فهرست مطالب حسین صادقی

Mining, as one of activities of cryptocurrency field, has faced two legal challenges since beginning of its entry into societies. On one hand, unknown legal dimensions of this activity due to its new structure and on or hand, production and release of currency by private sector without supervision and control of government, which is against axioms of financial and monetary system of countries. A review of legal systems in field of cryptocurrencies shows that in order to solve se two challenges, legislators are generally not in a hurry to regulate and are satisfied with adapting new situation to existing regulations and at most, regulations have been set in some areas such as taxes and money laundering. Legislators are actually taking measures to limit and control mining and monitoring of currency exchanges extracted from this operation. In Iran's legal system, according to regulations of mining process, mining is recognized as an industry, but its legal aspects are unclear and refore, re is no solution except adapting it to existing institutions. legal structure of mining is closer to three entities of occupancy, of unknown ownership and reward, but it can be adapted to reward. In mining, re is a public offer to solve mamatical problems that any person who does it first can get reward. Solving mamatical problem and subsequently signing block to verify transaction, which is done with rational purpose of securing network, is an action that is required and reward is also remuneration given for this act

Prevention of security violations of information exchange networks is something that has always been the concern of legislators. This issue is important because in today's era, as an electronic era, breaching the security of information exchange networks leads to information leakage and creating grounds for abuse, which misuse of people's personal information can, sometimes even have destructive effects on biological security or cause the personal assassination of the nationals of a country. The legal system of the European Union in this field includes detailed regulations, among which we can refer to the General Data Protection Regulations approved in 2016. These regulations contain detailed rules in the field of maintaining and preventing information security violations. The main question that this research seeks to answer is, what mechanisms does Article 32 of these regulations contain in order to prevent security violations of information exchange networks? In order to answer the above question, the present research, in a documentary way, by presenting the provisions of the above-mentioned article and analyzing its clauses, the mechanisms determined in this article in the four categories of anonymizing and encrypting personal data, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, availability, and flexibility. processing systems and services, risks (risk) related to information processing and compliance with formal requirements, and in the conclusion part, he tried to provide some policy recommendations, including how to amend the laws and regulations approved in Iran's legal system, informing the people through Mass communication media and systematizing the granting of licenses to the activities of transnational companies as the results of the review of Article 32 of the European Union regulations approved in 2016.

 Sesame is one of the most important oil plants in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions and is known as the queen of oil seeds. The high percentage of oil with the combination of suitable fatty acids, medicinal properties and very low water requirement are the characteristics of this oil plant. The main challenge for the lack of development of sesame cultivation all over the world is seed shattering at the time of ripening. Many efforts have been made to obtain non-shattering sesame cultivars with the characteristics of indehiscent capsule at the ripening stage and resistance to seed loss. In this article, we introduce and evaluate the agronomic characteristics of new indehiscent sesame cultivars named Barkat, Mohajer, Chamran and Dezful.

 Indehiscent sesame cultivars with the proposed names of Barkat, Mohajer, Chamran and Dezful have been improved during a breeding program at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in collaboration with Shahid Rajaei Agriculture Company. For registration and commercialization, these cultivars were subjected to Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) tests and agricultural Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) experiments under the supervision of the Seed & Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute during the two cropping years 2022-2023. In these experiments, new indehiscent sesame cultivars along with commercial cultivars of dehiscent sesame named Oltan, Sardar and Shevin as control cultivars were evaluated in four regions with different climatic conditions of Iran, including Dezful, Darab, Mughan and Gorgan in the frame of complete blocks design with four replications. In addition, the mechanized cultivation of four promising indehiscent sesame cultivars was performed separately in 100-hectare fields in the Dezful region, and harvesting was done with a combine harvester.

The highest plant height was obtained in Barkat with an average of 144 cm and the lowest in Chamran with 140 cm. The highest number of capsules per plant, with an average of 89.8 and the highest number of seeds per capsule, with an average of 72.3, was observed in the Mohajer. The thousand-seed weight was reported between 2.41 and 3.72 g in Dezful and Mohajer respectively. A significant difference (P≤0.01) was observed in the group comparison between indehiscent and dehiscent (control) sesame cultivars, whilst dehiscent cultivars with an average of 1.05 tons per hectare were completely superior to the control cultivars with 0.80 tons per hectare. The highest average seed yield of cultivars in different regions during two years of experiment was obtained with 1.08 tons per hectare in Barkat and Mohajer cultivars. In the mechanized harvesting of indehiscent sesame cultivars with a combine harvester, the amount of seed loss was estimated to be less than 2.8%. The evaluation of morphological traits showed that indehiscent sesame cultivars had indeterminate growth habits and could produce 1-6 sub-branches per plant depending on the genotype and plant density. The superiority of seed yield for all indehiscent sesame cultivars was observed in compare with the control cultivars. The indehiscent sesame cultivars had appropriate agronomic features and could increasing about 24% seed yield in compare to control cultivars. This issue promises a significant increase in sesame production in Iran.

