حسین حاتمی نژاد

As an integrated whole, the district needs a powerful organization for integrated management with an emphasis on good regional governance. Integrated management in Tehran, as one of the most populous cities in the world, faces many challenges. The lack of an integrated management and the obstacles to achieving it imposes problems and heavy costs on citizens and city management every year, and the slowness of the reform process in good governance indicators is one of its consequences. In this regard, the present research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the obstacles to the realization of integrated management and good regional governance in Tehran city. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical with an applied nature. First, with library studies, obstacles to the realization of integrated management have been identified with an emphasis on good regional governance, and then, by analyzing these factors, its drivers were formulated based on the opinion of experts. The method of collecting information is documentary and field. Using targeted sampling, 25 urban studies university experts were identified who have knowledge and experience in the research topic. By examining documentary and descriptive studies, obstacles to the realization of integrated management were identified and key factors were formulated with the opinion of research experts. 25 key factors in the form of 8 indicators (transparency, accountability, consensus, justice and inclusiveness, efficiency and effectiveness, accountability, participation, rule of law) have been identified by research experts. The research data have been analyzed in terms of effectiveness and effectiveness.The research findings show that the realization of integrated management is not possible due to political-administrative issues. From the point of view of experts in this field, transparent laws, process improvement and fair implementation of laws have been very important for the realization of integrated management with emphasis on good regional governance

Numerous urban centers within the nation are contending with the predicament of compromised urban fabric. Tackling this challenge necessitates the development of an innovative model capable of leveraging the comprehensive potential of society through interdisciplinary collaboration. Consequently, this investigation emphasizes the significance of effective urban governance in the revitalization of degraded urban fabric. This scholarly inquiry evaluates the influence of sound governance on the rejuvenation of dilapidated and ineffective urban fabric within the Nematabad locality. The research design integrates both quantitative and qualitative methodologies (mixed-methods) and is fundamentally applied in nature. Initially, the MAXQDA software was employed to discern indicators (qualitative analysis). A comprehensive total of 13 dimensions and 40 indicators were delineated to evaluate the ramifications of effective governance on the restoration of compromised urban fabric. The collected data was subsequently scrutinized within the SPSS environment utilizing single-sample T-tests and Kendall's coefficient. The results of the T-test indicated that the mean for all indicators of effective urban governance, with the exception of the place attachment indicator (3.030), was below the average threshold. This outcome implies that the Nematabad locality does not exhibit a favorable condition relative to effective urban governance metrics. Furthermore, the findings from the Kendall test disclosed a significant association between the indicators of effective urban governance and the rejuvenation of deteriorated fabric in Nematabad. The most pronounced positive and direct effects were noted in the environmental-ecological indicators (0.270), cultural-social indicators (0.227), and physical-spatial indicators (0.186), whereas the economic indicators exhibited no significant impact, evidenced by a Kendall coefficient of -0.047. In light of these findings, it is advisable that governmental initiatives be directed accordingly.

Ziarat tourist, due to its cool and moderate climate, unique landscapes, beautiful forests, excellent tourism and recreational facilities, and its close proximity to Gorgan city, offers fascinating ecological landscapes and various cultural, historical, and socio-economic attractions. This village is considered one of the significant natural-historical and tourist areas of Gorgan city. The aim of the current research is to investigate and determine the tourist attractions located in Ziarat in order to develop strategic plans and enhance tourism. The research approach is of an applied-developmental nature, and the method of investigation is descriptive-analytical. To gather the required information, a combination of library research and fieldwork (questionnaire) methods has been utilized. For data analysis and testing the research variables, SPSS statistical software has been used alongside t-tests, and the Amos software has been employed for structural equation modeling. The results of the t-test indicate that the historical-architectural index possesses a higher level, while the infrastructure index has a lower level compared to other tourism indices. The results of the structural equation modeling (Amos) indicate that the environmental attractions dimension has the highest factor loading of 0.90, followed by the cultural attractions dimension, and then the physical-historical attractions dimension. The infrastructure dimension has played the most significant role in explaining the tourist attractions' appeal to residents and experts in Ziarat.

Nowadays the cities of developing countries have become concentrated places of poverty and the spatial Focus of this focus is mostly on the periphery of cities. A series of factors including a Severe shortage of urban services and the lack of appropriate access to meet the dependent needs, residents’ economic weakness and inability to respond to other than those of daily living has led to the accumulation of needs, especially the needs of leisure and lack of facilities in the Varamin City. Accordingly, the present study aims to measure the spatial distribution of poverty zones to spatially identify the dimensions of poverty to better manage and organize them. The method of the present research is analytical-quantitative and of applied type. The factor analysis model in the GIS environment has been used for spatial zoning of urban poverty in Varamin. The results of the research indicate that out of a total of 1366 blocks of Varamin city, 46 blocks equivalent to 3.4% are very rich, 264 blocks equivalent to 19.3% are rich, 466 blocks equivalent to 34.1% are average, 394 blocks equivalent to 28.8% are poor and 196 blocks equivalent to 14.3% are very poor. In addition, poverty spatial visualization is consistent with worn-out, disorganized, inefficient, marginal, and informal textures. The highest levels of urban poverty in Varamin City are located in the neighborhood such as Kheirabad, Amroabad, Kohne Gel, Sakina Bano, Kharkaneh Gand, Kashani, Goltapeh Shahrak, Central area or Akhavan Kazmabad including Fakouri  Shahid Street, Chamran Shahid Street, Roghankeshi square, Namjoo and silo Street.

