حسین شهبازی

The root system architecture is one of the basic characteristics of barley cultivars in drought stress tolerance. So that the genotypes with more vertical roots will have more tolerance to drought. Therefore, root growth angle is a suitable trait to improve drought tolerance in barley. For this purpose, to investigate the effect of HvDRO1 gene expression on root system architecture of barley cultivars under water stress, an experiment was conducted using glass rhizotrons.

The experiment was conducted as a factorial design, in which the first factor included 10 barley cultivars and the second factor included drought stress (nonstress, 75% FC and 50% FC). The experiment was carried out in 2022 at Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil. After the root growth, the root numbers, length and angle of the roots were measured. Then, HvDRO1 gene expression was measured by real-time PCR.

The results of ANOVA showed that there are significant differences in all the traits which indicates the existence of genetic diversity among the tested cultivars. The effect of drought stress was significant on all traits, so that caused an increase in root length and HvDRO1 gene expression in both stress levels (75% FC and 50% FC), a decrease in the root numbers and an increase in the root angle under the 50% FC. Mean comparisons showed that the root length ranged from 22.4 to 30.8 cm, so that Artan had the longest root and 8 other varieties (Gaflan, Abidar, Nader, Ansar, Sararoud 1, Dobrinia, Sahand and Fasih) were ranked next. The seminal root number of cultivars ranged from 3.39 to 4.33, so that Dobrinia, Radical, Sahand, Nader and Abidar had the highest root numbers. The root growth angle varied from 69.4 to 76.8 degrees, so that cultivars Sararoud, Artan, Abider, Sahand, Fasih and Gafalan had the most vertical roots. In terms of HvDRO1 gene expression, under 75% FC, Artan, Gaflan, Nader and Sahand, and under 50% FC, Gaflan had the highest amount. The results of correlations showed that the expression rate of HvDRO1 gene showed a positive correlation with the root length under 75% FC (r=0.74*). Under 50% FC, the expression rate of HvDRO1 gene had not significant correlation with root length, but showed a positive correlation with the root angle (r=0.85**). Regression analysis showed that under 75% FC, the expression of this gene explained 55.6% of the changes in root length and under 50% FC, it explained 74.6% of the changes in the root angle, suggesting the possibility of using the HvDRO1 gene expression to select the root system architecture in barley.

In political science and terrorism studies, the main emphasis has traditionally been on comprehending the nature of terrorism and its progression. Yet, the study of how terrorism evolves and the modus operandi of terrorist organizations has become increasingly crucial in today's world, sparking a significant increase in dialogue and exchange of views on this topic. This is because terrorist organizations are becoming increasingly sophisticated each day, compared to their predecessors. They adapt to environmental changes and various counter-terrorism strategies and techniques, preventing their collapse and enabling their proliferation in any environment. In light of this, the present paper aims to elucidate the concept of "postmodern terrorism", and chart the evolution of terrorist activity models in Iranian society from the traditional model (from the 1960s to the 1980s) to the postmodern model (from the late 1980s to the present). Here, we also discuss strategies suitable for “postmodern counter-terrorism” within the context of terrorism studies. For an operational definition, one could state that the features that set postmodern terrorism apart from earlier forms include a focus on identity in motivation, a global perspective in the scope of action, and an organizational structure that is both networked and virtual.

This explanatory paper employs a library data collection method for research and utilizes a qualitative approach for data analysis. The research methodology is explanatory in nature as it aims to explain the transition from traditional terrorism (spanning the 1960s to the 1980s) to postmodern terrorism (from the late 1980s to the present) within Iranian society. The qualitative data analysis method is chosen due to the nature of the study, which is largely focused on the influence of ideology, religion, culture, politics, ethics, and similar factors on human behavior. Such studies typically require qualitative and rational analysis methods. The article further delves into the evolution of terrorist patterns in Iranian society, analyzing the impact of ideological and semantic issues to explain the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of this evolution.

