حسین سلطان زاده

Educational spaces have always undergone changes influenced by cultural, social, and technological transformations. These changes, particularly in school architecture, have evolved in response to cultural conditions, educational needs, and external influences. This study adopts an analytical-historical approach, combining the analysis of historical documents to examine the evolution of modern school architecture in Iran during the Qajar and Pahlavi I and II periods (1871–1941). The research method is based on documentary-library studies, comparative analysis, and field visits, with data analysis carried out qualitatively. The findings show that school architecture, from the late Qajar period onward, was transformed under the influence of foreign institutions, missionaries, and modern Western ideologies. These influences are evident in the organization of spaces, building designs, changes in classroom arrangements, and the use of modern materials. Schools moved away from the traditional introverted structure and shifted toward extroverted, European spatial patterns. Key architectural changes include alterations in the entrance design, school courtyards, an increase in the number of classrooms, changes in the dimensions and proportions of educational spaces, and improvements in natural lighting. Additionally, the fusion of traditional and European architectural styles led to the emergence of eclectic-style buildings that, while retaining some local elements, incorporated modern construction methods, new technologies, and optimized spatial solutions.The results of this study indicate that the architecture of modern schools in Iran reflects broader educational, cultural, and social changes and was shaped by the country’s macro policies during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras. This research can serve as a foundation for further studies in the field of modern educational space architecture, examining the impacts of imported styles and adapting them to contemporary educational needs.

According to Iran's last energy balance sheet, the construction sector is one of Iran's largest thermal energy converters. Final energy consumption per capita in the domestic sector of Iran is high. The considerable point is the high share of energy saving in the construction sector, and energy decline strategies must be adopted severely or even compulsorily. Attempt to reduce energy consumption has encouraged researchers to do more studies and find alternative solutions for fossil fuel use. Regarding the energy impacts on various fields and the necessity for a comprehensive attitude towards this critical topic, it is essential to keep the energy situation in the country. In this case, occupants' behavior is one of the main factors affecting energy saving and design of buildings. Thus, it is necessary to have enough knowledge about the behavior of individuals and their interaction with the building systems regarding thermal comfort and energy saving. A deeper perception of a building’s thermal behavior requires understanding the behavior of building users because occupants’ behavior has direct and indirect effects on the consumption rate of energy resources in the buildings. The research method is applied type, through in-situ data and information data collection has been done based on field surveys, observations, interviews, questionnaires and measurements of climatic parameters. IBM SPSS Statistics 25 was used to analyze the data. This important case is the effective factor for the effect of the direction of the relationship between predicted energy consumption rate and actual energy consumption rate in the buildings. Regarding the importance of occupant behavior and its relationship with energy resource consumption in the built environments, this study examines the impact of the behavior of occupants living in the residential buildings on energy saving in the residential buildigs (villa and apartment) of Rasht city based on the empirical evidence from field reviews by consideration of different thermal feelings of individuals when exposed to environmental conditions of indoor space of the building. The main question of this study is as follows: “What corrective behaviors must be done by the occupants of residential buildings to reduce energy consumption during warm and cold seasons?”. This study aims to investigate the impact of the thermal behaviors of occupants living in the villa and apartment residential buildings located in Rasht on energy saving during cold and warm seasons of the year. This is applied research through in-situ data and information collection. The research nature is quantitative because of extracting certain measurable criteria, and qualitative reviews and surveys have been also done. Data collection has been done based on field surveys, observations, interviews, and questionnaires distributed among occupants of residential buildings in Rasht during winter and summer 2021. Also, electricity and gas energy consumption of both types of buildings was reviewed. The results of occupants’ behaviors during the two seasons indicated that they adopt different behavioral patterns to acquire thermal comfort, some of which leads to increased consumption of energy carriers in residential buildings. Therefore, behavioral and architectural factors both prevented assigning no energy labels to 80.43% of apartments and 91.89% of villas. Hence, following actions are recommended: energy saving behaviors matched with two seasons with the necessity of making occupants aware and create culture of package use preference, use of underfloor heating systems and smart control of engine room instead of heaters and gas fireplace, necessary use of heating equipment with smart thermostat, prevent heating unnecessary spaces and turn on fewer lights for cold and warm periods in order, prefer to use ceiling and standing fans simultaneously with opening windows to create natural air ventilation and use split inverter air conditioners instead of conventional air conditioners, attention to adjust the coolers on comfort temperature (24°C) and adjust the cooler’ fans degree on higher rate, consider energy label A and electricity consumption rate of cooler when purchasing it, use of double-glazed or multi-glazed windows with UPVC frame and low-emissivity glass with basic installation, more attention to climate-compatible design and standard direction in the buildings to have proper southern and northern lights, underlying change in their attitudes and behaviors (breaking habits and priorities) and insisting on its continuous implementation in long term through direct or indirect teaching to realize behavioral sustainability in energy saving.