Floods as one of the natural hazards can cause much damage to cities and communities. Khorramabad city is also one of the cities exposed to this danger. Therefore, the current research aims to analyze the resilience scenarios of Khorramabad City against flood risk to provide solutions for the future. This research is practical and descriptive-analytical, and exploratory. The research data collection is based on the Delphi technique. A sample size of 44 people was determined to identify the key drivers, a sample size of 10 people was determined to develop scenarios, and the sampling method was a snowball. In this research, the key driver in the field of flood resilience of Khorramabad city was extracted using Mic Mac software, the descriptors were analyzed using Scenario Wizard, and the consistency value of flood resilience scenarios of Khorramabad city was determined. 10 key drivers and 36 possible situations were determined using the opinion of experts and the output of Mic Mac software for the future resilience of Khorramabad city against floods, and the matrix questionnaire of mutual effects was designed and sent to the experts. The results of the scenario wizard software showed that the key factors of institutions' performance, communication capacity, governance, internet infrastructure, and construction boom in the scenarios have the most adaptive value in the future resilience of Khorramabad city against floods

There are many challenges ahead for municipalities due to the need for a proper definition of their role in the structure of urban management. The private sector and civil society are essential in achieving good governance, and municipalities need better cooperation. This issue has led to the failure of municipalities in terms of management. This problem prevails in most cities in the country. After more than 90 years of municipal activities (Baladieh) and the city council of Sanandaj (Sena), the city has seen many urban management problems today. One of the main factors causing enormous problems in Sanandaj is the spread of a theory and practice gap between the city administration, the private sector, and civil society. This research is based on the assumption that the main cause of management problems in Sanandaj is weakness in the city in terms of urban good governance components (index). Indeed, this study sought to determine the parameters of good governance in Sanandaj to provide a clear understanding of the status index of urban governance in Sanandaj. This study, in contrast to most previous research, considered a full list of indexes of urban good governance. On the other hand, this study sought to assess the situation of the indices for various regions to clarify the differences in the urban management of Sanandaj in different areas. In the case of weaknesses of each of these indicators in Sanandaj, this research helps provide practical solutions.

Defining the aim of the research has a significant impact on research tools and methods. Research methods depend on the research's purpose, nature, and executive facilities. According to the object and purpose of the research, descriptive-analytical methods were used. In order to gain theoretical insight and literature review, the style library was used. Specifically, it was used for books, articles, statutes, and online references. To obtain field information, questionnaire tools with questions in Likert with 5-item options were used. The questionnaires were distributed among the citizens of Sanandaj, including 19 connected zones and 4 separated urban zones. Questionnaires were distributed among citizens by utilizing the simple random distribution method. The questionnaire also included five kinds of options: too much (5), much (4), medium (3), low (2), and very low (1) scores. Additionally, statistical analysis software was used for the data analysis. The statistical population of the research includes all the inhabitants of the city of Sanandaj, which, according to statistical results, includes a total of 373,987 people in the last public census. The Cochran formula is used to determine the sample size. The sample size was 384, and the methods included their choice and stratified sampling.

To keep track of the desired goals in this study, eight indices among the good governance indexes proposed by the United Nations have been identified and evaluated. These indicators include transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, social justice, legitimacy, accountability, responsibility, responsiveness, participation, and consensus-orientedness. The T-test was used to evaluate urban management's general performance. In this test, the theoretical values of the index were compared with the mean values of each indicator, and the significance and non-significance of each test were conducted. Indeed, this test aims to compare the indices of urban good governance. The results reflect the poor performance of urban management in Sanandaj based on every eight reviewed indices in the pattern of urban good governance. However, it should also be considered that urban management performance in the eight indicators reviewed was almost at the same level. In the case of the assumption that there are differences between urban good governance indexes in different areas of Sanandaj, the test is significant at 95% confidence, and the H0 assumption is verified. This means there are significant differences between different areas of the city regarding urban good governance indices. According to the results of the Tukey test, there are many differences among the urban good governance indices in Sanandaj city. Four urban zones separated around Sanandaj had the weakest status, and during the last few years, they have been added to the city's law limit. Accordingly, the weakest conditions are related to Naysr, Nanaleh, Grizeh, and the Hassan Abad zone. These four zones, considered generally marginalized city areas, have very poor physical and spatial conditions. As a result, the people of these areas view Sanandaj urban management as the main cause of the backwardness of the area. On the other hand, these areas, with a lack of commitment to the urban rules, regulations, and arrangements, create tense conditions among citizens and municipalities. In terms of urban good governance indicators, four urban districts in Sanandaj had very favorable statuses. These areas are zone 22, zone 20, zone 18, and zone 19.