The emergence of any new threat to national security invariably necessitates the creation of new institutional structures or the revision of existing ones. This is primarily because past institutions were typically designed and regulated to counter and manage previous threats, rendering them ineffective against new threats. Given the multifaceted nature of postmodern terrorism, particularly the intertwined nature of its hardware and software aspects, this need is more pronounced than ever. Furthermore, the Islamic Republic of Iran, which, according to available evidence, is under the threat of postmodern terrorism, requires this institutional development more than any other political system in the region.Primarily, the new structures must ensure coordination among all relevant and responsible organizations to prevent duplication or lack of cooperation. This is crucial to avoid any loopholes that could lead to system penetration or malfunction, as these could result in unexpected outcomes and strategic failures. Secondly, it is essential to devise a long-term strategy that takes into account the various aspects of postmodern terrorism. This strategy should be designed in a way that accommodates both the software and hardware dimensions of this form of terrorism, and is applicable at internal, regional, and global levels. Hence, it is crucial to have security-intelligence and military collaboration with other nations in this battle. The new structures should incorporate a robust and professional department dedicated to monitoring, collecting, and analyzing electronic and virtual data of these groups globally, with a particular emphasis on virtual social networks. A key aspect of post-modern counter-terrorism is that the intelligence gathering about these groups should encompass human, social, and technical dimensions in a balanced and simultaneous manner. The past experiences have shown that many surprises and strategic failures in combating terrorism have resulted from an over-reliance on technical and telecommunication intelligence while neglecting human and social intelligence.In general, intelligence agencies require social awareness to effectively combat postmodern terrorism. This is primarily because nascent terrorist groups initially develop and recruit members within a specific social context, and they also employ a distinct social strategy. Specifically, their strategy involves integrating the group into society and establishing a social foundation for themselves, making it challenging for intelligence and security organizations to fight them. In the event of any setback or blow, these groups can retreat to their supportive social bases and reorganize themselves.

One of the most fundamental topics of mystical and theological schools is the matter of "good and evil" and its attribution to the origin of creation; being issued from one source or two sources. Being influenced by the culture and beliefs of various nations, especially the influence of the Orient, the Gnostic school, which emerged at the beginning of Christianity, has special views about the origin of good and evil and their authenticity and relationship with God. This essay tries to provide a descriptive-analytical explanation of these views to answer this fundamental question: what are the examples of good and evil in the Gnostic thought and how is their relationship with the realm of divinity? The special sign of the Qumran community in the Old Testament is the dualistic tendency, which was not extended to the realm of divinity in the initial stages of its division or assignment by Simon Magh, the father of the Gnostic religion, in the early stages; but in the second century AD, the Gnostic Marcion who raised questions about the nature of good and evil and their relation to God, established polytheism. He accepted the principle of "duality", just like his like-minded Gnostics, such as Kerdo and Lukyan, in imitation of ancient Iranian mysticism, and later with the appearance of Mani, this principle became one of the Gnostic teachings and became global. However the orthodox Christians believed that the Gnostics have doubted the unity of God in the religion of Jews and Christ by proposing the God of evil and the supreme God; and this was not acceptable to them at all. What led, in fact, to the belief of dualism and the separation of the God of good and evil by the Gnostic leaders of the second century, was the inability of the Gnostics to recognize the relativity of evil and its familiarity among all beings other than God and the introduction of the character of "Sophia" as the divine female face by Simon in the following centuries.

To determine the gene action and inheritance of grain filling rate and remobilization of stem reserves in bread wheat, a 6×6 half diallel was performed. The F1 seeds along with parental varieties were evaluated under terminal drought stress at Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran in 2018. Grain filling rate, effective grain filling period, remobilized dry matter, the contribution of remobilization in grain yield, remobilization efficiency of dry matter, carbohydrates remobilization efficiency, and specific weight of internodes were measured. Results showed the adequacy of the additive-dominance model in all of the characters except for the effective gain-filling period and contribution of remobilization in grain yield. The existence of partial dominance, complete dominance, and over-dominance was observed in control of the measured characters. Generally, broad sense heritability was high and ranged from 0.72 (carbohydrates remobilization efficiency) to 0.88 (grain filling rate). However, narrow sense heritability ranged from 0.17 (carbohydrates remobilization efficiency) to 0.66 (grain filling rate). Among the traits, grain filling rate had the highest narrow sense heritability (0.66) followed by the remobilized dry matter (0.46) and specific weight of internodes (0.44). There was also a positive relationship between dominance effects and the specific weight of internodes, where dominant alleles were favorable. Based on Griffing’s method, Rasad, Konya2002, and Pishtaz had higher general combining ability (GCA) and consequently favorable alleles for the grain filling rate. However, for remobilization, Rasad and Konya2002 had higher GCA.