Residential use is one of the most important urban uses, which has been very important in different historical periods. In this regard, various factors can be effective in the sustainability of residential use in cities, of which cultural, climatic, natural and geographical factors are considered to be the most important. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the environmental, climatic and geographical factors effective in the sustainability of residential use in the form of a case study of traditional houses in Kermanshah. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the collection of survey data. The tool of data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through elites and the reliability was also confirmed through Cronbach's alpha above 0.70. The statistical population of the research is made up of 460 university professors, experts, specialists and people knowledgeable about the architecture of residential buildings of the Qajar period in the western region of the country. The number of samples was calculated as 213 people based on Morgan's table. The results showed that the climatic and geographical factors including the background characteristics of the region, common characteristics, climatic factors, modernization and cultural characteristics of the region were significant at a level of less than 0.05 and had an impact on the architecture and sustainability of the residential use of the Qajar era in Kermanshah city. Is. The regression result confirmed that the analyzed factors can explain 66% of the changes (variance), architecture and stability of buildings or residential use of this period. In this context, background features (Geography, nature and climate) with a beta value of 0.664 have had the greatest impact on the architecture and sustainability of residential use in the western region of the country.

The house represents the cultural and social values and beliefs,It can meet the needs and expectations of the family. Therefore, examining the changes in the architecture of the house can lead to a better understanding of the culture and architecture of the past. Due to the lack of sufficient studies on the historical houses of Kermanshah, less attention has been paid to the semantic and functional values of these houses. If thinking about them that are built based on cultural and environmental needs can be effective in redefining an original and progressive architecture. This research was compiled with the aim of knowing the effects of cultural factors, modernization and western architecture on the formation of Qajar houses in Kermanshah. The current research was quantitative-qualitative and the research method was descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research; The study of 10 cases of Qajar houses in Kermanshah and the statistical community of experts also included 18 architectural experts and university professors, who were selected in a targeted manner and with theoretical saturation of 11 people. The tools of the current research are interviews and the use of Delphi questionnaires, and the method of analysis is thematic analysis and the fuzzy AHP method. The final model of the theme network consists of 15 components, which are displayed in the form of 3 overarching themes. The results of the research show that the category of cultural factors, through various components, including; Utilizing the concepts of traditional architecture, the use of Farengi style and the presence of western tools and appliances and the category of modernization and western architecture through themes such as; Outward-oriented houses and stairways, wide lawns, columns and capitals, metal sloping roofs and decorative brickwork have been effective in the formation of Qajar houses in Kermanshah.

The study of houses has captivated researchers, primarily due to their functional significance, with many regarding them as the most crucial structures constructed for human habitation. Houses serve as a reflection of societal identity, values, and cultural beliefs, while also fulfilling the security and practical needs of families. Consequently, an exploration of the evolution of residential architecture can enhance our comprehension of historical culture and architectural practices. However, there exists a notable deficiency in research concerning the traditional houses of Kermanshah, resulting in an inadequate examination of their semantic values, functional attributes, and cultural origins. Understanding these elements could facilitate the redefinition of contemporary architecture that honors the esteemed architectural heritage of the past. This research aims to investigate the influences of local culture, modernization, and Western architectural styles on the design and structure of Qajar houses in Kermanshah. The present study employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative research methods, with a descriptive framework. The statistical population encompasses an examination of ten Qajar houses located in Kermanshah, alongside a targeted selection of 18 experts in architecture and cultural heritage. From this group, a theoretical saturation was achieved with 11 individuals. Data collection was facilitated through interviews and the application of Delphi questionnaires, while the analysis was conducted using thematic analysis and the fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The resulting thematic network model comprises 14 fundamental themes, organized into three overarching categories. The findings of the study indicate that the interplay of native culture, modernization, and Western architectural influences significantly shaped the design of Qajar houses in Kermanshah. This influence is manifested through various elements, such as the incorporation of traditional Iranian principles, the adoption of French or European styles, the design of extroverted and staircase-oriented residences, as well as the implementation of English and French landscaping characterized by expansive lawns. Additionally, features such as French columns and capitals, clay tiles, Haftrang, decorative brickwork, and prominent facades that mimic Western aesthetics have played a crucial role in this architectural evolution.

The development of societies has led to an increased focus on the quality of space and user experience. In this context, extensive studies have been carried out on the impact of space on human perception. Several factors influence the quality of a home environment, and gender can be considered as one of the crucial qualitative aspects of space, especially in residential environments. This research aims to analyze the visual quality of space with a focus on gendered areas, which can serve as a valuable tool in the study of historical houses, particularly in the context of Bandar Kong, Hormozgan Province.

The study uses a historical-interpretive approach to analyze how gender influences spatial organization in traditional homes. Twelve houses in Bandar Kong were selected as case studies to investigate the relationship between gender, space and visual perception. The homes were categorized into four main spatial areas: female-dominated, male-dominated, female-prioritized and male-prioritized spaces. The visual relationships and spatial configurations were then analyzed using the Isovist method to assess the impact of gender roles on privacy and spatial arrangement.