By studying the map of the Tukey test in GIS software, important results concerning the spatial analysis of urban good governance in the City of Sanandaj were found. This means that a certain space pattern dominated Sanandaj's urban management. Accordingly, each attached district surrounding the city of Sanandaj (Naysr, Nanaleh, Grizeh, and Hassan Abad Regions) has horrendous conditions. Northern areas (districts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) of Sanandaj city, compared to other inside areas, have a bad situation. Western areas (zones 8, 9, 10, and 11) had moderate conditions of urban management of the city based on the pattern of urban good governance. The southern areas are in a very good state compared to other areas.

 This research attempts to rank the 22 districts of Arak based on quantitative and qualitative housing indicators and to identify the spatial distribution pattern of these indicators at the city level.

 Subsequently, using Shannon's Entropy for weighting and multi-criteria decision-making methods, including Saw, Moora, and Copras, we evaluated and weighted 31 quantitative and qualitative indices at the regional level of Arak City. The final ranking of these indices was accomplished through the Copland aggregation method. The conclusive map was generated by invoking data in Arc-GIS software. Additionally, the global Moran's model was employed to identify the spatial pattern of quantitative and qualitative housing indicators.

 The findings reveal a "random" distribution pattern of quantitative and qualitative housing indicators in Arak City, indicating the influence of multiple factors on this randomness. Deteriorated areas (Regions 15 and 18), informal settlements (Regions 1 and 22), and the city center (Regions 6 and 18) are identified as the primary factors contributing to this random spatial pattern, consequently affecting the absence of quantitative and qualitative housing indicators in certain regions. In contrast, well-planned areas like Regions 3, 5, 18, 20, 10, and 7 exhibit a favorable status regarding the possession of these indicators.

 The study's outcomes reveal that the primary contributors to spatial inequality in possessing quantitative and qualitative housing indicators across Arak City's regions are deteriorated urban texture, informal settlements, urban decay, high population density, and land scarcity in central areas. 

Innovation:

 An innovative and practical dimension of this research involves using expert groups for indicator monitoring and applying the Copland aggregation model in the research process. This study could mitigate the gap in housing research within the domain of Arak.

Global climate changes, primarily manifested as global warming and rapid urbanization, exacerbate extreme weather events. Statistics indicate that floods are among the most prevalent and catastrophic natural disasters (Safiah Yusmah et al., 2020: 552). Urban floods caused by heavy rainfall have evolved from gradual accumulation to sudden surges (Masozera et al., 2007: 299; Hallegatte et al., 2013: 802). Therefore, urban flood resilience, crucial for flood control and disaster reduction, has garnered increasing research focus (Obrist et al., 2010: 284; Xu et al., 2018: 5298). The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030), endorsed by the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in 2015, and the 2018 Beijing Resilient City Development Plan, underscore the importance of enhancing urban resilience to disasters (Sun et al., 2022: 1).To address the growing risk of natural events, it is essential to strengthen capacities that enable vulnerable communities to better prepare for, cope with, and recover from adverse effects. In disaster management literature, this strategy is commonly referred to as resilience. Resilience, when applied to communities, is defined as "the ability of a community to prepare for, plan, absorb, recover, and adapt to actual or potential adverse events in a timely and efficient manner, including rebuilding and improving essential functions and structures." A resilient community incurs fewer losses and recovers more swiftly from hazardous events (Cutter et al., 2014: 65; Abdali et al., 2022: 6).Theoretical Framework:The concept of resilience originated from Holling's seminal work in ecology, aimed at understanding the instability and dynamics of nature. According to Holling, resilience is "the measure of a system's ability to absorb change and disturbance while maintaining the same relationships between populations or state variables." However, resilience is not simply "the ability of a system to return to equilibrium after a temporary disturbance" (Holling, 1973: 14-17). In ecological literature, two definitions of resilience emerged: one that encompasses continuity, change, and unpredictability in a nonlinear and non-equilibrium system (ecological resilience), and another that focuses on efficiency, stability, and predictability in a single equilibrium system (engineering resilience) (Holling, 1996: 25; Folke, 2006: 256). Engineering resilience emphasizes rapid and efficient recovery post-disturbance, while ecological resilience is about absorbing changes and ensuring continuity (Pickett et al., 2004: 373).

This study employs a combined multi-criteria decision-making approach using the Analytic Network Process (ANP), DEMATEL technique, and the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE). The DEMATEL-ANP model identifies internal relationships between indicators, allowing for pairwise comparisons and weight evaluation, while PROMETHEE ranks solutions based on their proximity to the ideal solution, with the best solution being closest to the ideal point (Chen et al., 2011: 909; Chiu et al., 2013: 49; Thor et al., 2013: 27; Ju et al., 2015: 348-349).

