حسین بقولی

The aim of the present study was to identify the factors affecting marital stability using literature review.

The current research is of a qualitative type and it tried to develop a model in the field of marital stability by using literature review. Therefore, the collection of articles published inside and outside the country, which were in the field of marital stability, was examined. A network model was developed and its validation was checked with focus groups using the fuzzy Delphi method.

The analysis of the articles indicated the extraction of 9 main variables of forgiveness, flexibility, emotion regulation, love and affection, communication skills, common goals and meaning, marital commitment, sexual satisfaction and marital intimacy that all of which affected marital stability and overshadowed the desired functioning of the family as a result.

Considering that the existence of complex relationships between the variables affecting marital stability in the form of a network model was confirmed by the team of research experts, therefore it is necessary for family therapists, counselors and psychologists active in the field of marriage and family, in the therapeutic interventions they provide to their clients; Pay attention to the communication network presented in this research, because based on it, it is possible to predict the success or failure of an intervention, thus preventing the wastage of consultation and treatment costs for clients.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is one of the most common personality disorders, highlighting a pressing need for research due to its profound effects on individuals, families, and society at large. This study aims to investigate the foundational concepts and principles underlying Borderline Personality Disorder.

The research utilizes a descriptive-analytical approach based on library resources.

The findings indicate that there are numerous contributing factors associated with Borderline Personality Disorder. Certain studies suggest that childhood maltreatment, especially emotional abuse, serves as a significant risk factor in the development of various personality disorders, including BPD. Furthermore, an extremely dysfunctional and chaotic family environment may trigger characteristics linked to Borderline Personality Disorder. Additional research has demonstrated that increased activity in the behavioral inhibition system may make individuals more susceptible to internalizing disorders, while heightened activity in the behavioral activation system can result in impulsive behavior and promote the onset of externalizing disorders.

Considering that feelings of emptiness and persistent anxiety are common in internalizing disorders alongside impulsivity, reckless behavior, and suicidal tendencies found in externalizing disorders, it seems that individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder exhibit heightened sensitivity within both brain-behavior systems.

Marital violence is a social and psychological problem which has profound and negative effects on individuals' mental and physical health and can lead to a desire for separation and divorce, and consequently negative consequences for couples and children. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on marital violence and the desire for separation in couples seeking divorce.

The present study applied a quasi-experimental, semi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test structure, including a control group. The statistical sample consisted of 40 individuals selected from all couples seeking divorce in Yasuj, Iran, who were referred to family counseling centers in the first three months of 2023. Participants were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned into two groups of 20, comprising the ACT-based couples therapy group (10 couples) and the control group (10 couples), which did not receive any treatment. Before and after the therapeutic interventions, participants responded to the Zarei Divorce Desire Scale and the Couple Abuse Questionnaire developed by Ghahari and colleagues. The collected data were analyzed using statistical tests, specifically Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA).

Results from the MANCOVA indicated that ACT-based couples therapy positively impacted the reduction of marital violence and its dimensions, including physical and emotional violence, in the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, it did not have a significant effect on reducing sexual violence. The effect size for the reduction of marital violence was 0.281, with a greater impact observed on physical violence. Additionally, ACT-based couples therapy positively influenced the reduction of the desire for separation and its dimensions (desire to exit the relationship and desire for reconciliation) in the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0.05), and its effect was (0.773).

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) can effectively reduce marital violence and the desire for separation among couples by focusing on the acceptance of negative emotions and thoughts and enhancing commitment to shared values and goals. This approach provides couples with tools to address their emotional challenges in a healthier manner and improve their relationships.

Depression is one of the common disabling and recurring psychological disorders that causes obvious changes in the individual’s different biological, cognitive, nervous, and emotional functions. Depression is also considered as the second most common cognitive disorder, and therefore it has attracted the attention of many researchers around the world. Among the existing physical and mental diseases, depression is considered one of the most important global issues and problems, which according to the definition of the World Health Organization is the most important mood disorders. Some common symptoms of depression include: feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, worthlessness or guilt, loss of interest in activities that one used to enjoy, having trouble thinking, concentrating or making decisions, difficulty falling and staying asleep or sleeping too much, fatigue and lack of energy, changes in appetite, unexplained physical problems, thoughts of not wanting to live or hurting oneself. Depression is also a common, costly, and debilitating disease that imposes a heavy burden on global societies and can affect people of any age, gender, race, culture, social class or education level. However, people with a family history of depression, chronic pain or those who have experienced major life changes, trauma or stress may be at a higher risk of developing depression. The aim of the present study was to compare effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for rumination, cognitive flexibility, resilience, and perceived stress among the women suffering from depression in Andimeshk city. 

The statistical population included all women referred to psychiatric clinics. 45 patients were randomly assigned into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). Measuring research variables with the help of Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow’s rumination questionnaire (1991), Dennis and Vanderwaal's (2010) cognitive flexibility, Connor, and Davidson's (2003) resilience, and Cohen et al.'s (1983) perceived stress questionnaire were used. At first, after obtaining the necessary permits and coordination with the psychiatric clinics of the city, all women referred to the psychiatric clinics who were suspected of symptoms of depression were screened by a psychiatrist. The initial diagnosis was made by a psychiatrist, and then, to make the diagnosis more certain, the clinical interview of SKID 5 was conducted by the researcher. According to the criteria for entering the research, 30 patients who were willing to cooperate in the research were randomly assigned into two groups (an experimental group of 15 people each and a control group of 15 people). 

Analysis was done using analysis of covariance, two-way variance analysis and repeated measures and Ben Ferroni’s follow-up test. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy compared to cognitive behavioral therapy for rumination; No difference was observed in the effectiveness of the two approaches for cognitive flexibility and perceived stress. The results of the present study indicated that there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of both treatment methods on the three variables of cognitive flexibility, resilience, and perceived stress. There was a difference between the two treatments only in the variable of rumination, so that the effectiveness of the treatment based on acceptance and commitment was confirmed. Regarding cognitive behavioral therapy, no evidence was found to confirm its effectiveness. 