The results show that gendered cultural beliefs significantly influence the spatial organization of traditional homes in Bandar Kong. In particular, women's spaces are highly protected from direct visual access, especially from the entrance of the house. In contrast, male-dominated spaces are visible from the entrance in 70% of homes. The visual relationship from the courtyard to the spaces also differs, with a more direct visual connection to the female-dominated spaces, although in 30% of the dwellings no visual access to these areas is allowed. The visual connection between male and female spaces is minimized by different privacy control methods, ensuring limited or no direct visual access between the two.

Gender plays a crucial role in the visual configuration and spatial organization of homes in Bandar Kong. The research highlights that privacy, particularly the protection of women from the gaze of outsiders, is a key cultural concern that is reflected in spatial design. The study suggests that understanding these gendered spatial arrangements offers valuable insights into traditional housing design and can inspire contemporary housing solutions that prioritize user satisfaction and cultural relevance.respectively have the greatest impact on They have improved the sense of attachment.

Global experience shows that in developed countries as well as in developing countries, good governance to address the challenges and demands of the third millennium AD, especially urban management issues, is inevitable. Although the concept of governance has been widely discussed among policymakers and scholars, no strong consensus has yet been reached on a single definition of the concept. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and rank the neighborhoods of Genaveh in terms of indicators of good governance (participation, efficiency and effectiveness, accountability, political stability, social justice, access and information, legitimacy and community-based).

The research method is descriptive-compositional and its type is applied and the data collection methods are library and field which was designed by a questionnaire from 15 professors, specialists and officials. In order to prioritize the neighborhoods of Genaveh city in terms of indicators of good urban governance, the Fuzzy Vikor model has been used and to weight the indicators, the network analysis model (ANP) has been used.

The results of Fuzzy Vikor show that the governorate neighborhood with a weight of 0.000 is in the first rank of Genaveh neighborhoods. Nowruzabad neighborhood with a weight of 0.089 in the second rank, Motahhari alley neighborhood with a weight of 0.159 in the third rank, Besat alley neighborhood with a weight of 0.318 in the fourth rank, Abd Imam neighborhood with a weight of 0.403 in the fifth rank, Bazaar neighborhood with Weight 0.587 in the sixth rank, Chahjoo neighborhood with the weight of 0.649 in the seventh rank, Baba Ali Shah neighborhood with the weight of 0.812 in the eighth rank, Malsadat neighborhood with the weight of 0.877 in the ninth rank and Ershad neighborhood with the weight of 0.967 in It is ranked tenth and last.

Also, in terms of the level of desirability, the neighborhoods were ranked into four levels: the governorate neighborhoods, Motahhari and Nowruzabad alleys at the desired level, Besat and Abd Imam alley neighborhoods at the relatively desirable level, Bazaar and Chahjoo neighborhoods at the average level and Baba Alishah, Malsadat and Guidance is at an unfavorable level.

Proper spatial design enhances students’ interactions and facilitates learning. The arrangement of classrooms plays a crucial role in organizing educational spaces and impacts social engagement. Classroom positioning, spatial connections, access to shared facilities, and the design of open areas between classrooms contribute to increased social interactions and support for group activities. In modern education, learning extends beyond the confines of a traditional classroom, and attention to environmental characteristics can significantly influence students' learning experiences. Thus, adapting school structures to evolve and align with educational needs is essential. This study analyzes different classroom layouts and their effects on the sociability of the spaces between them. The research method is descriptive-analytical, employing quantitative techniques such as space syntax and multi-criteria taxonomy ranking to evaluate the social accessibility of these connecting spaces. Data was gathered from library sources, and school floor plans were initially analyzed using Depthmap software. The resulting data was then combined using numerical taxonomy, and spatial mapping was conducted in ArcGIS to illustrate the level of social accessibility within the connecting spaces between classrooms. The results revealed that various classroom layouts have distinct effects on the sociability of access spaces. Square layouts, with high integration, exhibit the highest level of social accessibility but offer limited functional diversity. In contrast, scattered and H-shaped layouts, characterized by wider corridors, provide more dynamic and diverse spaces that foster greater interaction. Additionally, Classroom layouts can be tailored to the needs of different age groups. For instance, square layouts, with high sociability and easy supervision, are suitable for elementary levels where younger children require more support. Conversely, dispersed layouts, offering diverse and quieter spaces, are better suited for high school levels, which benefit from varied activities and greater focus. In conclusion, adjusting classroom layouts to align with students’ developmental needs enhances both social engagement and learning outcomes, underlining the importance of thoughtful spatial design in educational settings.