Resilience in Khorramabad exhibits a clear spatial pattern, with higher resilience in affluent upper city areas and lower resilience in less affluent lower city areas. This disparity highlights the inequitable distribution of urban facilities and services, emphasizing the need for equitable development and access to vital resources. Economic resilience is surprisingly lower in the city’s economic center due to deteriorated infrastructure and the residence of lower socio-economic strata. Institutional resilience is higher in central areas, benefiting from the concentration of governmental, private, and grassroots organizations.Peripheral areas suffer from inadequate infrastructure, resulting in lower overall resilience. Social capital resilience lacks a specific spatial pattern, with most areas rated as medium to low, indicating weak community connections. Environmental resilienceshows that city center areas are more prone to flooding, while higher resilience is observed in different parts of the city, possibly due to land permeability and river positions.Comparative analysis reveals that regions 1, 4, 7, 13, and 17 have the lowest resilience, while regions 23 and 14 rank high. This analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of resilience levels at the city scale, identifying areas requiring further intervention.

Mapping the results reveals distinct spatial patterns of resilience and identifies hotspots needing more intervention. Central and western regions, with lower resilience, require more attention. Environmental and infrastructural factors are key, directly relating to land use and planning. The findings can assist Khorramabad’s urban planning organizations in integrating disaster resilience into urban planning, transforming reactive plans into proactive adaptation strategies. Additionally, identifying potential hotspots can aid emergency management institutions in effective disaster risk management. Enhancing social resilience is crucial for community capacity building to prepare for, respond to, and adapt to climate change impacts, guiding local stakeholders in fostering fair development and equitable resource access.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical based on the research method. In terms of nature, it is based on new future-research, analytical and exploratory methods. The collection of data and information has been done by the survey method and the analysis of the matrix of cross-effects using MicMac and Scenario Wizard software. Based on the findings of the research, out of 41 investigated indicators,9 indicators were identified as the key drivers of the reconstruction of the historical fabric of Kerman city. Maintaining the originality of the design and work, functional diversity and creating vitality, reuse of buildings and modernization, payment of subsidies and bank facilities, participation of people and the private sector, the role of culture and cultural industries, creation of legal and legal tools, creation of integrated management of historical context and model Comprehensive planning and regeneration management were identified as key factors and drivers of the regeneration of the historical fabric of Kerman. Also, the results of the scenario planning section of the research indicate 4 scenarios with high or probable compatibility for the future of the historical context of Kerman city. The first scenario is completely desirable, the second scenario is semi-desirable, the third scenario is critical, and the fourth scenario is completely critical for recreating the historical context of Kerman city. According to the knowledge obtained from the key drivers and future scenarios for the reconstruction of the historical context of Kerman city, it is possible to plan ahead and pay attention to the key factors and hidden layers in different social fields. , economic, physical, functional, cultural and institutional-management, while dealing with various dimensions of instability and deterioration, reverse the cycle of decline and decline and provide a new opportunity to revive and recreate the historical urban fabric of Kerman

Resilience is a multidimensional concept and has been studied in many different disciplines including ecology, socio-ecological systems, social sciences and psychology. This concept has attracted more attention in recent years, especially in terms of urban planning. This concept is particularly highlighted when a city or community encounters threats such as natural hazards. To respond to these threats, a comprehensive resilience assessment is required to identify priority areas for disaster risk management. In this study, a systematic review method is used to review and analyze studies of resilience in Tehran, and then a systematic formulation is provided. The authors searched the SID and Magiran databases for studies related to urban resilience in Tehran using the keywords “resilience” and “urban resilience”. The PRISMA framework was used to select studies for systematic review, and ultimately 55 studies were included in the review. According to 49% of the studies, the level of resilience was different in urban areas of Tehran. Lack of equal access to municipal services due to their uneven distribution, Existence of worn-out fabrics and informal settlements in some areas and different financial ability and level of social participation of residents are among the main reasons for the variability of resilience in urban areas of Tehran. In addition, 38% of the studies concluded that the resilience situation in Tehran is unfavorable; in the meantime, informal settlements, dilapidated structures and the central part of Tehran had more unsuitable conditions. The results of this study are useful for city managers, crisis management, city council, NGOs and other organizations related to urban management.

Measuring urban resilience can help develop appropriate strategies and policies for cities facing unexpected shocks and their consequences. Since urban resilience is a complex concept and difficult to operationalize, developing a technique or method to actualize this concept is a major milestone in understanding the factors and interactions that help create and maintain resilience. Tehran's metropolis has a high concentration of industries, government organizations, services, and facilities, which makes its management very complicated when a natural disaster occurs. Previous conditions or inherent socio-economic characteristics show that Tehran is not immune from flood forces. In fact, it is important to measure resilience against urban disasters for areas located on rivers in Tehran due to its inherent characteristics and spatial-temporal changes of floods in the region. This research focuses on measuring the resilience of the areas located on the rivers of Tehran. The measurement approach is based on creating a composite index based on six dimensions of social, economic, institutional, infrastructure, social capital, and environmental resilience against floods. This research has been done by developing a mixed multi-criteria decision-making method. The AHP model has been used for prioritizing the selected indicators and the TOPSIS model has been used to rank the areas located on the rivers of Tehran city based on their resilience levels. The results show that region 22 is the most resilient region, while regions 4, 5, and 14 have the lowest resilience levels. The findings of this research can help urban planning organizations such as Tehran Research Planning Center to integrate disaster resilience in urban planning and change from reactive plans to preventive urban adaptive strategies such as risk-sensitive urban land use planning.