Both approaches can be considered as effective methods for reduction of the symptoms of depression; cognitive behavioral therapy helps the individual identify the negative mental patterns such as self-criticism, hopelessness and feelings of worthlessness; and by identifying and challenging these distressing cognitive patterns, CBT exercises help the individual change their negative thinking patterns and improve their emotional well-being. Acceptance and commitment therapy, on the other hand, empowers the individual to accept their emotions without judgement and commit to actions aligned with their values as opposed to their symptoms of depression; and this is how ACT reduces the impact of depressive thoughts and feelings. Moreover, ACT was shown to be effective for rumination. In explaining the effectiveness of ACT for rumination it can be said that teaching different methods of challenging irrational thoughts and choosing a correct approach to the problem through mechanisms such as acceptance, increasing awareness, desensitizing, being at the moment, observing without judgement, confronting, and letting go can reduce rumination symptoms in individuals. In other words, ACT helps people to experience their disturbing thoughts only as a thought at first and do what is important to themselves in life and in line with their values, and accept their thoughts and manage unwanted thoughts and feelings. Finally, it is necessary to evaluate and compare effectiveness of the two methods for depression related variables in different groups as well.

The present study was conducted to compare the impact of acceptance and commitment-based couple therapy and cognitive-behavioral couple therapy on reducing violence the marital attitudes of couples applying for divorce. The current semi-experimental research is of an experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical sample consisted of 60 couples applying for divorce in Yasuj city in the first quarter of 2012, who were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of 20 people, cognitive behavioral couple therapy group, acceptance and commitment based couple therapy group, The control group (10 couples in each group) were included. Before and after the implementation of the interventions, the subjects responded to the Qahari Spouse Abuse Questionnaire (2014) and the Matrimonial Attitude Context Finding Scale. The results of covariance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of the subjects in the components of emotional violence and physical violence and the marital attitudes in the experimental groups with the control group (P<0.05). ). Post hoc Bonferroni test also showed that there is no significant difference between commitment-based couple therapy and cognitive-behavioral couple therapy groups. both interventions of couple therapy based on acceptance and commitment and cognitive-behavioral couple therapy are effective in reducing the level of violence and improving the the marital attitudes of couples applying for divorce, and each of the interventions can be used separately or combined. Contractual use.

Aggression is an abnormal phenomenon that is notably prevalent during adolescence, with various factors contributing to its occurrence. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between early dysfunctional schemas, personality traits, and aggression.

The research design employed correlational analysis and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study comprised all second-year high school students in Yasuj during the 2019-2020 academic year. A total of 340 students were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling. Four questionnaires were utilized to collect data: Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas Short Form (SQ-SF), the Five Factor Model of Personality (NEO), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation methods and structural equation modeling, employing SPSS and AMOS software. 

The results indicated that, among the personality traits, responsibility, agreeableness, extraversion, and flexibility had a negative and significant impact on maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Conversely, extraversion and flexibility demonstrated a positive and significant influence on adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Additionally, the schemas of emotional deprivation, abandonment, distrust, and emotional inhibition had a positive and significant impact on maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Conversely, the schemas of abandonment, deficiency, shame, and entitlement negatively affected adaptive emotion regulation strategies. In addition, the personality trait of agreeableness had a negative direct effect, while the schemas of abandonment, social isolation, failure, emotional inhibition, and entitlement had a positive direct effect on aggression. Finally, among the dimensions of personality traits—responsibility, agreeableness, extraversion, and flexibility—and the dimensions of early dysfunctional schemas—emotional deprivation, abandonment, distrust, shame and inferiority, emotional inhibition, and entitlement—these factors can indirectly influence aggression through cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

In summary, it can be concluded that the interplay of personality trait variables, early dysfunctional schemas, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies significantly contributes to predicting adolescent aggression. The findings of this study can be valuable for school counselors and psychologists in addressing issues related to aggression and emotional dysregulation.

Considering that in the families of patients with borderline personality disorder, parents tend to trivialize their child's painful emotional experiences and even attribute them to the child's personal defects. The present study was conducted with the aim of quantitatively combining the results of research related to borderline personality disorder in 2023.

This study is applied in its purpose and employs a mixed-method approach. Using meta-synthesis and the fourth version of Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software, it searched for articles related to borderline personality disorder in children under 8 years old in reliable Persian-language databases, including the Research Institute for Information Science and Technology database, the Jihad University of Tehran database, the Comprehensive Internal Journals System, the Human Sciences Portal, the Noor Specialized Journals database, the Tebyin Digital Library, the Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology, and foreign databases including Springer, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Dart-Europe.eu, Etd.Lsu.edu, and Zpid.de, which were eligible to enter the research and related to the causes and factors of borderline personality disorder. The statistical population of the research consisted of articles published between 2013 and 2023in the field of borderline personality disorder. After retrieving the relevant works, 38 domestic articles and 27 foreign articles met the research criteria and were selected for analysis.

The results of the meta-analysis of 45 variables showed that the variables, primary emotional characteristics, self-esteem, depression, psychological pain, object relations, trauma, mentalization, emotional dysregulation, self-worth, difficulty in regulating emotions, mindfulness, negative spiritual coping, communication skills, psychological flexibility, and self-compassion had the most significant impact on borderline personality disorder. The findings also showed heterogeneity among the observed effect sizes, indicating the existence of mediating variables influencing the research results.

A review of the studies indicates that borderline personality disorder is associated with multiple factors. These interconnections highlight the complexity of the disorder and the necessity for multidimensional therapeutic approaches tailored to the individual needs of each patient.