In order to determine the heritability and genetic parameters of physiological traits related to salinity stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), a 7×7 half diallel cross was conducted at Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, during 2016-2017. The F1 seeds along with their parents were grown in greenhouse under non-stress, 8 and 12 dS/m salinity stress levels. After exposure of plants to salinity, leaf chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance were measured. Narrow sense heritability of chlorophyll content ranged from 0.29 to 0.40. These values for chlorophyll fluorescence ranged from 0.16 to 0.24 and for stomatal conductance ranged from 0.26 to 0.54. Broad sense heritability of traits was high and ranged from 0.70 to 0.87. The degree of average dominance was higher than one in all of traits, indicating the presence of over dominance in control of the traits. Dominant alleles were favorable, in stomatal conductance however such relation was not observed in leaf chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence

The purpose of this study is to identify the shape of ruggedness, activity, physical-chemical and mineralogical characteristics of sands in Kermanshah province. The results showed that the most important form in the desert lands of the study area is the sand arrow and the degree of activity of the sand dunes is semi-active and most of them are unstable.

Nurses working in Intensive Care Units of COVID-19 are more exposed to occupational anxiety because of the limitations caused by the use of personal protective equipment.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of training on the use of personal protective equipment by simulation method on the level of occupational anxiety of nurses working in Intensive Care Units of COVID-19.

This semi-experimental study was conducted in 2021 with the participation of 50 nurses working in Intensive Care Units of COVID-19 in two selected Aja Hospitals in Tehran. The data collection tools were demographic and occupational anxiety questionnaire of Philip L. Rice (1992). Training on the use of personal protective equipment was conducted through interactive simulation during three 60-minute sessions in each work shift and two control groups (25 people) and test groups (25 people). Questionnaires were administered to people in the form of pre-test and post-test and one month after the intervention and were completed. The normal distribution of the data was performed using the Kolmogorov test and with the help of
SPSS software of version 21.

It is recommended to train the use of personal protective equipment by simulation method with the combination of other training methods in military hospital nurses in Intensive Care Units of COVID-19.

The origin of Gnostic thought and its evolution is one of the controversial topics. In this study, by critically examining the Gnostic sects and analyzing the opinions of experts, these questions will be answered: A: What are the components of Gnostic thought? B: What are the sources of Gnostic thought? C: Were there any sects known as Gnostics before Christ? This research shows that most of our knowledge of Gnosticism is based on controversial Christian works and Qumran documents of the Dead Sea. According to these documents, no group or sect was called Gnostic before BC. Although some of the components of Gnostic thought, such as the originality of knowledge and the exile of the soul, date back to before Christ and Plato, some other components, such as the duality and distinction between the Christian and Jewish gods (God Almighty and God the Creator) Belief in the multiplicity of the eternal Christ, the primacy of knowledge over faith, etc.is the product of the period of the formation of Gnostic rituals and their controversy with the Church Fathers in the first centuries AD.

Nurses working in Covid-19 intensive care units may be at risk due to the specific conditions of the work environment and the type of patients. The lack of any definitive treatment or prevention of Covid-19 has put a lot of stress and anxiety on people, including nurses working in Covid-19 intensive care units. Nurses’ job anxiety has a negative effect on their performance. In this study, an overview of studies on the effect of training in the use of personal protective equipment on the level of job anxiety of nurses working in the intensive care unit of Covid-19 in hospitals, has been done.

This study uses the electronic resources of libraries, search engines and reputable databases such as: PubMed, SID, PMC, Google scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Research Gate with the keywords “Education ( “Training”, “Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)”, “Job anxiety”, “Covid-19”, “Nurse” and “Intensive Care Unit” care unit (ICU) “was conducted among the articles from 2003 to 2021. The inclusion criteria were articles related to the subject of this article. A total of 20 articles were extracted and finally 17 articles were used.

A significant proportion of health workers have symptoms of anxiety, insomnia, depression and stress. Women are at greater risk for experiencing symptoms of severe anxiety. Nurses’ depression, anxiety and stress were moderate. Nurses who are in direct contact with patients infected with Covid-19 are more anxious than those who are not in direct contact with these patients. There is a significant inverse relationship between job stress and productivity of corona nurses. Job stress has a significant relationship with variables of gender, physical activity and employment status.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Ensuring proper mental health support for staff working in the care centers of patients with Covid-19 is one of the important components of health measures in the epidemic of this disease. Managers and health care organizations should provide adequate personal protective equipment for nurses, educate them on proper use, and monitor barrier resolution. Training and monitoring the adequacy of personal protective equipment is an essential component of a prevention program. Training nurses to deal with critical situations similar to Covid-19 and increase personal protective equipment can be effective in preventing nurses from developing depression, stress and anxiety.