The existence of inefficient structures in urban areas, especially in the metropolis of Tehran, is known as one of the practical challenges of urban management, and its management is necessary to benefit from efficient and desirable management principles in different areas, the existence of dense and worn-out structures in 17 regions of the city. Tehran has always been the focus of urban policy makers, and in this recognition of management principles is considered as a key necessity, considering the importance of urban regeneration of inefficient structures and benefiting from efficient management principles, this research seeks to realize the realization of governance. It is appropriate in the sustainable regeneration process of the 17th district of Tehran, the method is analytical and library and document studies based on published data and thematic maps. According to the conducted investigations, it can be concluded that proper governance in the region requires more attention to urban management, sustainable development, protection of citizens' rights, protection of public security and peace, and citizen participation. By applying the principles of good governance in this region, it is possible to improve the living conditions of citizens and improve the performance of institutions responsible for urban management in this region. Also, based on the analysis, it shows that in general, good governance can improve the condition of the fabric. Facilitate the ineffectiveness of Tehran's 17th district. Also, in order to create a decent government, it is necessary to observe moral principles, transparency, justice and attention to the needs of citizens.

Understanding the physical condition of the city and analyzing the pattern of physical development to achieve sustainable urban development is vital, because today the bulk of researchers assume that there is a significant relationship between the pattern of physical development of the city and sustainability. Accordingly, the primary goal of this study is to analyze the physical-spatial development pattern of Yasuj using spatial analysis methods such as local spatial autocorrelation (Moran), directional distribution, standard elliptic distribution and hot spots. The research methodology draws on both deductive and inductive methods. The former was employed to explore theoretical foundations and research literature, and the latter was adopted to gain insights into the pattern of physical development of Yasuj by tapping into statistics and information obtained from secondary data. The results of spatial analysis suggest that in population, residential and construction indices, density displays a pattern of cluster distribution and spatial autocorrelation. As such, the Z-Score was 54.58 for population density, 57.48 for residential density and 51.12 for construction density in 2015, exhibiting a significant surge compared to 1996 and 2006. The results of hot spots for 1996-2016 span in Yasuj city show dispersed and low-density physical expansion of the city, which has laid the ground for the spiral and unplanned growth of the city, especially in the northwest area. The highest hot spatial clusters of varying densities in Yasuj were observed in western blocks of the city with 99% significance and the highest cold spatial clusters were recorded in the northwestern blocks. Therefore, controlling and monitoring urban constructions and deterring the destruction of agricultural lands in the west and northwest areas of this city can serve as a key strategy in guiding the physical development of Yasuj.

Presently, to establish a conducive residential environment, enhance the commercial landscape, effectively manage resources, maintain cultural identity, and instill optimism among its inhabitants, Tehran metropolis necessitates an enhanced utilization of resources and the implementation of various novel solutions to address prevailing and emerging challenges. The primary objective of this study was to assess the urban innovation status of Tehran metropolis.

The current research is pragmatic in its objectives, exhibiting a mixed methodology approach and employing a descriptive-analytical survey method. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires devised by the researcher. Subsequent to the coding and examination of the interviews utilizing thematic analysis, the outcomes were incorporated into a researcher-developed questionnaire for the evaluation of Tehran metropolis, with the data being scrutinized using SPSS software.

The efficient institutional framework and transparent laws, along with the financial-institutional policies of the government, the level of citizen participation, the presence of parent universities, a pool of creative and expert human resources, the existence of technological and innovative companies, access to diverse markets, well-developed urban innovation infrastructures, a unique city brand, the strategic city location, and the quality of life are all crucial factors that can be used to assess the state of the Tehran metropolis. Among these factors, the parent universities, strategic location, human resources, and city brand exhibit a more favorable condition.

The current situation of the Tehran metropolis does not appear to be very conducive in terms of urban innovation and its functionalities. Optimal conditions for the adaptation of such systems to the Tehran metropolis are also not adequately observed.

Protecting Iran's historical neighborhoods, despite the unique cultural and historical values they contain, has always been one of the biggest challenges in the field of urban planning and re-urbanization. Since a significant part of the city's history is manifested in the body of historical tissues, and in the contemporary era, due to structural, physical, social changes, etc., there have been social and physical changes in the fabric of historical neighborhoods and social relations that have been in the city for many years. It was formed in the past, weakened and destroyed, this issue has caused the critical situation in the present era to show itself as one of the serious challenges facing urban planners.This challenge raises the need to recreate the neighborhoods based on the new urbanism school and revive their historical identity.The aim of the current research is to reproduce the concept of neighborhood in the historical neighborhoods of Iran based on the principles of new urbanism. The purpose of the research is fundamental, and in order to achieve the main concepts related to the reproduction of the neighborhood concept in the doctrine of new urbanism, it is necessary to examine its characteristics through rereading and analyzing existing studies.

The research method of this research is qualitative and based on systematic review techniques, comparative study and documentary research method.