The present study was conducted to compare the impact of acceptance and commitment-based couple therapy and cognitive-behavioral couple therapy on reducing violence and marital attribution styles of couples seeking divorce.This semi-experimental research is of an experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical sample consisted of 60 couples applying for divorce in Yasuj city in the first quarter of 2012, who were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of 20 people, cognitive behavioral couple therapy group, acceptance and commitment based couple therapy group, The control group (10 couples in each group) were included. Before and after the implementation of the interventions, the subjects responded to the Spouse Abuse Questionnaire and the Matrimonial Attitude Context Finding Scale. The results of covariance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of subjects in the components of emotional violence and physical violence and marital documents in the experimental groups of cognitive behavioral couple therapy and acceptance and commitment-based couple therapy with the control group (P<0.05). ). Post Bonferroni test also showed that there is no significant difference between the two groups of cognitive behavioral couple therapy and couple therapy based on acceptance and commitment. Both interventions of couple therapy based on acceptance and commitment and cognitive-behavioral couple therapy are effective in reducing violence and improving marital documents of couples applying for divorce, and each of the interventions can be used separately or combined.

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Hoffman's cognitive behavioral therapy on disease anxiety, emotional regulation, and resilience in women suffering from coronaanxiety. The method of the current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and a three-month follow-up phase. The statistical population of the research was all women suffering from corona anxiety visiting the clinics and counseling centers of Tehran in 2022, 30 people were selected in a targeted way and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Measurement tools included Salkovskis et al.'s illness anxiety questionnaire (2002, HAI), Gross and John's (2003, ERQ) emotion regulation, and Conner and Davidson's (2003, CD-RIS) resilience. The experimental group of Hoffman and Otto (2018) had cognitive behavioral intervention in 8 sessions of 90 minutes twice a week and the control group did not receive any intervention. To analyze the data, the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used with SPSS-26 software. The results of the one-way analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up scores of disease anxiety, emotion regulation, and resilience in the control and experimental groups (P<0.01). Therefore, Hoffmann's cognitive behavioral therapy has been effective on disease anxiety, emotional regulation, and resilience in women suffering from Corona anxiety, and this effectiveness was also lasting and ultimately, it improved the anxiety of Corona.

The purpose of the present study was to explain the role of sexual satisfaction, intimacy, commitment and marital compatibility in marital stability with emphasis on couples with children.

In terms of the purpose of the present research, and in terms of the method, it is one of the descriptive researches of correlation with the application of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research was the couples of Shiraz city in the first half of 2023, from which 250 couples (500 people in total) were selected as samples. The research tools were Adams and Jones Marital Commitment Questionnaire (1997), Marital Intimacy Scale (1983), Spanier Marital Compatibility Questionnaire (1976) and Sexual Satisfaction Subscale from Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989). Data analysis was performed using spss-27 and Amos-26 software, respectively, by applying Pearson's correlation coefficient, multivariate regression and maximum likelihood, taking into account the maximum error level of 5% (P<0.05).

The findings of the research showed that marital compatibility (0.39) covered marital satisfaction (0.77), two-person solidarity (0.59), two-person agreement (0.80) and expression of affection (0.76); Marital intimacy (0.22), sexual satisfaction (0.16) and marital commitment (0.23) covering commitment to spouse (0.64), commitment to marriage (0.79) and feeling of commitment (0.78) affect marital stability (P<0.05). According to the findings, the fit indices showed favorable values, which indicated the approval of the developed model.

Based on the findings; Sexual satisfaction, intimacy, commitment, and marital compatibility have a significant effect on marital stability, which, as a result, overshadows the desired functioning of the family, followed by parenting and raising the next generation; Therefore, it is suggested to the experts in the field of psychology and family and marriage counseling, as well as the supervisors and officials of this field, to take into account the effectiveness of their plans at the micro level of the family and at the macro level of the society and adjust the treatment solutions according to these two areas

Tthis study compare the cognitive emotional regulation strategies, anxiety sensitivity and parenting style in mother of adolescences with anxiety symptoms and normal adolescences.The sample was selected in two stages and in the form of cluster samplanig.it includes seven ,eight and nine grade which was studding in 4 district of shiraz city's high schools in 1397-1398.they completed the beck anxiety questionnaires and dass anxiety questionnaires then due the cutting point of these questionnaires 100 students was selected and divided to the group(50mothers of adolescences with anxiety symptoms and50 mother of normal adolescences)they filled Garnefski and Karaj questionnaire and also Taylor and Kaks questionnaire and Bamrind questionnaire.to analyze the data the on way analysis of variance and tukey's test were used.The results show Thad there are significant differences between the average of two groups.in terms of cognitive emotion regulation the difference was in adapted strategies and non-adapted strategies the average of adaptive strategies was higher in normal mother and the average of nonadaptive strategies was higher in mother of anxiety group.In anxiety sensitivity there are significant differences in all of sub scales in both group of mothers and the average of anxiety group in all sub scale was higher than normal group.in parenting style the significant differences is in authoritarian style and easy parenting style.in this way the anxiety group in both scales has higher average than normal group. The result showed that parenting styles ,cognitive emotion regulation strategies and their reaction to anxiety symptom is a factor in health of adolescents.

The researches focused on exploring the relationship between personality and its influence on psychological disorders, revealing that diverse personality traits are linked to various types of psychological disturbances, with perfectionism being one of these personality traits. Consequently, the primary objective of this research was to investigate the structural model of adolescent narcissism, using perfectionism as a predictor, and considering the mediating role of alexithymia.

The research approach adopted was descriptive, correlational, and specifically focused on structural equation modeling. The research sample encompassed all high school students within the city of Shiraz, Iran, during the year 2021. A total of 512 students were included in the study, selected through a multi-stage cluster random sampling procedure, and they provided responses to questionnaires measuring narcissism, alexithymia, and perfectionism.

