حسین امیری

This study aims to design an optimal and efficient model for regulating innovative and financial interactions of organizations in the capital market through contracts, with an emphasis on enhancing economic security. A mixed-methods approach was employed. In the qualitative phase, the meta-synthesis method was used to identify key variables affecting capital market contracts, and content analysis was applied to extract economic security components. Then, the fuzzy AHP technique and interpretive structural modeling (ISM) were utilized to prioritize and level these variables. In the quantitative phase, structural equation modeling (SEM) using SMART-PLS software was applied to test and validate the proposed model. The statistical population included experienced managers and experts in capital markets and economic affairs. The findings revealed that governance-related and institutional environment factors have the most significant impact on contract structuring and economic security development. Organizational, economic, and innovative factors also interact mutually and are influenced by governance elements while affecting social factors. Moreover, variables such as financial depth, central bank independence, and regulatory oversight significantly influence economic security. The path coefficient between capital market contracts and economic security was 0.851 with a t-value of 42.674, indicating a strong and significant relationship. The final model suggests that optimizing contract regulations in the capital market, alongside enhancing institutional and economic indicators, plays a crucial role in strengthening national economic security. Therefore, policymaking and institutional restructuring must align with financial development goals and capital market transparency.

The main focus of behavioral finance studies compliant with Shariah principles is focused on analyzing the behavior of investors and customers when faced with financial decisions, engaging the stock market, and using other products and technologies compliant with Shariah. The purpose of this research is to examine the compliance of Iran's banking system with Islamic Sharia, as well as to investigate the factors affecting the behavior of consumers and the role of demographic factors in determining the behavior of individuals towards adopting the financial system aligned with Shariah. According to the goals and questions in this research, a variance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) approach has been used. The statistical population includes 389 bank customers in Tehran. The results of the research show that variables such as non-compliance with Sharia, awareness, organizational perception, and collectivism significantly influence improving the attitude and thus indirectly fostering a positive decision to adopt Islamic banking. Also, factors such as bank interest rates, gender, type and price of services, and educational level significantly impact customers' investment in banking. In contrast, age and job variables are found to be statistically insignificant and ineffective in this context. To ensure the success of Shariah-compliant banks in fulfilling their intended role, it is necessary to provide a framework that encourages active participation at both micro and macro levels. In this regard, the importance of cultural development in Islamic banking training, strengthening Sharia supervision, amending regulations, clarifying banking activities, and ranking banks based on Islamic principles can be emphasized to ensure that the banking system genuinely adheres to Islamic principles.

Gold, Currency and Bitcoin as Hedge or Safe Haven for Stocks: Evidence from Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) using Smooth Transition Regression (STR) ModelsThis study examines the Hedge and safe haven properties for three alternative assets for stocks in Tehran Stock Exchange including currency, gold coins and bitcoin during the 1394 to 1399 period with common daily time series data based on the nonlinear Smooth Transition STR model. For this purpose, the nonlinear smooth transitions regression model has been estimated in three different cases, and based on the results, these two features have been evaluated for three assets: currency, gold coin and bitcoin against shares in Tehran Stock Exchange. The results of this study show that, firstly, gold coins and bitcoins are poorly Hedge for stocks on the Tehran Stock Exchange, but these two assets are a strong safe haven for stocks in the Tehran Stock Exchange. Second, the results show that foreign exchange assets have both the features of strong Hedge and a strong safe haven for stocks in the Tehran Stock Exchange. The results of this study provide valuable guidance for investors and financial market participants seeking to reduce investment risk as a results of stock price fluctuations.

 Obesity-induced inflammation affects various body systems. This study aimed to examine the effects of continuous exercise and calorie restriction on 8-isoprostane, malondialdehyde (MDA), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in obese male rats.

n this experimental study, 24 male rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control, exercise, calorie restriction, and exercise plus calorie restriction. The continuous exercise program lasted eight weeks, with an intensity of 24–33 meters per minute at a 15% incline. The duration increased from 10 minutes on the first day to 60 minutes per day by the fifth week and was maintained thereafter. The calorie-restricted groups received 50% of the food intake of the other groups. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test were used, with a significance level set at P<0.05.