In order to achieve the main goal, two sub-goals were proposed: the first goal was to extract the principles of urban planning used in the context of historical neighborhoods of Iran and the similarities and differences of the extracted principles with the principles of new urban planning. In this way, using a systematic and systematic review method, the rules of urban planning in the context of historical neighborhoods of Iran were defined based on the principles of the Isfahan doctrine in urban planning, and then in line with these principles, the concept of neighborhood in the historical contexts of Iran in the past and present based on Six variables were compared. The six variables are: concept, definition, position, geometrical structure, indicator element and shaping principles. From the systematic review of the principles of the Isfahan school in the historical neighborhoods of Iran with the principles of new urban development, a number of 10 indicators were extracted, which shows the commonalities and overlapping of these principles with each other, which covers the second objective of the research. From the systematic review of the principles of the Isfahan school in the historical neighborhoods of Iran with the principles of new urban development, a number of 10 indicators were extracted, which shows the commonalities and overlapping of these principles with each other, which covers the second objective of the research.

These ten principles are: 

Continuity (linking the city center with neighborhood centers), centrality and neighborhood territory, connection between the network of intercity roads and the network of main crossings of neighborhoods, hierarchy of access, hierarchy of space, flexibility of physical structure. , strong social structure of the neighborhoods, sustainability and architecture and urban design with quality and identity.The results showed that the principles of New Urbanism have many similarities with the structure and principles of urban planning in the historical areas of Iran, and these similarities led to the extraction of the ten principles mentioned, which on the one hand evoke the principles of native and Iranian urban planning, and on the other hand, look to the future. and will consider the needs of the contemporary period. Therefore, the redesign of neighborhoods can be as follows; Neighborhoods should be dense, pedestrianized and have mixed use. It should also focus on a specific use and, if possible, the neighborhood design principles should be based on a specific use of the neighborhood. Most of people's daily activities should be considered within walking distance. The street network should be designed in such a way that residents are encouraged to walk and the number of trips is reduced to save energy. Every neighborhood should have a specific territory with a neighborhood center and people of different age, race and income level should live in residential buildings with suitable size and price. Installing public transportation stations should be considered instead of using cars.

Environmental issues in the present era are facing various complexities that do not make the problems and problems arising from the urban environment simply possible with the technique of engineering interpretation and change in the body of Shahrivar, and in the meantime, the governance approach is appropriate. Relying on the responsibility of the energy manager and the citizens and increasing the interaction between the public sector, provides specific and public solutions to the problems of the urban environment outside the traditional framework. In other words, the approach to urban good governance examined issues beyond a physical view of the environment and with a systematic approach. The present study was conducted with the aim of structural analysis of urban environmental governance with a futures research approach and identifying its drivers in Tehran. In terms of nature, this research is based on the method of futurology, analytical and exploratory science and based on applied purpose. The available findings based on the condition of the scattering plate indicate the unstable system and there are other factors about the diagonal axis of the scattering plate. Also, among the 35 factors considered, finally, due to being over-influenced and directly influencing 16 factors in the title of Mick Mac output, the future of urban urban governance in Tehran will be influential. The results show that among the 16 drivers, five factors improve the role of urban governance in increasing people's participation, NGOs, officials' attention to improving the urban environment, promoting environmental culture and citizen participation and more associations in the governing environment The environment has and in terms of desire has caused.

Space has always been a place of thinking and theorizing in various scientific fields, including geography. Each scholar looks at space from a different perspective. In the meantime, in the present research, an attempt has been made to study the reading of the concept of space from the perspective of the actant-network theory and to obtain a new reading of the concept of space.

The aim of the current research is to identify the applications of the actant-network theory in reading the concept of space and also to expand new visions by using new intellectual-philosophical theories in looking at space.

The current research is a part of basic research and it is done based on the analytical method. The source of this research to discover applications is Bruno Latour's (1996) actant-network theory. In this study, the data were collected by referring to main texts and secondary materials (articles, theses, and books written in recent years about the actor-network theory) by sampling the texts (in a targeted manner). The purpose of sampling here is to theorize applications, not statistical generalization. Research

The actant-network theory defends the agency of non-human actors along with humans by rejecting essentialism as well as nature/society duality and believes that human actors are not superior to non-human actors and the whole is not in the hands of any of them. The application of the actant-network theory in the reading of the concept of space results in the acceptance of the principle of suspension in the knowledge of space, space as a syntagm, collective production of space, fuzzification of space, and multifaceted space. It considers space as a network and a black box.

Today, one of the phenomena that has an undeniable impact on the body, economy and culture of a city is informal and spontaneous settlements, which are often in the form of urban neighborhoods, has faced city management with challenge to be responsible for recognizing and providing services or not. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to explain the vulnerability in the suburbs of Urmia city. According to its purpose, the current research is of the applied research type, and according to the method of doing the work, it has a descriptive-analytical nature. To achieve the goal, after studying various sources, 12 indicators have been selected for Urmia city based on the opinions of elites, and the weight of the indicators has been calculated based on the BWM model in GAMS software. The highest weight obtained was related to the index of access to main roads and the lowest weight was related to the number of vulnerable people. Digitization operations, map editing, database preparation, standardization of indicators based on the purpose of research and their analysis have been done in GIS software. In the next step, the weight obtained from the BWM method is multiplied in each of the indicators, and finally, by using the weighted sum, the combination of indicators has been discussed to explain the vulnerability in the peripheral Neighborhoods of Urmia city. The results of assessing the vulnerability of the marginalized neighborhoods of Urmia city based on the combination of weighted indicators based on the CODAS model shows that the neighborhoods of Islamabad, Hajipirloo, Kuye Salar, Tarziloo, Dighaleh and Dizaj Siyavash have assigned the most to the least degree of vulnerability.