During the Qajar period, due to Iran's relationship with other countries and the changes that occurred in the cultural and political fields, differences were also created in the thoughts, trends and styles of Iranian art and architecture. These effects, which were mostly seen in the residential buildings of the nobility, have occurred in all the building components from the body to the decorations. This influence was to such an extent that at the end of the Nasrid period, the architectural style of the buildings was a fusion of the traditional architecture of Iran and the West. Therefore, the question is raised, what components of western culture and architecture have influenced the physical and decorative structure of the Qajar period garden mansion in Shiraz? Therefore, in the conducted research, it is tried to investigate the influence of Western architectural art and culture on them by examining the physical and decorative features of the Qajar era gardens in Shiraz city. The combined research design used in this research is the type of alignment design and convergent model. In the qualitative part, a case study Chaharbagh mansions related to the Qajar era in Shiraz city (Eram Bagh mansion, Afifabad Bagh mansion, Narenjestan Qavam Bagh mansion and Manshibashi Bagh mansion) has been done. The relevant data were collected through the researcher's visit and observation of the structures and the registration physical and decorative features in accordance with the research question. The analysis the findings showed that in decoration component, the results qualitative and quantitative findings support each other and show that the elements of western architecture are widely used in the decorative components of these buildings. At the same time, regarding the physical component, although the qualitative findings show the significant presence of western elements in the physical architecture of these buildings, according to the respondents, western architectural elements were seen to some extent in the volume composition and elements of these buildings, but they do not have a strong presence the body of the buildings compared to the decoration components. .As mentioned earlier, the art and architecture of the Qajar era, affected by the currents modernism and the changes and developments of modernism and westernism, took on a new shape and color, and the achievements the modern era can be clearly seen in the buildings and mansions this era. to be Although the Qajar architecture is derived from the traditional architecture of Iran, especially the architecture of the Safavid and Zandiya eras, but at the end of the Qajar era, the elements western architecture can be seen in all parts of the building, especially in the appearance of the building and decorations. Even the use of new materials that were used in Europe were also used abundantly in the buildings of this period.As seen in the theoretical foundations of the research, the art and architecture of the Qajar era was influenced by the art and architecture of the West and European countries, and the trends of the modernity and developments that were the results of the Western modernity era entered Iran in different ways during this period. The art and architecture of this era had an impact. These effects can be seen in the aristocratic houses and mansions built in the big cities of Iran such as Shiraz. In this research, the effects of western art and architecture were investigated in two areas, physical and decorative, in four mansions of Bagh Eshrafi in Shiraz city. First, it was found that physical factors such as extroversion, columns, capitals, and long and wide porches are among the western elements in the examined buildings, but almost all the decorative elements in the buildings are influenced by western art and architecture. They are combined with Iranian decorations.Therefore, according to the examination of the studied samples and the issues raised, it can be said about the influence of Western art and architecture on the architecture of the Qajar period mansions that the mansions built in the city of Shiraz during the Qajar era can be the most He observed the influence of western patterns, especially in the decoration of buildings, and it was such that the closer to the end of this era, the buildings were more oriented towards western architecture.

Drug addiction is characterized by uncontrolled drug use and recurrence of need for medication. Changes in gene expression play an important role in addictive neuroplasticity, but the mechanisms by which addictive drugs regenerate brain motive circuits are unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of non-coding small RNAs that bind to the translocated regions; primers of their target mRNAs inhibit translation and suppress gene expression. This study investigated the profiles and different expression of MIR 24 and MIR 329 in the patients with amphetamine dysfunction.

This study was performed on 30 patients .of medical centers. RNA extraction was performed according to the kit. The amount of RNA extracted was evaluated by a nanodrop machine. These RNAs were then added to Poly (A) tail and then transformed into cDNA using specific primers and reverse transcriptase. Finally, their expression was quantitatively measured by qRT-PCR method compared to the control group.

In the present study, the results indicated that MIR 24 gene expression was significantly increased compared to U6. The MIR 24 gene showed an increase of 9.02 (P-value: 0.049) compared to the control group in blood samples. The MIR 329 gene showed a decrease of 0.007 (P-value: 0.000) compared to the control group in blood samples.

The results showed that there was a significant association between miR-24 and miR-329 expression in blood samples of amphetamine users, which may be related to amphetamine abuse disorder. Used as a noninvasive diagnostic marker for the detection of amphetamine abuse disorder.

Iranian architecture and urban planning, despite its abundance and diversity in various dimensions, is still a place of discovery and research. Based on this, the current research aims to provide a model for prioritizing the effective dimensions and indicators of the pattern language on underground cities and to explain the relationship between these two issues in order to understand underground cities. In this regard, two methods of grounded theory and structural-interpretive modeling have been used to analyze data and achieve research goals. The findings of the research show that this type of architecture can be recognized according to the pattern language in three dimensions, macro, medium, and micro, so that the indicators of the macro dimension are the most influential and the indicators in the middle dimension. have the greatest influence in the localization of architecture and urban planning in Iran today.

Problem statement:

 Many buildings in the West have a reflection of Egypt’s past architecture. This research studies the origin of “The Egyptian Revival Movement” and the formation of “The Egyptian Architecture Revival” in America, in which, the artist uses the shapes, motifs, and images of ancient Egyptian works of art, which is attributed to the awareness of Western artists about the historical works of ancient Egypt after the conquest by Napoleon in 1798.

This study attempts to discover the roots and influence of ancient Egyptian art and architecture on American architecture in the 20th century.

This qualitative research aims to find the roots and the way ancient Egyptian art and architecture influenced American architectural works in the 20th century using an interpretive-historical method.