Levels of 8-isoprostane significantly decreased in the exercise, calorie restriction, and exercise plus calorie restriction groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). A significant difference was also observed between the exercise plus calorie restriction group and the calorie restriction group. MDA and IL-6 levels significantly decreased in the exercise, calorie restriction, and exercise plus calorie restriction groups compared to the control group (P<0.05).

Eight weeks of continuous exercise combined with calorie restriction can improve levels of 8-isoprostane, MDA, and IL-6. The combination of exercise and calorie restriction is more effective than exercise without calorie restriction.

One of the important factors for economic prosperity and growth is having a deep and developed financial market. The financial market, as one of the important economic sectors, has an undeniable connection with the shadow economy. The existence of the shadow or hidden economy has serious effects on the economic growth and development of any country, including financial deepening. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the existence of the shadow economy destroys the formal economy and negatively affects the performance of the financial market. The main goal of this research is to investigate the effect of the shadow economy on financial depth during the period from 2003 to 2018 in the short and long term, using the Panel of Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (Panel NARDL). The results show the existence of an asymmetric (non-linear) relationship in the long term between the shadow economy and financial depth in selected countries with a similar financial system. The negative and positive shock of the shadow economy has had a positive and significant effect on the financial depth, and in the short term, despite the negative effect, it does not have a significant effect. Therefore, the selected countries can prevent the increase in the size of the shadow economy to maintain the current level of financial depth and increase it through the control of illegal activities and by designing an efficient financial system as well as amending the laws in the long term, act towards the identification of existing illegal activities and their gradual reduction.

In certain psychological conditions, people s minds become more susceptible to producing or being influenced by doubts; among these conditions are depression and obsessive disorders. This research attempts to examine and explain the role of these two disorders in creating grounds for the emergence and influence of doubt using a descriptive-analytical method. According to research findings, depression, due to having three mental components, can both create grounds for doubt and facilitate susceptibility to it. These components are negative cognitive triangle, maladaptive schemas, and logical errors. In obsessive disorder, two factors play important roles: 1. Suffering from obsessive doubts: this disorder is one type of thought obsession and can be a source of generating doubt in various religious teachings. 2. Strong desire to escape from worry and helplessness: if someone suffers from severe practical obsession in religious laws, they will experience significant anxiety and have a strong desire to escape this state. This condition can provide suitable ground for the emergence or influence of doubts.

In the path of thinking, the most foundational peril is to be entrapped by fallacies that hide falsehood in the guise of truth. As a critical mistake in thinking and argument procedure, fallacies perpetuate entanglement with double ignorance. Neglecting the possible mistakes in the content and form of an argument as well as issues that go beyond argument impede human reason from a realistic point of view. An infallible text according to Muslims’ doctrines, the Holy Qur’an is the best guide to explore how one can face the adversaries’ fallacies. In this revealed book, varieties of fallacies are mentioned particularly when it comes to how the adversaries encountered with prophet’s calls to faith. To acquire sound thinking, it is mandatory to identify different types of fallacies mentioned in the Quran. To do so, one can benefit from how prophets, and most particularly Prophet Muhammad, dealt with fallacies. Referring to the last revealed book, this article enumerates the most significant fallacies uttered by the adversaries. It comes to the conclusion that inspired by the Truth, prophets took a proper way to face the adversary, which, in turn, can serve as a model for humanity, particularly Muslims, in dealing with fallacies.

The current study uses TVP-FAVAR models to investigate the effect of monetary and financial shocks on inflation, with a focus on the intermediary role of banks, from 1370-1 to 2018-4. Main variables influencing inflation are considered to be money volume, current expenditures, construction expenditures, taxes, and the bank intermediation index. The rate of return variable of the speculative sector is considered as an unobservable and hidden variable. The findings show that not only the bank intermediation index, but also the variables of liquidity, construction expenses, and current expenses, have a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate, and that each standard deviation of change in these variables between one and three years has an effect on the country's inflation stability and permanence. Based on the model's findings, policies such as floating the bank interest rate and credit indexing can be implemented, as can supply-side policies such as increasing the level of work culture, increasing human resource productivity, and changing the labor market's composition. The annual anchoring of government spending in four-year periods, as well as the adoption of policies that reduce the uncertainty of inflation, can be effective in adjusting the inflation rate for the ratio of budget deficit or government debt to GDP.