Poverty has become a pervasive phenomenon around metropolitan areas. Meanwhile, Baqershahr is one of the urban areas around Tehran that has grown rapidly and unsystematically. Its population has more than increased 34 times in the last fifty years. Accordingly, the purpose of present research is determination of urban poverty zones in this city is for planning managers and policy makers to organize and empower them. This research is an applied one and its method is descriptive-analytical. Factor analysis was used to data analysis. GIS software has been used to maps preparation. Using GIS software and factor analysis model, have been identified poverty zones in Baqershahr. Finding of research has showed that blocks 146 (%53.5) were very poor, blocks 82 (%30) of average, blocks 44 (%16.1) of very prosperous, and block 1(%4) of very prosperous. Resault has showed that the city is mainly dominated by the poor and very poor. So that poverty has penetrated into all the cells of the city and has found a spatial objectivity. The western part of the city has completely become the residence of the poor and very poor. Also in the northeast of the city, the housing of the poor is clearly seen. In fact, more than 50% of urban blocks are allocated to the very poor. Only a limited part of the central and northern part of the city is dedicated to the middle and affluent class. The highest concentration of poverty is concentrated in the area around Qom Road, Imam Khomeini Square, Ayatollah Kashani Street and lower areas of Shahr Sang.

Introduction :

Among the most important consequences of the evacuation of urban centers, we can mention economic stagnation, population evacuation, unfavorable urban governance, a decrease in shopping demand, and lack of infrastructure investments. Therefore, the revival and revitalization of urban centers, as the beating heart of cities, play a significant role in improving the quality of life of residents. Business improvement district (BID) is considered one of the most successful methods with an economic approach to urban centers. The purpose of this research is to measure and extract the drivers of business improvement district in district 6 of Tehran with a future research approach. In using the method of business improvement district by revitalizing the centers in a city, it is logical and necessary to have a forward-looking perspective for planning and policy-making. District 6 of Tehran, due to its location in the center of the communication gravity of Tehran and the prevalence of informal economic jobs, has caused special traffic characteristics in this area. Considering the pattern of daily trips, the city of Tehran, District 6, has the highest number of daily trips.

This study is based on the new method of future studies, in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of quantitative method and in terms of its nature, which was carried out by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. The statistical population of this research for the future study of the business improvement district in district 6 of Tehran was 15 managers and experts specializing in the urban area. In the processing of information from the method of analysis of mutual effects to variables, based on the influence and the direct and indirect influence of each element has been used in MICMAC software. Using the Delphi method, 31 primary drivers have been identified. 

The result of the research indicates that the key driver influencing the creation of a business environment in district 6 of Tehran has not been identified. Also, two-faceted factors such as good urban governance, the performance of the municipality in providing services and facilities, the state of private and public sector investment, quality of buildings and materials in the housing and construction sector have a very high capacity to become key elements in the system. Variables like proper productivity of cultural and recreational capacities, the amount of travel in the region, the amount of customer attraction in the district, the development process of commercial constructions in the district, and the security of the entire district have been extracted as target variables, which indicate that the system can be developed according to its plan and purpose. Other variables have been extracted under the subgroup of regulatory, independent, and influential factors, which have an influential and passive position and cannot play a vital role in the dynamics of the business environment of the district. Therefore, the creation of a business environment in district 6 of Tehran is subject to special attention to the key drivers, which have the most points in the total of potential direct relationships and potential indirect relationships. The driver of “skilled and trained manpower” has the highest potential direct impact on other research variables. In the second place is the driver “level of social participation” and “driver of the state of social anomalies and harms” is in the third order of influence. By adopting a future research approach and taking into consideration the key drivers obtained in the current research, the decisions and plans of urban management will be directed and placed on a targeted path to improve the business areas of district 6 of Tehran.

By making decisions and carrying out measures such as education and training of specialized human capital, increasing motivation, competitiveness, and social participation, and reducing social anomalies at the regional level, it is possible to provide dynamic fields and business improvement district in the study area. This research can be a beginning for futures studies in the field of improving business areas. Evaluating the current situation of the extracted key drivers in the study area and presenting a strategic plan to implement the approach of business improvement district in the case studies of Tehran can be a topic for researchers in the coming years.

