different percentages and sizes of Carbon nanotubes. First, the analytical equations for predicting the elastic behavior of a representative volume element are presented, then the mechanical behavior of element is investigated by modeling the element in ABAQUS finite element software. The main objective of this research is to model and extract the elastic mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposite with epoxy resin underlay with carbon and glass fiber as the first reinforcement and carbon nanotube as the second reinforcement. Axial and bending loading is applied to the element as a displacement and single rotation. The results show that the axial and flexural stiffness of glass fiber-reinforced composite with 5 percent carbon nanotubes (inner radius=2nm) increase by 83.8% and 244.9%, respectively, while those for carbon fiber-reinforced composite and with the same conditions, it is 17.5% and 54.9%, respectively. On the other hand, increasing the thickness of carbon nanotubes by 1.5 nm causes a significant increase in the axial and flexural strength values of the composite reinforced with glass and carbon fibers.

Over time, roads have been identified as the vital economic arteries of nations, as they have been one of the fundamental factors and domains in the development of nations. The majority of the research conducted on roads focuses on the economic, political, and military functions of roads, as do most historians and researchers. The Persian Gulf does not deviate from this norm. In addition to its function as a trade corridor, the Persian Gulf has also played a fundamental and important role in the realm of culture. This study endeavors to answer the fundamental question of what impact the Persian Gulf has had on the evolution of Iranian culture and customs. It appears that the expansion of trade based on the tolerance of Iranian merchants and the travels of religious and spiritual missionaries and other Iranian groups formed through the Persian Gulf paved the way for the formation of Iranian communities outside of Iran's borders and the spread of Iranian culture. This issue crystallizes into topics including Persian language, customs, and Iranian art and architecture. This topic has been investigated using library resources and a descriptive analyticmethod.

In this paper, a waveguide antenna with a saddle-shaped pattern for remote sensing satellite applications has been introduced, and an efficient method to excite the antenna for circular polarization achievement has been presented. With the use of a circular microstrip probe, the mode inside the cylindrical waveguide is stimulated in such a way that the antenna has circular polarization with only one feeding input, and in addition, the input impedance of the antenna is 50 Ω. To achieve the saddle-shaped pattern, plus-shaped guides have been used. These guides are printed as microstrips on the Rogers 5880 substrate. The innovation of this article is in the simultaneous use of directional elements to create a saddle-shaped pattern and a circular probe to create circular polarization in order to design a suitable antenna for LEO remote sensing satellites. After the simulation, this antenna was fabricated and tested. The test results show that the antenna has a real gain of more than 3 dBi at angles of θ = ±65. The axial ratio of the antenna is less than 3 dB in the 8.23GHz for θ values between ±50, which shows that the antenna has a desired circular polarization in this θ angle range.