The findings of the study revealed significant and positive associations between perfectionism and alexithymia with narcissism. Moreover, perfectionism was found to be positively and significantly associated with alexithymia. In summary, perfectionism can be seen as an indirect and significant predictor of narcissism, mediated through alexithymia. Ultimately, these research outcomes underscore the substantial role of perfectionism in predicting narcissistic tendencies among adolescents, both directly and indirectly through the lens of alexithymia.

These insights can serve as a valuable resource for psychologists and counselors working with adolescents.

Parents of children with autism suffer more problems than parents of normal children and even than parents of children with other developmental disorders. Perhaps the most important problem for mothers with autism is the disruption of maternal imaginations and dreams or maternal representations during pregnancy. Maternal representations refer to a process in which the mother has emotional, emotional experiences and a mutual relationship with her fetus and expands the maternal identity for herself. Attachment between mother and fetus is the first and most important relationship that is related to the way and quality of mother-child communication. There is evidence of the development of attachment between mother and fetus during pregnancy, which is reflected in mothers' behaviors. A mother who becomes attached to her fetus during pregnancy is ready to establish a pleasant relationship with the baby after delivery and allow him to develop a safe and healthy attachment. Some evidence shows that the emergence of the mother's attachment to the fetus is a predictor of the mother's attitude and performance after childbirth, the mother's interaction with the infant, and attachment patterns after the birth of the child. Considering the effect of the child's characteristics and the context of care in each stage of development of children with autism disorder, to achieve a specific path, it is necessary to explain the changes in the representation of mothers with autism disorder. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to develop a structural model of attachment safety and maternal self-concept based on maternal representations before birth in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in Shiraz city in 2022.

The descriptive study method was based on the structural equation modeling method, and its statistical population included all mothers with children on the autism spectrum who enrolled their children in exceptional schools and also had a case in the Autism Association of Shiraz. Their number was 987 in 1401. Using available sampling method, 360 mothers of affected children were selected who were willing to participate in the research. The research tools included the Middle Attachment Relationships Questionnaire (KCAQ) - Children's Attachment in the Middle Period by Halpern and Kapenberg (2006), Self-Concept Questionnaire (1983), and Carnelly's Mother-Fetus Attachment Behavior Questionnaire (1981). Data were analyzed using structural equation method and AMOS software.

The results showed that there is a significant and increasing (direct) relationship between acceptance of the mother's role, accessibility, differentiation between self and fetus, and self-sacrifice with attachment safety. In other words, it can be said that the improvement and increase in the mentioned variables lead to an increase in attachment safety in mothers of children with autism disorder. There is a meaningful and increasing (direct) relationship between accepting the role of the mother, attributing characteristics to the fetus, distinguishing between self and fetus, and self-sacrifice with maternal self-concept. The results of the structural model in Table 6 indicate that acceptance of the maternal, accessibility, differentiation between self and fetus and selflessness have a significant and incremental (direct) relationship with attachment security. In other words, it can be said that the improvement and increase in the mentioned variables lead to an increase in attachment safety in mothers of children with autism. According to the path coefficients and based on the coefficient of determination index (R2), 3, 7, 2, and 9 percent of the changes in attachment safety are explained by acceptance of the maternal role, interaction with the fetus, differentiation between self and fetus, and self-sacrifice. Also, the intensity of the relationship between self-sacrifice and the safety of attachment was higher than in other relationships investigated. The results of the model in Figure 4 showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between attributing characteristics to the fetus and safety of attachment in the studied population (p<0.05).

The structural model of attachment safety and maternal self-concept based on maternal representations before birth in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder had a favorable level of adaptation. This breakthrough may be very challenging. The formation and consolidation of new skills such as expressing emotions, mutual interactions, regulating behaviors, and internalizing the mental representation of the caregiver's availability requires a new level of flexibility in the mother; Especially the mother of autistic children. A noteworthy point in the mothers investigated in this research, who had an autistic child, this caused a change in the mother's feedback about the relationship with the child, increased anxiety in coping with his needs, and created challenges in the daily interaction between the child and the caregiver; A problem that may lead to a change in the behavior based on the mother's sensitivity and consequently to the transformation of the child's internal working model. In fact, in this example, it is not the unsafe working models of the mother herself that is the main factor affecting the representation and sensitivity of the child, but rather the inconsistency and stability in the care system and, as a result, the desire for insecurity in children due to the inability of the caregiver. Accompanying the developmental characteristics of the child, accepting them, and aligning the current representations and caring behavior with these characteristics.

Autism is a type of developmental disorder that manifests itself with defects in communication and social interactions and has been described as a lifelong neurological disorder. People with autism disorder are not able to perform their social skills and roles, and the symptoms of this disorder appear before the age of three. Children with autism disorder have problems in verbal and non-verbal communication, and social interactions, and have stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. Several studies have investigated the role of psychological flexibility processes in parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder. To prevent challenging behaviors, self-efficacy is a fundamental concept to improve the behavior of parents with autistic children. If parents can increase their self-efficacy in preventing their children's problematic behaviors, they can improve their empowerment in response to such behavior. In this way, parents can respond to their children's feelings, get an opportunity to provide mental peace, and ensure the physical safety of their children. As a result, parents acquire, maintain, and improve opportunities for social participation of their children and promote their growth and development. According to the mentioned materials, this research aims to investigate the mediating role of parents' self-efficacy in the relationship between parents' psychological flexibility and communication skills, social skills, and behavioral performance of children with autism spectrum disorders.