In this research, for the first time, a mathematical model based on the principles of thermodynamics and heat transfer has been developed for the improved inclined water softener, which previous experimental tests have shown to perform much better than the standard inclined water softener. In this research, a thermal model has been developed to investigate the performance of an improved stepped solar still system (ISS), which previous experimental tests showed that its performance can be much better than standard stepped solar still. For this purpose, the energy conservation equation in the transient state is implemented for six solar still components including the glass cover, brine water inside the basins, absorber plate, elastomeric insulation layer, back plate and condenser plate; and the mass and energy conservation equations are implemented to model the circulating air between the evaporation chamber and the condenser chamber. These equations lead to a set of interdependent nonlinear first-order ordinary differential equations that must be solved simultaneously for all basins. To evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the developed model in predicting the performance of the ISS solar still in different weather conditions, this model is used to estimate the performance and the temperature of different components of the ISS in spring and autumn. The results show that the developed model has good accuracy in such a way that the maximum root mean square error in estimating the temperature of glass, salt water and absorbent plate is equal to 6.9, 6.2 and 6 degrees Celsius.

Increased inflammation caused by obesity is related to vascular health. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of aerobic training and caloric restriction on some indicators of vascular inflammation and interleukin 1 in obese male rats.

Twenty-four male rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, exercise, calorie restriction, and exercise + calorie restriction. The aerobic training program was maintained for eight weeks, and the intensity was 24-33 meters per minute with a slope of 15%, and the duration of the training was from 10 minutes on the first day of training to 60 minutes per day, increasing in the fifth week of training and until the end of the program with the same conditions. Restricted groups received 50% of the amount of food consumed by other groups. The concentration of I-selectin, ICAM and interleukin-1 was measured by ELISA method. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used at a significance level of 0.05.

The findings showed that aerobic training, calorie restriction and aerobic training with calorie restriction led to a significant decrease in e-selectin (P=0.001), decrease in ICAM (P=0.002) and interleukin-1 (P=0.001).

Eight weeks of aerobic training without and with calorie restriction leads to improvement of some vascular inflammation factors.

Considering the significant role of regional planning in economic development programs—particularly within the framework of Iran’s general land use policies and the need to decentralize economic activities across diverse regions—it is essential to identify the unique capabilities of each region. Comparative advantage theory plays a crucial role in assessing the potential and strengths of regions to support regional planning objectives. This study focuses on analyzing the comparative advantages of economic sectors in Sistan and Baluchestan province, applying Balassa’s enhanced comparative advantage index for 2021. Employing a descriptive-analytical method based on documentary research, the findings reveal that the education sector, with a comparative advantage index of 2.49 percent, ranks highest among major economic sectors, followed closely by agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing at 2.33 percent. These findings highlight opportunities for national and regional policymakers to strategically promote production and employment in the province by leveraging these sectoral advantages.

One of the important conditions for achieving higher economic growth is the existence of an efficient financial system in order to gather financial resources from surplus units and direct them to sectors with higher added value such as industry. Considering the importance of the diverse structure of the industry in order to benefit from the maximum intra-industry communication, this study aims to investigate the effect of credit development on industrial diversity over 2009-2019 at province level. Estimation of industrial diversity using Herfindahl-Hirschman index shows that Tehran province has the highest industrial diversity equal to 0.91 and Bushehr province has the lowest industrial diversity equal to 0.2. The results of estimations using the GLS method of panel data show that credit development has a positive and significant effect on industrial diversity, but the size of the government and economic growth have increased industrial concentration, and finally industrialization plays an important role due to intra-sector connections in industrial diversity. Therefore, the government's focus on infrastructure improvement considering the industrial advantage in Iran's provinces and the allocation of credits for the development of various industrial sectors and limited support for infant industrial sectors are the most important policies to improve industrial diversity.