The belief in the exile of the soul from the spiritual origin to the lower world, and the belief in the need for the soul to return to its original homeland, is a common theme in the Gnostic and Sufism teachings. In this paper, the authors have adapted the various aspects of the issue of the exile of the soul to the esoteric thought of these two schools. In order to achieve this, explained the general framework of the Sufism and Gnostic views on exile of the soul firstly. Then, by analyzing the structure and theme of the two allegorical tales of "Hymn of the Pearl "and" the tale of the Western Exile" from the esoteric stories of the Gnostic and Islamic Sufism were identified the similarities and their differences. The result shows that the general understanding of the soul displacement and its exile from the spiritual world is a common ground in Gnostic and Sufi thought and is rooted in the intrinsic tendencies of the two schools. Therefore, it is better to look at these commonalities from overlap two teachings. However, according to the historical primacy of Gnostic thought over Sufism and the pivotal aspect of the discussion of the exile of the soul in the Gnostic works can be said, "Western Exile" and "Hayy Ibn Yaqdhan" of Avicenna or Masnavi's Rumi in preamble have been relatively influenced by Gnostic teachings. Moreover, they have Gnostic structure some kind.

The theme of "Logic of Birds" written by Attar Neishabouri is description of the quest of the mystics in reaching the world of unity and God (Simorgh) by guidance of Hoopoe (old, guide). This article examines the secondary intentions of meanings, expression and novelty (eloquence and rhetoric) in Attar's Logic of Birds by expressing rhetorical aspects or secondary goals other than the purpose in the form of poetry. Undoubtedly, in rhetoric, every poet is forced to use imaginary forms in his poetry, and Attar has expressed these imaginary forms well by using similes, metaphors, and allegories. According to the research findings, from the eloquence or semantics perspectives, the frequency of expressing boasting through the language of hoopoe, as well as the expression of helplessness and confession of incapacity from the language of birds, are secondary goals for Attar. In terms of rhetoric, since birds represent human character and behavior, personification is superior to any other imaginary form. Various similes and the use of its allegories also express the glorious language and aesthetics of Attar's poetry.

In order to determine the heritability and genetic parameters of some agronomic traits in barely (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, a seven-parent half diallel (F1 crosses + parents) was conducted in the non-stress and salt stress (8 and 12 ds m-1) conditions in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Genetic analysis was performed by Hayman’s method and Griffing’s fixed model, method 2. The slope of linear regression of Wr on Vr were significantly higher than 0 and had not significant difference with 1 indicating the additive-dominant model was satisfied in all cases. The narrow-sense heritability of traits was medium to high (0.4-0.8) but their broad-sense heritability was estimated relatively high (0.7-0.9). Results of regression graphs showed that Afzal parent had the most dominant allele. The significance of “a” component in most of the studied traits indicated the presence of the additive effects in controlling of traits. The significance of “b” component in most of the studied traits indicated the presence of the dominance effects in controlling of traits. The proportion of positive and negative genes was lower than 0.25 in all of the traits (except for grain weight per spike in 12 ds m-1 salinity), indicating the presence of asymmetry in the distribution of the positive and negative alleles in the parents. Based on general combining ability effects, it was concluded that under salinity, cultivar “Kavir” had favorable alleles in plant height, grain weight per spike and 100 grain weight traits and can be used as a general parent in breeding programs. Estimates of high broad-sense heritability and narrow-sense heritability in most traits indicated that these genetic materials were promising for breeding under normal and salinity stress conditions.

Drought, cold, high-salinity and heat are major abiotic stresses that severely reduce the yield of food crops worldwide (Mantri et al., 2012). Iran with 6.8 million hectares of the state after India and Pakistan is considered in the first rank for threats of salinity stress (Moameni, 2010). High salinity can cause ionic toxicity, osmotic stress and oxidative stress, leading to gradual lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and inactivation of antioxidant enzymes (Tanou et al 2009). Ascorbate peroxidase has several basic roles in plant physiological processes such as growth, development and metabolism and acts as a regenerative agent for many free radicals, especially hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, the damage caused by oxidative stress is minimized (Kocsy et al 2005). The superoxide dismutase enzyme converts free oxygen radical (O2-) into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen (O2), which is the first reaction to detoxify ROS. In the next step, hydrogen peroxide produced by the catalase enzyme and several other peroxides are eliminated (DaCosta & Huang 2007). Most results have shown that antioxidant enzymes system activity in barely acts to reduce the caused oxidative stress by salinity and reducing the cellular damage degree (Kim et al 2005).The aim of this study was to evaluate salt tolerant and susceptible varieties of barley cultivars through grain yield and to evaluate the activity of some antioxidant enzymes to evaluate their potential in breeding programs as an indirect selection tool.