The current research is descriptive and has a correlation model in which the path analysis model was used to obtain the relationship between the variables. The statistical population included mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder in Shiraz city, and the sampling method was available. In this research, all children with autism spectrum disorder who were being trained in autism centers for at least one year are included, and all members of the sample were diagnosed with autism by a special is Parents completed the parent questionnaires, and the child questionnaire by the teacher. Questionnaires used in this research included Gresham and Elliott's (1990) social skills scale, Nomeka et al.'s (1996) parenting self-efficacy scale, and acceptance and action questionnaire.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between acceptance and action with parents' self-efficacy; there is a positive and significant relationship between social skills and social skills at an error level of less than 0.05, and there is a significant negative relationship between parental self-efficacy and problematic behaviors at an error level of less than 0.05. Also, the results showed that all the index values of the modified model are close to the suitability criteria and indicate the desirable and acceptable adequacy of the structural model. It was also observed that the path coefficient between psychological flexibility and social skills without mediating variables is 0.52, which is significant at an error level of less than 0.05. With the inclusion of the mediating variable of parental self-efficacy, the path coefficient between psychological flexibility and social skill has decreased to 0.48; the coefficient of the path between psychological flexibility and problematic behaviors without mediating variables is 0.41, which is significant at an error level of less than 0.05. With the inclusion of the mediating variable of parental self-efficacy, the path coefficient between psychological flexibility and problematic behaviors has decreased to 0.31. Therefore, it can be said that the mediator variable has played its role well, and the hypothesis of the research that parental self-efficacy plays a mediating role in the relationship between parents' psychological flexibility and social skills and problematic behaviors is confirmed.

In explaining the results of this research, it can be said that the family plays an important role in bearing the effects of an accident or illness of a family member, especially children, and one of the most stressful experiences for any family is managing a disabled or sick child. Autistic parents' reaction to their child's disorder depends on their flexibility in facing the problem. Accepting having a child with autistic disorder, instead of experiencing tolerance and avoidance, can to a large extent cause psychological flexibility so that parents can change their attitude towards the situation and, as a result, improve other functional indicators of autistic children. Also, other dimensions of acceptance, including fault, self as a context and connection with the present time by strengthening the observer's self, gives a person the ability to observe the painful events of life without interpretation and interpretation, and the dimensions of value and commitment also lead to practical and objective actions for Improving the quality of a person's life will be equal to what he likes. In explaining the mediation of parents' self-efficacy in the relationship between parents' psychological flexibility and communication skills, and the social and behavioral performance of children with autism spectrum disorders, it can be said that parents' low self-efficacy is related to symptoms of anxiety, depression, and high psychosomatic symptoms. In the high self-efficacy of parents, they choose the challenging issues and goals of their children as tasks that they can do skillfully, and they have a deep commitment towards them. It is this self-efficacy that makes them continue to help their children with social skills and better behavioral performance after being disappointed or facing a disappointing experience.

Social anxiety disorder is characterized by the fear of negative evaluation. This psychological construct results in individual’s poor functioning.

The present research aimed to compare the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness therapy on the fear of negative evaluation in individuals with social anxiety disorder.

This quasi-experimental study, with a pretest-posttest control group design, was conducted on a population of individuals with social anxiety symptoms, who were referred to the psychological clinics of Shiraz, Iran, in 2019. Sampling was performed using the convenience sampling method. After initial evaluations, 45 people were randomly divided into three equal groups (two intervention groups and one control group). The CBT protocol proposed by Hoffman and Otto (2008) and the Acceptance and Mindfulness protocol by Fleming and Kukowski (2007) were used to implement the interventions (12 two-hour sessions). The participants also completed the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) by Connor et al. (2000) and the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale by Leary (1983) before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed in SPSS-24, using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

The results of MANCOVA test showed a significant difference between the scores of the control and experimental groups (P<0.001). Compared to the control group, the fear of negative evaluation reduced in the experimental groups. Although there was no significant difference between the two treatment approaches (P>0.05), the effect of mindfulness treatment was slightly higher than CBT.

In this study, comparison of the two mindfulness and CBT approaches indicated no significant difference between these two methods in reducing the fear of negative evaluation among individuals with social anxiety. Therefore; it is suggested to use acombination of these two methods to reduce the fear of negative evaluation.

Background &

In social anxiety disorder, a person is afraid of the possible scrutiny of others and is worried about doing something that may cause him embarrassment or humiliation (1). One of the important psychological constructs related to social anxiety disorder is rumination (6 and 7). Some results also indicate the indirect effects of rumination on social anxiety (8). Rumination is a maladaptive way to deal with negative emotions that people focus on their negative self-referential thoughts and repeat them in their mind instead of more adaptive processing of their emotions. Rumination and worry are the central core of the cognitive processes of many psychological and functional injuries in people (9). In addition to rumination, another psychological construct related to social anxiety is social self-efficacy (11). Social self-efficacy is based on the concept of self-efficacy in Albert Bandura's theory of social cognitive learning, and it expresses people's estimation of their ability to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships (13). The widespread prevalence of social anxiety, along with the disabilities and problems arising from it and the psychological, emotional and economic costs it imposes on the individual and the society, shows the necessity of addressing the explanatory models and treatment methods of this disorder. Among the treatments that are widely used in the field of reducing negative emotions in people with social anxiety disorder is cognitive behavioral therapy (16 and 17). This treatment reduces physiological arousal in social situations, using Cognitive restructuring, reforming the information processing system and reducing negative thoughts about oneself, tries to reduce negative cognitive components (18). Among the various treatments that were examined, the findings of various researches have considered mindfulness therapy as a useful intervention in people with social anxiety. Correlation results also show that increasing mindfulness is related to reducing social anxiety symptoms and better performance (21). Mindfulness-based treatments aim to reduce negative reactions to cognitive, social, and physical processes, through training the two skills of awareness and acceptance (22). The main emphasis of this treatment is targeted attention, moment by moment and non-judgmental. People are trained to be aware of their thoughts, emotions and physical sensations without any kind of judgment and to accept them (23). In this research, an attempt has been made to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness therapy on negative rumination and social self-efficacy in people with social anxiety disorder.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design, and control group. The research population included all applicants who referred to psychiatric clinics in Shiraz in 2018 with the signs of social anxiety disorder. selected from the aforementioned community based on the cut-off score after being measured with the clinical interview based on DSM_5 and social anxiety scale (Connor et al., 2000). Then, three groups of 15 people were randomly selected, and then two intervention groups (cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness therapy) and a control group were randomly named.
The tools of this study include the social anxiety scale of Connor et al., SPIN, the rumination scale of Hoeksma and Maro (1991): the social self-efficacy scale of Smith and Betz (2000).
Cognitive behavioral therapy based on the model of Hoffman and Otto (2008) was used for cognitive behavioral therapy training, which included 12 2-hour group training sessions and 2 individual training sessions for each client in order to adjust the treatment according to the needs and conditions of each client. For the training of mindfulness therapy, the group therapy protocol based on acceptance and mindfulness of Fleming and Kukowski (2000) was used, which included 12 2-hour group training sessions and 2 individual training sessions for each client in order to adjust the treatment according to the needs and conditions of each client. In order to test the data, multivariate covariance analysis and Benferoni's post hoc test were used.