Earth metrics are usually the broadest and most diverse measurements of space metrics. Many of these metrics have been developed specifically for urban studies, focusing on spatial patterns such as density, sprawl/compression, centrality, land use mix, connectivity, or accessibility. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method and based on remote sensing data. In this research, firstly, the land use map of 2013 and 2015 was prepared using Landsat satellite images and using ENVI 5.3 software with a supervised classification method in 4 classes of urban space, fields, gardens and man-made wastelands. . which shows the ecological changes of the green space of the study area in a period of 7 years. Then the land use changes of the region were prepared with the help of ArcGIS and finally analyzed using Fragastas software. The findings of the research show that the green space of the city of Soumesara is decreasing and turning into a man-made space, that indiscriminate constructions have had important effects on the ecological structure of the region, as a result of which the green and barren spaces are not used for residential purposes. and the highest rate of conversion of green space use to artificial uses and after that was waste use.

To evaluate and explain the role and place of urban governance in the process of intervention in the limits of worn out and inefficient tissues of Mashhad city. In this article, an attempt has been made to answer these questions, what are the features and dominant approaches in each period? Who are the main actors of each period and how do they play a role in this process?Research

This research is based on a qualitative approach and aims to determine the role and position of urban governance in this process. Observation, interview and questionnaire (targeted sampling) techniques have been used to collect the required information.Findings and

The results of this research show that two different and distinct approaches can be distinguished in the examination of a 30-year period (1370-1400). In the first period, the dominant approach of intervention in these contexts is renovation combined with an economic and project-oriented perspective, without taking into account the participation of residents and the local community in this process: In the second period, the approach of urban regeneration has been carried out with the view of attracting the participation of residents and the local community through facilitation and the creation of neighborhood development offices and changing the attitude of the government and the public sector from renovation and project-oriented to sustainable urban regeneration. According to the characteristics of activists of each period, different interests and interests as well as the power to influence other activists were investigated and analyzed.

The green economy is one of the most important manifestations of the integration of economic, social, and environmental dimensions, and without it, sustainable development will not be achieved. The purpose of this article is to identify the components and constructive indicators of the green economy in conjunction with the reduction of urban poverty in Mashhad.

This research, in terms of method, is apart from quantitative-qualitative research, in terms of purpose, it is apart from applied research, and in terms of nature, it is among descriptive and analytical research. In the first step, by using the information of the statistical blocks of the Statistics Center for the city of Mashhad in 2016, it has been done to identify urban poverty areas using spatial analysis in the GIS software environment. Then, in the identified poverty areas, the effect of green economy indicators on reducing urban poverty was investigated and analyzed using Pearson's correlation tests and regression of the indicators.

The findings of this analysis show that the components of the green economy including access to resources, human capital, economic structure, green management, green investment, green jobs, and green transportation significantly explain the urban poverty of Mashhad, which amount It is equal to 87.3 percent.

Considering that the components of the green economy significantly explain the urban poverty of Mashhad, necessary planning should be done in this case.In this research, solutions based on the green economy have been presented in order to reduce poverty in the poor areas of Mashhad city.

The complexity and multidimensionality of urban problems and issues, along with the rapid growth of technology and the globalization of production patterns, have increased, and the instability of conditions and the possibility of various futures have made it difficult to make decisions and plan regarding urban issues. In such a situation, sustainable urban regeneration with a forward-looking approach can be a solution to the problems of inefficient urban tissues and especially historical tissues.

In terms of practical purpose, the current research is based on the new methods of future research, analytical and exploratory science, which was carried out by applying a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. Research data has been collected using the survey method and cross-effects matrix. The exploratory analysis of the matrix of cross effects has been done using Micmac software.

Based on the diagram and dispersion of the variables on the map, the variables of this research are divided into five categories of influential input variables, two-way variables of risk and goal, and dependent variables and independent variables. Based on the intensity of influence and direct and indirect influence of the variables, finally, 9 key drivers were identified as the main factors of re-creating the historical context of Kerman city, which are the two-faceted and influential variables.

The key drivers of re-creating the historical context of Kerman city are: preserving the originality of the design and effect, creating an integrated management of the historical context, reusing the building and modernizing the uses, functional diversity and creating vitality, creating legal and legal instruments, people's participation. and the private sector in the process of regeneration, paying subsidies and bank facilities and creating tax exemptions, a comprehensive model of planning and management and the role of culture and cultural industries in regeneration.

The main purpose of this research is to campare  quality of life in two unplanned (Gosheh Gapaleh) and planned (Andisheh town) neighborhoods of Borujerd city and analysis of the objective and subjective quality of life in these neighborhoods. This research is applied and based on descriptive and analytical nature and social, physical, environmental and economic indicators are used to compare the quality of life in neighborhoods. Data Collection is done based on the library studies, and field observations. In order to assess the quality of life in the subjective dimension, 373 questionnaires are completed randomly from the statistical society. SPSS (two independent T-test) and Modeling structural equations by Smart PLS software are used for the analysis of variables. The spatial data from 2015 census blocks of Statistics Center were used for estimating the objective quality of life. Moreover social, Economic and physical indicators maps are prepared in GIS software. According to result, Andisheh neighborhood is better than Gosheh Gapeleh neighborhood in all subjective quality of life indicators expect for social indicator. Also, the general form of objective life quality proves this Finally, it can be said that quality of life is more favorable in Andisheh neighborhood than Gosheh Gapeleh neighborhood.