In this research, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor consisted of 7 barley cultivars (Afzal, Kavir, Valfajr and Nosrat as tolerant; Yoosef, Sahara and Reihan as susceptible) and the second factor was different salinity levels (0, 8 and 12 dS.m-1). This research cultivated in vases in greenhouse of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran during 2016-17.Ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity was measured by Nakano & Asada (1981), Catalase enzyme activity was measured by Chance and Maehly (1955) and Superoxide dismutase enzyme activity was measured by Gianopulotis and Reis (1977) methods. MSTATC, SPSS, and Excel softwares were used for statistical analyses.

Analysis of variance showed significant differences among cultivars and salinity levels and interaction of genotype × salinity on activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase enzymes and grain yield in plant. Investigation of changes in activity of antioxidant enzymes at different salinity levels showed that their activity increased significantly with increasing salinity level from 0 to 8 and 12 dS and it was higher in tolerant and semi-tolerant cultivars. Evaluation of changes in grain yield at different salinity levels showed that their grain yield decreased significantly with increasing salinity level from 0 to 8 and 12 dS.m-1 and it was higher in susceptible cultivars. Correlation of ascorbate peroxidase enzyme with grain yield was positive and significant. Results showed that Nosrat and Kavir cultivars had the highest tolerance index (STI) and in terms of other traits studied, they were in better condition and they can be used in barley breeding programs.

The results of this study showed that salt tolerant cultivars were superior to other cultivars in terms of studied traits. Also, Nosrat and Kavir cultivars had higher antioxidant enzymes activity and yield under salinity stress, which could be considered in barley breeding programs for salinity tolerance.

In order to determine the heritability and genetic parameters of yield and yield components under salinity stress in barley, a crossing 7×7 one-way diallel was conducted during 2016 – 2017 in Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran. The F1 seeds alongwith their parents were grown in a greenhouse experiment under non-stress (control) and salinity stresses of 8 and 12 ds/m. In this research, yield and some morphological and agronomic traits were measured. The results of the goodness of fit indicate the adequacy of additive-dominant model for all of the traits. Results showed that all traits had high broad sense heritability, suggesting the usefulness of the traits under study in selection of salinity stress of barley. The results of the experiment showed that the average degree of dominance in all salinity levels was greater than one, so the above traits were controlled by the over-dominance. Results showed that for plant height, dominant alleles and for grain yield and 100 kernels weight, recessive alleles are favorable. Non-significant GCA source of variation in Grifting's method in most of the traits, confirmed the contribution of dominance effects. The narrow sense heritability of traits was low, suggesting that selection for these traits should be delayed until after some homozygosity was achieved. Based on the narrow sense heritability, it was concluded that, under moderate salinity (8ds/m) spike weight, number of seeds/spike and plant yield and under sever salinity (12ds/m) spike weight, number of fertile tillers and plant yield can be regarded as favorable criteria for selection of salinity tolerance in barley.

The Ghezelhesar alkali olivine basalt flows as dark horizontal flows with about 20 m thickness covered the Quaternary deposits, 2 km southwest of Ghezelhesar village, 60 km northeast of Hamedan and in the Sanandaj-Sirjan geological and tectonic zone. The phenocrysts of these rocks are olivine and clinopyroxene often as euhedral crystals and common porphyritic, vitrophyritic and glomeroporphyric textures. The matrix of the rocks studied formed from volcanic glass, leucite, nepheline and microliths of pyroxene. The Ghezelhesar basalts, with continental within plate alkaline nature, are silica-under saturated and characterized by normative minerals of Diopside, Hematite, Anorthite, Albite, Orthoclase, ±Hypersthene, ±Olivine, ±Nepheline, and ±Quartz. REE normalized patterns show enrichment in LREEs rather than HREEs and fractionation between LREE and HREE is relatively high (LaN/YbN = 37.05–43.43). A negative anomaly in High Field Strength Elements (Nb, Ta, Zr, Ti, P, and Rb) and positive anomaly in Large Ion Lithophile Elements (i.e. Ba, Pb) and elements such as Th, La, Ce, Nd, and Sm are remarkable geochemical features of the rocks under study. These criteria along with parameters of their trace elements such as the ∆Nb indicate that the parent magma of the rocks under investigation derived from the low-grade degree partial melting of an enriched garnet-mantle, and the fractional crystallization has affected their chemical properties.