The results showed that the intervention groups of cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based therapy significantly reduced negative rumination and increased social self-efficacy compared to the control group; It also shows that cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness did not have different effectiveness in the components of symptom-oriented rumination and antecedent-consequence-oriented rumination. However, in the field of rumination and social self-efficacy, mindfulness therapy has been more effective compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Considering that mindfulness as a lifestyle, consistent with human nature, has the ability to influence people's emotional system, i.e. their thoughts, physical sensations, raw emotions and action impulses, change people's outlook on life and the quality of their relationship with themselves. , others and the world, with compassionate and realistic acceptance. With the help of mindfulness techniques, people learn to observe without judgment and criticism, along with compassion towards themselves and others; By observing stressful and sad thoughts and emotions, they learn to identify negative thought patterns before they become a vicious cycle. Thus, in the long term, mindfulness creates many changes in people's mood and level of happiness and health. It seems that mindfulness techniques improve social self-efficacy. Mindfulness helps people make informed decisions and communicate effectively by increasing psychosocial and interpersonal skills; Develop coping skills and personal management and have a healthy and fruitful life.

emotion management is one of the positive personality traits that has been the focus of many psychologists in recent years. Improving emotion management can improve people's quality of life and job performance. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of group training of emotion regulation on the job performance of doctors and nurses in general hospitals in Isfahan city during the Corona crisis.

Methods and Materials: 

The design of this research is a semi-experimental type of pre-test, post-test and follow-up with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this research included all the doctors and nurses of the general hospitals of Isfahan city in the first three months (April, May and June) of 2021. 40 doctors and nurses in Isfahan city were selected as the research sample using available sampling method. The experimental group received the emotion regulation training package for 8 sessions; the control group did not receive any training. The follow-up was done after three months. Repeated measurement test was used to analyze the results. The data was analyzed using SPSS software

The analysis of the obtained findings shows that the average scores of the job performance of the people according to the group (control and experiment) after adjusting the pre-test has a significant difference (p<0.05) and the experimental group after receiving adjustment training. Excitement shows higher job performance.

Therefore, it can be said that emotion regulation training increases general positive orientation, positive cognitive processes, and positive emotional functioning of people, and therefore improves the job performance of doctors and nurses during the outbreak of Corona.

The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of group counseling as a treatment focused on compassion on social relationships and emotional pain in women with breast cancer. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a three-month follow-up period. The statistical population included all married women suffering from breast cancer who were referred to Inicito Cancer Center in Aburihan, Mehyar Charitable Institution, and Shahadai Hospital in Tehran in 2022. 40 people were randomly selected into two groups using a purposive sampling method. 20 people were placed. In this research, once a week, the experimental group received group counseling in the form of compassion-focused therapy during 8 sessions of 90 minutes. Data were collected using the Pain Perception Questionnaire (MGPQ, Melzak, 1975) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF, 2007). The results of mixed variance analysis with repeated measurement showed a difference between the pre-test and post-test stages (p<0.05) and follow-up pre-test (p<0.05) in the variable of social relations. , d =-6.46), and in the variable of emotional pain, the difference between the pre-test and post-test stage (p < 0.05) and pre-test and follow-up (p < 0.05) significant was reported. According to the findings of the present research, it seems that the role of group counseling as a treatment focused on compassion should be paid attention to in improving social relationships and reducing emotional pain in women with breast cancer.

Test anxiety is a type of situational anxiety (certain phobia) that has a certain state of general anxiety including phenomenological, physiological, and behavioral responses to fear of failure and negatively affects one's quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on reducing anxiety symptoms and improving the quality of life of students with test anxiety. The present study was an experimental study (with pre-test, post-test, and a 3-month post hoc study) in which repeated measures analysis of variance with control group were used. From among the first period high school male students of CHENAR SHAHIJAN in Fars province, 50 individuals with test anxiety disorder were selected and assigned into experimental and control groups. Data were collected using Friedman & Jacob Test Anxiety Inventory (1997) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument- Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF). The treatment protocol comprised using Wildermouth Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques in 9 sessions of one and a half hour weekly. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post hoc test using SPSS 22. The results showed that the psychological intervention in the post-test and post hoc reduced students' test anxiety scores in three dimensions of social humiliation, cognitive error and stress, and improved their quality of life. Cognitive behavioral therapy causes significant changes (p

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of death in women with many physical and psychological complications, and the aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on health anxiety, psychological well-being and body image in women with mastectomy breast cancer. It is the city of Shiraz where they visited Amir Shiraz Hospital in 2022.