Linked banking is one of the methods of providing microfinance, which aims to expand the reach of target groups to microfinance services with the aim of financial linkage between official financial organizations (commercial and government banks) and local financial groups. The purpose of this research is the pathology of the implementation of link banking in the Iranian banking system. For this purpose, this research using library research method, field studies, interviews with experts, managers and experts of the banking industry and using the SWOT factor analysis method in 1401, the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats of using linked banking has been extracted in Iran and then, related strategies were formulated and analyzed by ranking and weighting indicators and prioritizing strategies. The results of the research indicate that the best strategy for implementing linked banking in Iran is an aggressive strategy; it means that the proposed strategies in this dimension are proposed with the aim of using the strengths to exploit the opportunities. According to the results of the research, it is suggested that more connections should be established between microfinance institutions and academic and research centers so that by coordinating the necessary experience transfer, users of microcredits can produce goods and services in line with the needs of the market.

Water plays an important role in human life and is one of the first human needs for survival. Therefore, due to population growth and industrialization and therefore the lack of water resources in the world especially in Iran, its supply needs special attention. Currently, 97.5% of the water resources on the planet cannot be used. The main purpose of this study is the economic study of the use of fixed and floating freshwater in Makran beaches. One of the most important methods in this field is the desalination and desalination processes of seawater. Given that for government projects, only the final price or in other words the cost price is considered, the method of levelized cost of production over the useful life has been chosen. According to the information of the Electricity and Energy Master Planning Office of the Ministry of Energy, the results show that the desalination of seawater in the form of building a factory (fixed desalination plant) is more economical compared to the floating desalination plant, in such a way that the levelized cost of production in fixed desalination technology is 2000 and in floating desalination technology is 9700 rials per cubic meter. Also, sensitivity analysis tests based on the discount rate, production capacity coefficient, and escalation rate of fuel cost show that on one hand, floating desalination technology is more sensitive to the above variables than fixed desalination, and on the other hand, the change of this variable has no effect on changing the economic priority. The results show that seawater desalination in the form of a factory (fixed desalination) is economical compared to floating desalination.

The current research has been done with the aim of the semiotics of gratitude and explaining its quorum by relying on Islamic sources. In this article, the relevant materials and documents were collected in a library form and then classified and analyzed with a descriptive-analytical method. According to the surveys that were conducted and relying on religious sources, especially verses and traditions, 13 signs of gratitude were proposed and classified into three categories, which are: A- cognitive signs (three signs), b- behavioral signs (eight signs) and c- emotional signs (two signs). Next, the levels of gratitude were raised. In this part, three aspects were described in the ranking of gratitude. First of all, considering the reaction that a person shows in front of blessings, an attempt was made to express the signs of low level of gratitude, four signs were mentioned in total. According to this classification, if a person has more symptoms, he has a higher rank. And finally, in the second aspect, according to the motivation of the thankful person, and in the third aspect, according to the type of blessing that has reached the person, the degrees were expressed.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of central bank interventions in the foreign exchange market on exchange rate instability in Iran. Multiple regression method has been used to estimate the research model. The GARCH model (1, 1) has also been used to estimate exchange rate volatility. The Stavarek index was used to calculate the central bank intervention index. The closer the index is to zero, the more flexible the exchange rate is and the closer the exchange rate regime is to floating. If it is one, it indicates that the currency system is completely stable, and if it is between zero and one, it indicates managed and moderate currency regimes. Finally, the closer this index is to one, the greater the degree of market intervention.The time period studied in this research is 1353 to 1396. The results show that firstly in the higher deciles there is a significant relationship between the two indicators of central bank intervention and exchange rate instability; So that from the fifth decile, the intensity increases significantly. Also, in the higher deciles, the rate of exchange rate instability is less effective than the central bank intervention index. In fact, per unit increase in central bank intervention, exchange rate volatility increases in the lower deciles less than in the lower deciles. In general, the central bank intervention index with a coefficient of 0.004 has a positive and significant effect on exchange rate instability. Given the positive effect of central bank interventions on exchange rate volatility, it is suggested that central bank intervention in the foreign exchange market be reduced and the exchange rate system should be changed from floating management to floating mode in order to determine the exchange rate according to its supply and demand by reducing inappropriate policies such as exchange rate pricing.