Germination is one of the most important stages of plant growth that determines the durability, establishment and final yield of crops and in regions that due to drought conditions the growth of plant encounters with problem, improving germination traits count as one of the important breeding strategies. The present study was designed to determine the effect of different levels of osmotic stress on germination and seedling traits of some bread wheat cultivars cultivated in cold regions of Iran.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of osmotic stress on germination characteristics of bread wheat cultivars cultivated in cold regions of Iran, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications in which, the first factor consisted of 20 bread wheat cultivars (including rain fed cultivars as well as end-of-season water stress tolerant varieties) and the second factor consisted of 3 levels of osmotic stress (non-stress, -3 and -6 bar stress). Seedling traits such as coleoptile length, shoot length, shoot weight, root length, root weight, root / shoot ratio, root growth angle, germination speed and the germination stress index (GSI) were evaluated. For the experiment concerning the yield comparison, 20 cultivars mentioned above were compared under non-stress and terminal drought stress conditions.

The results showed that the ratio of root/shoot length and weight and shoot weight had the highest sensitivity and the lowest number of roots to osmotic stress. Increasing root length as root weight decreased with increasing stress showed that roots became longer and thinner due to stress. Among the genotypes, Saein, Zare, Pishgam, Sadra, Baran and Mihan had desirable traits and CrossMV17, Homa, Orum and Cross Azar2 had no desirable germination traits. In non-stress conditions, 11 genotypes had high coleoptile length including Hashtrood, Azar 2, Saein, CD62-6, CD91-12, Mihan, Baran, Heydari, Homa, Cross Azar 2 and Zare genotypes. At 3 bar stress, 11 genotypes had the highest coleoptile length, with the highest values being assigned to Hashtrood, Heidari and Saein. At 6 bar stress, CD91-12 and CD62-6 lines, Hashtrood, Homa, Pishgam, and Zare had the highest coleoptile length. At 3 bar stress cross Azar 2, Saein, CD62-6, Gascogen and HD2985 demonstrated the highest germination rate. Furthermore, Cross Azar2, HD2985, Gascogen, CD62-6 and Saein led to the best results, respectively. However, in both 3 and 6 bar stress conditions Saein, Cross Azar2, CD62-6 and HD2985 were superior for germination stress index (GSI). For grain yield under normal conditions, Gascogen, Heidari, Pishgam, Orum and Zarrineh had the highest yield and Baran, HD2985, C-88-4, C-9011 and Cross Azar2 were placed next. Under stress conditions Baran, Gascogen, HD2985, Cross Azar2, Heidari and Zarrineh consisted the highest performance. According to STI index Gascogen, Heidari, HD2985 and Zarrineh were the most tolerant genotypes to drought stress. Cluster analysis grouped the studied genotypes into 2 clusters, the first cluster comprising 13 genotypes Heidari, Mihan, HD2985, Baran, Pishgam, Hashtrood, Cross Azar 2, CD62-6, Gascogen, Azar 2, Saein, Sadra and Zare. The second cluster consisted of 7 genotypes C-88-4, Zarineh, C-90-11, Orum, CD91-12, CrossMV17 and Homa. Genotypes of cluster 1 were superior in terms of germination traits such as shoot length, coleoptile length, root length and root weight and reduced root/shoot ratio.

Significant differences in all studied traits among genotypes indicated sufficient genetic variation for selection in germination traits. Results showed that Saein, Zare, Pishgam, Sadra, Baran and Mihan cultivars had desirable germination traits and were superior to other genotypes.

Regardless of the method of explanation, god-like man is one of the teachings common among Sufism, Merkabah, Kabbalah and Gnosticism. The commonalities and differences of this idea in the form of proposing a holy example of man can be seen under such interpretations as Adam Kadmon, Anthropos and the first man in Jewish mysticism, Gnosticism and Sufism. The present paper contains  a comparative study of this idea. The results show that despite the common points, a fundamental difference can be found among these ideas. The inability of the Gnostics to separate the Almighty God from his first creation (Anthropos) has led them to dualism. The Merkabah have tried to make distinctions between the one God and Adam Kadmon, but in practice they have not been able to separate the two. While believing in monotheism, The Kabbalah have proposed the "An-Suf" and failed to state its relation to Jehovah, and therefore have made themselves liable to accusations of getting away from the monotheism, but have tried to remove this accusation. In Sufism, the resemblance of the first intellect to God has caused some sheikhs to assume that the first intellect is God , but resorting  to monotheism has ultimately led them to God Almighty.