The current research was of semi-experimental type, pre-test, post-test with control group and follow-up test. The subject population included a sample of 45 people who were randomly measured. The research tools included Weisman and Beck, health anxiety questionnaire, Riff psychological well-being questionnaire and Kash, Mikola and Brown body image questionnaire. The research data were used to test the hypotheses using the multivariate covariance method and the Sheffe and Benferoni post hoc tests, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS software.

The findings of this research showed that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment had a significant effect on the research variables. health anxiety (F=77.822, p<0.05) body image (F=37.609, p<0.05) psychological well-being (F=8.637, P<0.05) 

Because the underlying principles of the treatment are based on acceptance and commitment in order to increase psychological flexibility, therefore, this treatment can be used in clinical settings along with other common treatments.

Breast cancer is one of the common diseases in women that threatens their physical and mental health. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program on psychological well-being, health anxiety, and body image in women with mastectomy breast cancer.

The present study is quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up group design. The statistical population of this research included all women with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy surgery and were referred to Namazi and Amir Shiraz hospitals in 2021. A total of 30 women with breast cancer were selected in a purposeful way and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). Data collection was done using the demographic form and psychological well-being questionnaire, health anxiety inventory, and body image concern inventory. After the pre-test, the experimental group underwent 8 sessions of a 90-minute stress reduction program based on mindfulness. The instruments were completed by the experimental and control groups in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Data analysis was done in SPSS software version 24 with a significance level (p<0.05).

The average scores of psychological well-being, health anxiety, and body image before training in the experimental and control groups were 29.67±4.98 and 29.47±6.62, 56.73±5.41 and 56.33±5.73, 57.67±4.73 and 57.40±3.96 respectively. There was a significant difference between the mindfulness experiment group and the control group after training (p<0.001). The largest effect size was related to body image (0.69), health anxiety (0.61), and psychological well-being (0.58).

The stress reduction program based on mindfulness led to increases in psychological well-being, a decrease in health anxiety, and concern about body image. Therefore suggested that this program be used for the rehabilitation of women with breast cancer who have undergone mastectomy surgery.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of death in women with many physical and psychological complications. The increasing growth of cancer in the last few decades and its harmful effects on all dimensions of the patient's life (physical, emotional, spiritual, social, and economic) have caused attention of specialists to be more focused on this disease. Among the different types of cancer that women suffer from, breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in the world. The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment and the stress reduction program based on mindfulness on the attitude of work, health anxiety, psychological well-being, and body image in women with breast cancer who underwent a mastectomy in Shiraz city who visited Amir Hospital in 2022. 

The subjects included a sample of 45 people who were randomly divided into two experimental groups and a control group (three groups of 15 people) who had the criteria for entering the research, age, education, and mastectomy surgery, and the data were collected in two stages: pre-test, post-test with the control group and follow-up. And it was recorded that the research data were used using the multivariate covariance method and post hoc tests of Sheffe and Benferoni to test the hypotheses and the data were analyzed using spss (18) software. The research tools included Weissman &, Beck's inefficient Attitudes Questionnaire (1978) attitude questionnaire, Rief's psychological well-being (1989), Salkoskis and Warwick's (2000) health anxiety questionnaire, and Kesh's body image, Mykola Braun (1990).

The results of this research showed that the therapy based on acceptance and commitment is more effective than the stress reduction program based on mindfulness because the underlying principles of the therapy based on acceptance and commitment are aimed at increasing psychological flexibility. The pairwise comparison made regarding the well-being variable in Table (4-6) shows that both treatments (ACT and MBSR) have a statistically significant effect on this variable (P<0.05). The results showed that the treatment of acceptance and commitment was more effective. Regarding the effectiveness of the treatment based on acceptance and commitment in comparison with the stress reduction program based on mindfulness in the attitude of work, health anxiety, psychological well-being, and body image in women with cancer. The mastectomy breast of Shiraz can be because the underlying principles of treatment are based on acceptance and commitment to increasing psychological flexibility.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy focuses on reducing experiential avoidance and cognitive entanglement with dysfunctional rules until it reconnects with meaningful values. Mediation analysis of the believability of negative thoughts has been identified as a partially mediating factor in the ability to predict awareness attention, experiential avoidance, and cognitive fusion in psychological distress. With stronger negative thoughts, believability was positively associated with higher levels of psychological distress.

Background &

Adolescence is considered a transition period from childhood to adulthood. According to the results of research related to adolescence, contrary to humanistic approaches that consider this period without tension and conflict, they consider this period as a stormy period full of chaos, tension, and stress. One of the major problems identified during adolescence is the occurrence of intense emotions. Excitement is a psychological structure that affects all aspects of human life and is affected by it. Emotions are psycho-biological, purposeful, and social phenomena, instinctive phenomena that appear in different people under appropriate conditions, are not affected by social conditions and learning, and call for appropriate physiological responses. Anger is one of the psychological-biological emotions that play an important and effective role in the lives of all human beings. Anger is an emotion that usually appears as a result of a person's reaction to the unacceptable behavior of others. In other words, anger is one of the most important and comprehensive emotions in a person's existence, and it plays a key role in providing self-esteem, physical and mental health, and protecting him during threats. Anger directs a person's energy and strength to overcome unjustified obstacles, and correct and manage them. Although anger is one of the physiological and sometimes useful emotions and is also necessary for the protection of the individual, it has a significant relationship with aggression, mental disorders, and complex physical diseases, Incorrect expression causes problems in Family, interpersonal and occupational spheres and it also leads to a negative evaluation of the individual by others, negative self-concept, and low self-confidence. Personality is the aspect of human life that allows us to predict how a person will behave in certain situations. Each person behaves specially and has unique expectations, capabilities, needs, and behavioral skills based on his personality model. Personality includes five factors neuroticism, extroversion, experience-seeking, agreement-seeking, and conscientiousness, and each of these factors consists of a set of traits and characteristics. Personality disorders are also underlying factors of anger and aggression in teenagers. Inefficient behaviors are very different from the individual's cultural expectations and can cause major concern for the individual and others and disrupt the individual's social and professional functions. Personality disorders are disorders related to inconsistent and stable characteristics and ways of perceiving, communicating, and thinking about oneself and the world. Considering the importance of adolescence and individual, family, social, cultural, law enforcement, and psychological efforts for the protection of adolescents, as well as the importance of proper management of interpersonal anger emotions and the destructive effects of personality disorders in pushing adolescents to break norms, delinquency, law Breaking, criminality, suicide, and suicide, so the researchers investigated the relationship between the experience of interpersonal anger based on personality traits and disorders in teenagers.