Results show that after the conquest of Egypt by Napoleon, many artists of the following decades were inclined to the art and architecture of ancient Egypt, which led to the formation of the Revival movement of Egyptian architecture. In this way, many architectural buildings were designed and constructed with the inspiration of the art and architecture of ancient Egypt in form and elements such as sanctuary, pylon, peristyle, pyramid, and also Egyptian motifs like papyrus, gorge-cornice with vulture-winged solar globe.

Timcheh and historical bazaars are among the commercial buildings of the city, which have played an important role in the trade and commercial exchanges of the cities throughout history, and the physical type of today's shopping centers and arcades is based on the historical bazaars and timchehs, the lack of recognition of the organization The space of these buildings is being forgotten due to the destruction, change of use and reconstructions, and the restoration and unrelated architecture in these spaces has caused the loss of the previous values ​​and the correct recognition of the spatial organization of these historical buildings. Therefore, this research aims to reveal the differences and similarities between the timchehs of the Safavid and Qajar periods in the historical bazaar of Isfahan by understanding the principles of spatial organization and establishment. The main questions of the research are: How are the physical patterns and spatial organization in the Safavid and Qajar timchehs of Isfahan's historical bazaar? What are the patterns extracted from the spatial organization and physical type of Safavid and Qajar timchehs? The present research method is a case study using the descriptive-analytical method and the method of collecting information in the field and documents (library), the results of this research show. The results of this research show that the timchehs of Isfahan market related to the Safavid and Qajar periods were formed due to the developments in trade and commerce and the greater prosperity of trade in the Qajar period. The increase in spatial extent in the Qajar period compared to the Safavid period is evident, and the wider connection between the timchehs and the market halls due to the boom in trade during the Qajar period is one of the physical developments of the timchehs of these two historical periods, the timchehs of the Safavid period are often independent, with roofs., have one entrance and have less architectural decorations than the timchehs of the Qajar period, the timchehs of the Qajar period are mainly related to palaces, have two entrances and have luxurious architectural decorations compared to the Safavid period in Isfahan bazaar.

One of the characteristics of Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology is to pay attention to the place of the body and the role of the body in the process of sensory perception of the world. A photographed image is unreliable evidence of the real quality of the architectural space. Therefore, examining the role of the body, understanding the human position, and his experience of architectural space, provide him with a different perspective on understanding space. In traditional architecture, especially historical bazaars, deep attention has been paid to the presence of man and his perception of the main lines of the bazaar and the surrounding spaces, which, by involving the five senses, has a different understanding of the space compared to the image prepared of that space. The main question of the research is: What are the influential components in bodily perception based on Merleau-Ponty's theories in the Iranian bazaar? The purpose of this research is to investigate the human position and the different types of perception in the presence of humans, emphasizing the theory of Merleau-Ponty's bodily perception. In fact, in this research, by examining Merleau-Ponty's theory and the theories proposed about bodily perception in the architectural space, the influencing factors on the different perceptions of man and the effect of his presence in the architectural space are investigated.

The research method is based on the onion model, where each layer is affected by the other layer. The structure of the research is based on the qualitative method of grounded theory. This research is in the form of qualitative research and a descriptive-analytical research method has been used. The method of collecting information is library and field, and the means of collecting information is by recording observations and interviews.

In the results of this research, which was carried out with an emphasis on Merleau-Ponty's theory based on female perception, the components influencing the presence of man and his different vision, such as depth, distance, movement in architectural space, perspective view, atmosphere of space, change of observer's view and parallax have been obtained.

The findings show that these components show up well in the space of the historical market; the attention of the past architects to the role of man in space, and the engagement of his perception by creating a sense of movement, the horizon of vision and movement depth, rhythm and repetition in the walls and exposure, is deeply felt and the role They have a decisive role in understanding the architectural space and human experience in the Iranian bazaar.

Aesthetic architectural reading refers to the interpretation and analysis of an architectural work or architectural concepts. This process involves understanding and interpreting the multiple elements of architecture such as form, space, material, light, and structure. Architectural reading is not limited to describing and interpreting the physical characteristics of structures and buildings; it also encompasses an understanding of their role in social, cultural, historical processes, and even their relationship with the natural environment. Contemporary architecture based on object-oriented ontology pays special attention to the human experience of the environment and space. In this approach, environments and structures are considered as central objects in architecture and have a profound impact on human experience and behavior. Contemporary architects strive to design environments and structures in a way that influences human interaction with them and enhances the architectural experience. In this approach, architecture is introduced as a means to create sustainable interaction between humans and the environment. The importance of this perspective lies in making the relationship between humans and the environment more experiential and emotional in architecture. Environments are designed in a way that allows humans to establish a close connection with them, and in interactive environments, they can experience engaging and unique experiences.

Problem statement: 

With Iran’s entry into the threshold of modernization and the establishment of the University of Tehran in the year 1934 (1313 AH) and the gradual formation of the Faculty of Fine Arts until 1940 (1319 AH), art and architecture education took a new approach towards academic methods. Academic experiences for approximately two centuries have shown how architecture is taught has a significant impact on the formation of architects’ personalities and is reflected in their architectural works. One of the most influential academic institutions in this regard is the Bauhaus School in Germany. The Faculty of Fine Arts, as the first academic center for architectural education in Iran, has also demonstrated explicit interactions with many of these schools, including the Bauhaus, in terms of adopting innovative teaching methods. The influence of the predominant approach of the Bauhaus School can be observed in the examination of the works of professors and students. 