For evaluating the effects of TaMOR, TaNAC69-1 and TaExpb23 expression on root system architecture and drought tolerance of wheat, 10 bread wheat varieties were compared through germination test, pot experiment and field trial. In germination test, genotypes were evaluated under 0, -3 and -6 bar osmotic potentials. In the pot experiment genotypes were compared at 50%, 75% and 100% field capacity (FC) irrigation regime. In the field trial, genotypes were grown under well-watered and rain fed conditions. Based on the results of this experiment, it was concluded that water deficit had a significant effect on all traits except for seminal root numbers. Significant genotypic differences were observed for all traits indicating the presence of genetic variability among the genotypes. Correlation coefficients showed that TaMOR gene expression had a positive correlation with plant yield under 75% FC stress (r=0.733*). TaNAC69-1 gene expression had positive correlations with plant yield and plant biomass under 50% FC (r=0.634* and r=0.711*). TaNAC69-1 gene expression also showed a positive correlation with root numbers under 50% FC condition (r=0.622*). TaNAC69-1 gene expression also showed a positive correlation with seminal root angle (r=0.648*) under severe stress. TaExpb23 expression showed positive correlation with plant yield and biomass under 75% FC (r=0.663* and r=0.723*). Based on the results of this experiment, it was concluded that under different stress levels, TaMOR, TaNAC69-1 and TaExpb23 gene expressions had significant correlations with traits. Due to significant G×E interactions, it was also concluded that the effect of expression of TaMOR, TaNAC69-1 and TaExpb23 genes on traits is different under distinct stress levels.

West and south west of Razan igneous rocks are located in the Hamedan Province in the Sanandaj- Sirjan zone, west Iran. According to petrography and chemical studies, these rock bodies are composed of diorite, gabbrodiorite, monzonite, quartz- monzonite, andesite and andesibasalt. The results of geochemical analysis show that these rocks belong to a cal- alkaline magma series. The geochemical charactersistics of the rocks in this area have been affected by the magmatic processes such as fractional crystallization, assimilation, rate of partial melting and composition of original rock. Patterns of trace and  rare earth elements normalized to Chondrite and primitive mantle show that LREE contents are sharply higher than HREE. The magma of the intermediate-basic igneous rocks in the west and southwest of Razan have formed in a subducthon zone and volcanic arc active continental margin.

In order to evaluate the drought tolerance of 19 barley genotypes using physiological traits, an experiment was carried out in randomized complete blocks with 3 replications under non-stress and terminal drought stress conditions at agricultural research station of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil branch in 2016. Non-stress plots were irrigated when available soil water reached to 60% using tensiometer measurements. In drought stress environment, plants were grown in rainfed condition and drought was imposed after flowering stage by a rain exclusion shelter. After exposure of plants to drought stress, Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Excised Leaf Water Loss (ELWL), leaf Relative Water Content (RWC), Stomatal Conductance (Gs), Chlorophyll Fluorescent (Fv/Fm) and Rate of Ground Cover (RGC) were measured in flag leaves of 10 randomly selected plants. Results of ANOVA showed that SLA, ELWL, RWC and GC affected by drought, however Fv/FM and stomatal conductance did not affected. Stress severity index was obtained as 0.45, indicating a moderate drought stress imposed to genotypes. G×E interaction was significant in all of the traits indicating the severity of the drought stress. In non-stress condition, genotype number 13 with 5040 kg/ha, had the highest grain yield. Under drought stress condition, genotypes number 13 and 15 with 2710 and 2550 kg/ha, had the highest grain yield respectively. Based on grain yield of the genotypes in both environments, genotypes number 13, 18(Bereke-54 check), 9, 4, 19 (Makouee check) and 15 had the highest stress tolerance index (STI). Under stress, genotypes number 15, 1, 18, 2, 3, 10, 13, 12 and 9 had the highest RWC, genotypes number 18, 13, 14 and 8 had the lowest ELWL, genotypes number 15, 9, 19, 18, 1, 13, 17, 4, 16, 5 and 12 had the highest Gs, genotypes number 9, 13, 8, 12, 14, 10, 11 and 15 had the highest RGC (early vigor), genotypes number 4, 3, 13, 15, 4, 12, 9, 17, 19, 1 and 11 had the highest SLA. In non-stress condition yield correlated only with RGC this trait was the only trait remained in final regression model and explained the 34.7% of grain yield variation. Under stress condition, yield positively correlated with RWC, SLA, Gs, RGC and negatively correlated with ELWL. In stepwise multiple regression analysis under drought stress condition, Gs, RGC and ELWL remained in final model with 0.489, 0.512 and 0.381 standard partial regression coefficients respectively(as direct effect). These three characters described 69.3% of grain yield variation. Cluster analysis using Euclidian distance by Ward’s method could successfully separate sensitive and tolerant genotypes. In this analysis, genotypes number 1, 4, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18 and 19 were located in superior cluster, having higher Gs, RWC, SLA and lower Fv/FM. Finally genotype number 13 (the most high yielding genotype) had the second, third, fourth and sixth ranks in RGC, SLA, Fv/FM and Gs. The results of this experiment showed that RGC, having the highest correlation with yield and lower genotype × environment interaction can be consider as the most suitable indirect criteria for selection of drought tolerance in barley. Traits such as Gs, ELWL, RWC and SLA can be consider in the next priority, due to significant correlations with yield under drought stress.