The method of the current research is a correlational description. The statistical population included all teenagers aged 16 to 29 in Yasooj city, and in this research, 380 teenagers were selected and examined by cluster sampling. In this way, we divided the city of Yasooj into 5 regions, North, South, East, West, and Center, and randomly selected places from these regions and investigated the teenagers of that region and McCree (1992), Siegel's Multidimensional Anger Questionnaire (1986) and Millon's Multiaxial Clinical Questionnaire were examined.

The Pearson correlation results between the experience of anger and personality traits showed that anger has a positive relationship with neuroticism traits and a significant negative relationship with the personality traits of extroversion, experience-seeking, agreement-seeking, and conscientiousness. Also, the findings showed that avoidant personality disorders, depressed, antisocial, dramatic, dependent, narcissistic, other annoying, obsessive, borderline, anxious, depressive, alcohol dependent, and negative personality disorders are positively and significantly related to anger projection. The results of the regression analysis showed that the personality traits of neuroticism directly and the personality traits of experience-seeking, agreement-seeking, and conscientiousness can inversely predict adolescent interpersonal anger, as well as antisocial, narcissistic, anxious, and negative personality disorders. They directly predict adolescent interpersonal anger.

In general, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between interpersonal anger and personality traits and disorders in adolescents, and paying attention to personality and traits is known to be an important issue in adolescent psychology. Among the limitations that the researchers faced in this research, it is possible to point out that this research is limited to teenagers aged 16 to 29 in Yasooj city, and the possibility of generalizing the results to teenagers of other cities and other cultures should be cautious. Another limitation of this research was the cross-sectional nature of data collection, which was collected in a limited period of time. It is suggested that in future research, longitudinal studies should be conducted in which the role of personality traits and disorders in the projection of interpersonal anger is more tangible. Also, the present study was only a field study with a questionnaire method, and despite the advantages of this method, it is possible that deviation from this method may have occurred. Therefore, it is suggested to be investigated using other evaluation methods in future research. It is also suggested that future researchers examine this research more closely with regard to the role of control variables such as education level, work experience or employment, and economic, social, and family status.

The International TIMSS exams, which include math and science exams, are held every four years to improve the performance of countries' education systems, the results of which are influenced by a variety of factors. The purpose of this study is to formulate a differential equation of successful and unsuccessful students based on school components in the TIMSS 2019 exam. The method of this research is correlational in the form of differential equation. The statistical population is all schools participating in the TIMSS 2019 exam. The sampling method is the same as the regular two-stage cluster sampling method that was performed in the TIMSS 2019 exam. The data collection tool in this study is the questions of the 2019 TIMSS International Examination Questionnaire for family, student, principal and teacher, which was published by the International Association for the Evaluation of Academic Achievement (IEA) in 2019. This test is valid because it is a global standard test and to calculate its reliability, Cronbach's alpha method was estimated on about 30 people in the study population and a coefficient of 0.85 was obtained, which indicates its reliability. Differential analysis method was used to analyze the data.The findings of this study showed that the characteristics of the school with a resolution of 0.711, about being a teacher with a resolution of 0.255, the school's emphasis on scientific success with a resolution of 0.247, the school atmosphere with a resolution of 0.227, readiness for school with a coefficient of 0.226, mathematical assessment with a coefficient of 0.199, about teaching with a coefficient of distinction of 0.180, school emphasis on academic success with a coefficient of distinction of 0.152, subjects of mathematics teaching with a coefficient of separation of 0.147 and the experience and education of the principal with a coefficient of separation of 0.145 have the greatest impact on the separation of successful students from unsuccessful students based on school components. The results of data analysis showed that the differential analysis equation is able to distinguish successful students from unsuccessful students based on school components.

This study aimed to explain the causal model of marital boredom based on emotional and social maturity among married people in Shiraz, Iran.

 This descriptive and correlational study was conducted on 362 married people (270 women and 92 men) married for 10 years and were selected by convenience sampling method. The data were collected using the Paynes' Marital Boredom Self-Report Scale (1996), Yashvir and Bhargava's Emotional Maturity Scale (EMS) (1991), and Rao's Social Maturity Scale (RSMS) (1973). In addition to descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and correlation matrix), inferential statistics (structural equation model) were used to analyze the data of the aforementioned scales collected from the sample population by AMOS software.

The results showed that emotional maturity predicts marital boredom negatively and significantly (P<0.01, β= -0.69); however, social maturity is not a significant predictor of marital boredom (P<0.01, β= -0.09). After calculating the model by considering the output correction indicators of AMOS software, this model was modified and fitted with eight indicators. In general, the results of this analysis confirmed a good model fit.

The causal model showed that emotional maturity is able to predict marital boredom negatively and significantly. However, social maturity is not a significant predictor of marital boredom.