The objective of this research is to examine the Bauhaus approach in Germany, identify the patterns of this style, and trace them in the architectural structures of the Pahlavi era, which include the works of professors and students of the Faculty of Fine Arts at the University of Tehran. 

This study is interpretive-historical, and as a result, the analysis of the findings and the influence of the fine arts are approached through a descriptive-analytical research method. To achieve this, several examples of buildings constructed by professors and students of the Bauhaus School were examined. The main design features have been extracted through the examination of these samples and interviews. Then, by systematically weighing the indicators using a developed formula, the degree of affiliation of each architectural work to this style was determined.

The results of the research indicate that the influence of the fine arts from the Bauhaus approach can be seen during the period of Emmanuel Pontremoli’s management. The commonly used architectural parameters of this style include flat roofs, the use of modern materials and technology, a balance in the composition of volumes and facade elements, and functional beauty. These features are more pronounced compared to other characteristics, such as white facades and pilotis.

The architecture and culture of southern Iranian cities had a significant influence on the architecture and culture of Arab countries around the Persian Gulf. One notable example is the influence on the architecture of the Bastakiya neighborhood in Dubai, which was a result of the migration of Iranian merchants to the Bastakiya neighborhood. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of the local architecture and culture of southern Iranian cities on the architecture of the Bastakiya neighborhood. The research method was descriptive-analytical and involved comparing and studying six case studies of old-fashioned houses in Bushehr and Bastakiya. The results show that, in addition to environmental issues, culture and lifestyle had an significant influence on the layout and structure of houses in both regions. The migration of Iranians to Bastakiya caused the culture and lifestyle of Iranian immigrants to influence the structure of houses, and similarities between the architectural design of houses in both regions were observed in issues such as spatial planning, integration, privacy, construction methods, and internal circulation of space. In both regions, different spaces were defined for men and women as private and common spaces, and there were also spaces for guests and male visitors that were separate from the private space of the house. The central courtyard and windows and windcatchers were used as tools to create natural ventilation and cooling. Additionally, different spaces such as public, semi-public, and private spaces were defined in each house for various activities.

Diabetes as a heterogeneous disease is characterized by a decrease in insulin sensitivity and a defect in insulin secretion. In general, diabetes is divided into four groups, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and diabetes of various causes. To be Emerging evidence suggests that common and rare genetic polymorphisms can influence the risk of diabetic complications. Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous group of disorders that is usually characterized by the inability of pancreatic beta cells to increase insulin secretion to compensate for insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. Type 2 diabetes has been diagnosed in adults and is related to obesity, lifestyle, age, family history, and genetics. Genetically, many gene polymorphisms are known to be associated with this disease. The cause of type 2 diabetes is a mixture of lifestyle and genetic factors, while a person can control some of these issues such as diet and obesity, other issues such as aging, being female, and genetics cannot be controlled. However, until now, the exact cause of this disease has not been determined and its prevalence rate is also increasing. In the last decade, the prevalence of this disease has increased alarmingly in Iran. The single nucleotide polymorphism 7903146rs is located in intron number 3 of the TCF7L2 gene, which is significantly associated with type 2 diabetes. The expression of TCF7L2 in pancreatic cells of type 2 diabetic patients compared to healthy individuals was reported to be accompanied by a decrease in insulin secretion. Apart from the effect of the TCF7L2 variant on cell structure and insulin release from the beta pancreas, several studies have also reported a decrease in insulin secretion in response to the increased expression of TCF7L2 in the pancreas. The TCF7L2 gene is a transcription factor involved in the Wnt signaling pathway, which plays an important role in the development of pancreatic islets and fat. The TCF7L2 gene is considered one of the most important candidate genes for T2DM and plays an important role in blood glucose homeostasis and function. It has beta cells. The rs7903146 variant is one of the most important variants that has been proven to be related to diabetes in other populations, but so far no study has been conducted in East Azerbaijan on the relationship between the role of TCF7L2 in the development of type 2 diabetes, so the present study aims to investigate the relationship between poly The Morphism of rs7903146 in the TCF7L2 gene was performed in patients with type 2 diabetes in East Azerbaijan.

101 unrelated patients were invited to the diabetes clinic to provide blood samples. The basic information of the patients such as BMI, gender, and age was recorded in a questionnaire, and to comply with the ethical principles, a tracking code was inserted at the top of each questionnaire. Also, 101 unrelated healthy people were selected from the general population to call the control subjects. In this study, about 2 cc of blood samples were taken from each person and collected in tubes containing EDTA. The collected samples were transferred to the laboratory with a flask containing dry ice and kept at -20°C until extraction. The tubes containing the blood samples of patients and controls were numbered separately, and their gender was also noted on the tubes. After DNA extraction from all samples and quality assessment of the samples with specific primers, PCR and electrophoresis were performed. Took finally, the PCR products were treated with RSal restriction enzyme and electrophoresed again, and the target polymorphism was checked.