To evaluate the drought tolerance of lentil by morpho-physiological traits, 10 lentil lines were planted in randomized complete design with 3 replications under non-stress and drought stress conditions in agricultural station of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran in 2016. Grain yield, plant height, number of pods and 1000 kernels weight, leaf relative water content, activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes and cell membrane stability were measured. Results showed that differences among genotypes were significant in all of traits except for relative water content and CAT activity (under non-stress). Under drought, ILL-10088, ILL-10053 and Bilesavar, with 1244, 1153 and 1107 kg/ha and under non stress condition, ILL-10088, with 1905 kg/ha had the highest yield. Considering the yield of cultivars in two environments, ILL-10088, BileSavar, ILL-10017 and ILL-468 were the most tolerant cultivars. Results showed that under drought, grain yield had significant correlations with catalase activity, relative water content and cell membrane stability. Under non-stress condition, yield had significant correlations with relative water content, cell membrane stability, 1000 kernels weight and number of fertile pods. In regression analysis, using stepwise method, under stress, relative content remained in model. However, under non-stress condition, relative water content and cell membrane stability remained in model. Principle component analysis could separate susceptible cultivars from tolerant cultivars better than cluster analysis. Regarding to the presence of genetic diversity, ease of use and strong relations with yield, relative water content and cell membrane stability were proposed as indirect criteria for selection of drought tolerance in lentil.

In order to determine the optimum harvesting date in direction to improve the quality attributes, antioxidant and storage capacity in Hayward kiwifruit, this experiment were performed based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2012-2013 cropping season in western north of Guilan province, Astara, Iran. The studied treatment were including of five harvest dates of kiwifruit such as 17, 23 and 30 Oct. and 7 and 14 Nov. 2013. Based on results of this experiment, the effect of harvesting date was significant on all measured traits in Hayward kiwifruit except for fruit density and vitamin C. The highest degree of kiwifruit firmness (9.35 kg. cm-2) and their soluble solids content (6.6 %) were observed at 23 Oct. and 14 Nov. 2013, respectively. Delayed harvesting of kiwifruit decreased total titratable acidity. But, antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit enhanced response to delayed harvesting date. Also, in this experiment there was negative and significant correlation between antioxidant capacity and total titratable acidity of kiwifruit (r= - 0.74**). But, the correlation coefficient between kiwifruit firmness and antioxidant capacity was positive and significant (r= 0.70**). In addition, the correlation coefficient between soluble solids and firmness was negative and significant (r= - 0.82**). Delayed harvesting up to 14 Nov. 2013 caused to increase the content of soluble solids and antioxidant capacity and enhancement of shelf life ability in Hayward kiwifruit. In general, the date of 14 Nov. 2013 can be recommendable to harvest Hayward kiwifruit and prolonging of its shelf life in region climatic condition.

In the Hamedan region, migmatitic rocks with various structures cropped out that stromatic structure is the most abundant. Index minerals of metapelites such as garnet (almandine), staurolite, andalusite, sillimanite, kyanite, fibrolite, cordierite, plagioclase (andesine) and spinel (hercynite) are present in these rocks. Garnet has occurred in all three parts of leucosome, paleosome, and melanosome of migmatites and has been affected by various metamorphic events (progressive, retrograde, and partial melting). Garnets have continuous and discontinuous chemical zoning for index elements Fe, Mg, Mn and Ca, where the behavior of these elements is not the same. Some factors such as the presence of multi-nucleus single crystals, the participation or none participation of garnets in the process of partial melting and polymetamorphism of area have important role in it. The discontinuity in the growth of crystals represents a re-growth during an individual metamorphic event, and it can represent two metamorphic events.