The capital market, as the pulse of the country's economy, has faced a sharp decline in the index since August 2020 and has created many challenges. The present study uses the theory of good governance to answer the basic question of what is the governance of the capital market in Iran and what are the problems and harms?Using purposeful and theoretical sampling method, 23 capital market actors were interviewed. After conducting the interviews, data analysis was performed based on the three steps of open, axial and selective coding.The results showed that the bank-oriented economy and the lack of centrality of the capital market, the normalization of index decline, incoherence between the institutions in charge of the capital market and legal gaps and inadequacies are among the causes of stock market collapse. Lack of institutional support and lack of equity culture are the contexts of this decline. Media propaganda, political developments and comments, and price bubbles are among the intervening conditions in this matter. The main strategies used, disruptive and mass behavior and organizational decisions were identified. Endangering national security, social distrust and feelings of financial insecurity are the consequences of this rule.The decline of the stock market index and the outflow of liquidity from it indicate that the capital market needs to monitor transactions, transparency and efficiency, and with the expansion of good governance can make a significant contribution to raising the capital market and rebuilding trust and continuing liquidity to the stock market.

In this research, increasing the ballistic resistance of the steel armor body was done by Hardfaced Coating method. Welding on the sheet was done with a type of hard coated welding wire made of chromium, niobium-containing iron alloy and also a buffer type of manganese steel. After applying the hardened coatings on the steel sheets, the prepared samples were tested by impact ballistic test. Also, microstructural, hardness, elemental and metallographic analysis were done on the samples after the bullet impact. The thickness of the welded hard coating layer was measured as 8 ± 0.5 mm. The bullet penetration depth was measured as 0.5 mm in the sample with buffer and 1.5 mm in the sample without buffer. In surface hardened sheets, the fired bullet did not pass through the coated sheets. Buffer welding increased the ballistic resistance of the coated sheets against bullets. By forming a hard coating on the steel armor, a hard profile is created from the surface of the coating to the substrate, which plays an effective role in preventing the passage of bullets by creating appropriate flexibility. A composite structure consisting of martensite tempered with carbide particles that creates a hard area along with appropriate flexibility in the coating area, this structure can be the best structure for a coating on steel sheets to prevent bullet ballistic penetration. Cracks are created on the surface of the sample vertically and horizontally after the bullet hit, and these cracks are stopped inside the welding composite structure by chromium and niobium carbides. The mechanism for improving ballistic properties is to prevent crack growth on the weld surface. Surface hard welding with chromium and niobium iron alloy increases the ballistic resistance of steel sheets. Surface hardening coatings can be a suitable alternative to cost-effective methods of producing armor steels with high ballistic performance.

Banks play an important role in the country's economy, so increasing bank’s financial stability through the management of financial risks, including credit risk, is one of the most important factors in maintaining the stability of the economy. The mutual effect of credit risk and banking stability in 14 Iranian and 13 West Asian banks in period of 2012-2018 has been studied in this research using GMM approach. Findings show than both credit risk and bank stability have a mutual negative and statistically meaningful effect on eachother. Results also show that there is no meaningful difference between Iranian and West Asian banks about effect of credit risk on bank stability, but the negative impact of bank stability on Iraninan banks is greater. The results of this study can be used by banking sector policymakers to reduce credit risk and enhance bank stability.

"Pasdar" is a familiar concept in Islamic education and, accordingly, in the discourse of the Islamic Revolution; A concept that has been applied to many examples at different times from the beginning of Islam until now, and many examples can be expressed for it; Basically, the concept and meaning of "guardian" and "guardian" becomes meaningful when we are faced with a phenomenon and a living and valuable creature and for this reason it has been threatened from various aspects; It is in this situation that the duty of "guarding" is determined. The basic question here is who can protect that valuable phenomenon - which is the Islamic revolution - under what conditions and characteristics? In this article, by placing martyr Hajj Qassem Soleimani as the subject of study, we have validated the statements of Imam Khamene-Imdzaleh as a "Balance Guard Indicator"; Based on this, by using documentary and Delphi methods, after counting the statements and analyzing and confirming them, the indicators of Pasdar in the level of the Islamic Revolution have been determined and described. Based on this, some of the most important indicators were determined, such as sincerity, courage, persistence and innovation in doing work, being present and ready in the field, etc.