The frequency of genotypes was found as TT=33.7, CC=16.8, and CT=49.5 (percentage) for healthy people and the frequency of genotypes in sick people was found as TT=43, CC=14, and TC=43. = (percentage) was calculated. The percentage of the T allele in healthy and sick people was reported as 42.1% and 64.5%, respectively, and the percentage of the C allele in healthy and sick people was reported as 57.9% and 35.5%, respectively.

Because today diabetes is spreading all over the world as an unprecedented epidemic and also considering the role of genetic factors in the development of type 2 diabetes, it is necessary to investigate the genes related to this disease. It seems in the present study, the results showed that the frequency of the C allele, which is the dominant allele, is 57.9% in the healthy group, and 35.5% in the patient group, which shows a 22% decrease, and the frequency of the T allele, which is the polymorphism allele. It is 42.1% in the healthy group and 64.5% in the patient group, which 22% increase in the patient group shows that there is probably a relationship between the increase of the T allele and the risk of type 2 diabetes and the risk The incidence rate in the patient group is 2.501, and since it is more than one, there is a risk of contracting the disease, while the risk rate in the healthy group is 638.00, which is less than one. On the other hand, the frequency of genotypes was found as TT=33.7, CT=16.8, and CC=49.5 (percentage) for healthy people, and in sick people, the genotype frequency was as TT=43, CC=14, and TC = 43 (percentage) was calculated. The results of this study show that the types of polymorphisms are a factor for genetic diversity and determine the phenotypic diversity between people, and it may affect the susceptibility of people to diseases and the progression of diseases and polymorphisms. A gene shows a significant relationship with the probability of diabetes. In this study, the possibility of the association of rs7903146 polymorphism with diabetes has been determined, so it can be said that rs7903146 polymorphism can be used as an indicator and marker to detect the susceptibility to diabetes in other research, and considering that this polymorphism Gene Morphism shows a different frequency distribution in different regions, it seems that studying target gene variants in different populations to find their relationship with diabetes is important.

Research Problem:

 Timcheh historical bazaars are among the city's commercial buildings that have played an important role in the trade and commercial exchanges of cities throughout history, and the physical structure of today's arcades and shopping centers is derived from the historical bazaars and buildings, the lack of recognition of the spatial organization of these buildings with Paying attention to destruction, change of use and reconstructions is being forgotten; Unrelated restoration and architecture in these spaces has caused the loss of the previous value and lack of proper recognition of the spatial organization of these historical buildings. Therefore, this research aims to reveal the patterns of formation and physical structure of Iranian bazaar Timcheh by knowing the principles of Iranian bazaar organization.The necessity of conducting research can be stated as follows; The bazaar, caravanserais and timchehs are known as a place for the meeting of different cultures, which cultural exchanges and trade add to its architectural values, and with the beginning of industrial life and the use of motor vehicles, some of them prospered. They have fallen down and have become ruined due to lack of use, and some of them have lost their originality due to the change of use.It is worth mentioning that although Timcheh's body is a historical bazaar in accordance with traditional architectural methods in the form of roofed and enclosed and introverted, it is a suitable space for trading goods with economic value such as silk, porcelain and crystal, velvet fabrics and other types of textiles and precious goods. have come into existence and have a specific and reinforced order with symmetrical lines (dragon or multi-axis) and an index element in the cross-section and plan like other Iranian buildings.Research Question: The main question of the research is: What are the patterns of physical structure based on spatial organization in the historic bazaars of Isfahan, Kashan and Tabriz?

 The research method in the present study is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is field and documentary (library). In this research, timchehs of three historical markets including Isfahan, Kashan and Tabriz were selected with different organization.

 The results of this research showed; Basically, the timchehs that are formed next to the linear form of the Bazaar are organized with a combination of hallways and vestibules, while the timchehs that are formed inside the fabric of the bazaar and the collective part of the bazaar have one or two central cores as the dominant form of the shape. have found. Isfahan bazaar timchehs are longitudinal and central, Kashan bazaar timchehs are formed as a longitudinal-central and two-core combination, and Tabriz bazaar timchehs are linear and central. Regarding the way of setting up with other uses, including Sera, there are three types of arrangements in the bazaar lines: connected to Sera (common use), dependent on Sera (connection with common user) and independent of the corresponding uses.

The hypothesis of the Sassanid architecture's influences on Islamic architecture has been discussed in former inquiries with regards to the formalistic and decorative congruencies, but the fact that these similarities can be attributed to other periods has been neglected. Architecture as a knowledge and profession has a sociotechnical nature, therefore these two aspects should be assayed in influence explanation in addition to physical evaluation. As such, this study explores these influences in the deeper layers, that is, circumstances of architecture as a part of knowledge and profession as well as building technology of structural elements in the Sassanid and Islamic epochs that have been negligibly investigated in prior studies. The theoretical foundation of this assessment relies on the intertextuality theory, and the data are taken from historical texts for analysis. This study aims to reveal the architecture status and its actors’ position in the Sassanid era by providing a diachronic understanding of architecture and a scrutiny reflection on the construction process to indicate their impacts on the subsequent text, that is, Islamic architecture. elucidating this relevance can assist in boosting or weakening the main hypothesis as well as the origin of the formation of Islamic architecture. The current research process is qualitative, retrospective, and reliant on predominantly Inductive arguments and of an interpretive-historical approach. The results and discussion demonstrate that Islamic architecture is entirely indebted to the Sasanian architectural tradition in terms of its concept, status, and, administrative system but in construction technology scope, although Islamic architecture relies on the previous methods, some alterations have been made in the implementation form and materials to evolve the previous techniques.

Problem statement: 

Children are required to continuously experience and learn, and the space of classrooms should be able to govern the sensory and mental powers of students and improve their learning ability. The research question addresses the shape and design of the elementary classroom and its effect on the quality of teaching methods to determine the most appropriate one.

The study aims to investigate the current classroom environment of elementary schools and its influence on the quality of modern educational methods in Iran.

This is descriptive-analytical research using the content analysis method to analyze the data from library resources, and interviews from the field. The sample included four primary schools in Tehran during the years 2001–2021. The theoretical foundation of the study also points to the influence of spatial design and the shape of the classroom on teaching methods.

According to the results, the elementary classrooms in Iran during the years 2001-2021 have had square and rectangular shapes with vertical and linear directions; the teaching methods in these classes are mostly based on individual, lecture, and discussion methods, which among them, group discussion is considered as the most appropriate one. But unfortunately, due to the linear and axial position of tables, benches, and other equipment in elementary classrooms, this method is not often used by teachers, and the two other individual and lecture methods are more applicable. Moreover, classroom furniture, as one of the architectural components of the classroom, had a significant influence on education. Therefore, it can be concluded that the geometrical shape and the space layout of elementary school classes have a significant role in improving the quality of teaching methods to choose the best one.

Universities are one of the first examples of the application of tradition and modernism in the buildings of any country, and the audience is educated adults who can play an effective role in society. The traditional architecture of India before the arrival of the British in India was more about creating spectacular and attractive forms carved out of stone. At this time, the main purpose of architectural tools was to glorify and magnify rituals and customs. Then the British entered the scene and they built their first modern buildings, which housed all the necessities of running a large empire. At this time, the culture and art of the colonialist country consciously and unconsciously influenced the way of construction and architecture, especially in the big cities of India. India declared independence in 1947 with non-violent struggles. The purpose of this research is to investigate the components of the modernism tradition in the university buildings of Iran and India. The research method in this research is a combination of nested type (qualitative in quantitative) with comparative weighting to the results of analysis in the quantitative field, in the qualitative part, first, using the technique of systematic review of the theoretical literature of articles in the field of tradition and modernism, indicators of tradition and modernism are extracted. And then they are categorized and semi-structured interview questions are developed based on them in the qualitative section. The experts who are selected based on the snowball system with the entry criteria are interviewed and the results are entered into the ATLASTI software for ease of coding. University buildings are selected with Delphi future research system with Kendall's coefficient, and then based on the obtained components, a questionnaire is compiled and provided to space users. The method of selecting the study samples was such that among about 200 universities in Iran and India according to architectural characteristics (tangible and intangible strategies and metaphors), the number of 22 universities in Iran and India in the first stage according to research data, documents and documents available , the plans were selected and then according to the opinion of designers and theorists in the field of contemporary architecture in Iran, using the Delphi method and taking into account the influential factors in their design as well as the availability of existing documents, their number was reduced to 18 universities in Iran and India and examined. In the quantitative stage, the sample size is selected by Morgan's table with the number of 384 people. The results are entered into JMP software for the analysis of inferential statistics. The results indicate that in the university buildings of Iran, the game components with visual communication elements with a value of (1.000) have the highest coefficients of determination in the association of tradition, and introversion with a value of (0.246) has the lowest correlation. In Indian university buildings, the use of brick as the dominant wall material with the value of (1.000) is the highest and the lowest is related to the spatial hierarchy with the value of (0.254). In the components of modernism in Iranian academic buildings, playing with honest dimensions (1.000), honest expression of structural materials on the facade (1.000) and reminders of modernism have the highest coefficient of determination and the lowest related to the connection between inside and outside with wide transparent surfaces with The value is (0.354) in Indian university buildings, the play of light and shadow, the honest expression of structural materials on the facade and reminiscent of modernism with the value (1.000) is the highest value and the lowest value is related to the use of materials and new technological achievements (0.155) ) Is. In the correlation stage between the components of modernism in the universities of the two countries, it was found that in Indian universities, the honest expression of the structural materials in the facade has the highest value (0.865) and the component of spatial planning has the lowest value (0.188) in the buildings. University of Iran, the component of the game with honest dimensions (0.882) has the highest coefficient of determination and the lowest correlation coefficient is related to the component emphasizing the height of the building with the value (0.258).