Finally, Barkat, Mohajer, Chamran and Dezful sesame cultivars were introduced as the first cultivars with resistance to seed shattering during ripening in the country. In addition to the higher seed yield in compare to the control cultivars. These cultivars are able to be harvested using a combine harvester in the mechanized systems at the time of full ripening. Ultimately, the widespread use of these cultivars in the agricultural cultivation pattern of the country promises food security in oil production and water consumption reduction in the stressful season of summer.

Aram is a new oilseed rape cultivar, extracted from the R308 (earlness line) and RGS003 (high-yield cultivar) cross population through pedigree method in three years. To reach high-yielding and compatible lines and cultivars, preliminary and advanced investigations were carried out in Gorgan and Sari (2014-2015) and Zabol, Gorgan, Sari and Borazjan (2016-2017). The line SRL-93-12 (Aram cultivar) with a yield of 2955 kgha-1 and 2774 kgha-1 was the first in the above-mentioned tests, respectively, and the SRL-93-12 line was also recognized as the most stable genotype based on the lowest Lins and Binns superiority index and highest seed yield. Extension research project results on farmers' farms in Behbahan, Moghan, and Gorgan regions showed that the new line with 594 kgha-1 higher yield than the check cultivar was in the first rank. According to the results as well as desirable agronomic traits such as good tolerance to dormancy and uniformity in maturity, this line was released with the name Aram.

The objective of this research is to examine the concept of transnational information exchange by businesses and the legal rules governing it in the legal systems of Iran and the European Union.
The study employs a documentary research method and a comparative analysis of the legal frameworks in Iran and the European Union.
The research first explores the concept of transnational information exchange, differentiating between personal and non-personal data. Due to the sensitivities around personal data, the legal systems have established various rules for the cross-border exchange of this information.
The study then comparatively examines the conditions and legal rules pertaining to transnational information exchange in the Iranian and EU legal frameworks.
The research identifies gaps in Iranian laws and provides policy recommendations to address these gaps and ambiguities in regulating the transnational exchange of information by businesses.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an immunosuppressive medication which is primarily used to manage and treatt of neoplasms, including breast cancer, lymphoma and Leukemia. CP as well possesses many side effects, including hepatotoxicity which leads to mitochondrial oxidative stress, cell death and hepatic necrosis. Empagliflozin (EMPA) is a Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor used to treat diabetes and has antioxidant activity. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Empagliflozin on hepatotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide in male rats.

The present experimental study was conducted at the School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences in 2023. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control group, CP group, EMPA+CP group and CP+EMPA group. All groups were treated for 11 days. Moreover, blood samples were obtained and the liver was removed. Plasma levels of ALT, AST and ALP were measured. Homogenized liver tissue was used to measure malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO). Liver histology was also performed. The results were analyzed by one- way ANOVA and Tukey's Post Hoc test.

The results indicated that cyclophosphamide triggered a significant increase in the plasma level of AST, ALT enzymes and the level of NO and MDA metabolites in the liver tissue (p<0.001) and increased inflammation, edema, congestion and tissue necrosis compared to the control group. The administration of Empagliflozin led to a decrease in plasma levels of AST and ALT enzymes and tissue levels of NO and MDA and decreased tissue changes compared to the cyclophosphamide group. Furthermore, Empagliflozin reduced histological changes both as prevention and as treatment.

According to the results of the present study, Empagliflozin can reduce the hepatotoxicity of cyclophosphamide probably with reduction of oxidative stress.

In today's world, information exchange networks play an essential role in collecting, exchanging, processing, storing and maintaining information, so that these networks can be considered as vital information arteries of countries. Prevention of security violations of information exchange networks requires mechanisms to maintain the integrity and security of network implementation. Among the components of the network are the subjects of the data and the data of the exchanged messages. In this process, managers of information exchange networks and data processors of messages, which are called controllers and processors, have duties. The question that the current research seeks to answer is, what will be the duties of these persons in the field of preventing security violations of information exchange networks? In order to answer the mentioned question, the present research, using a documentary method, by studying the regulations governing the legal system of the European Union and applying these regulations to Iran's laws, the duties of these persons in carrying out appropriate measures in the correct and legal implementation of information processing, duties for informing Data subjects (obtaining his consent for processing, announcing the reasons for rejecting his request, lifting restrictions on processing, protective measures in transnational exchange of information, data subject rights, measures taken in the process of information processing, existence of risk in processing), other controllers and Processors (in announcing the level of removal or restriction in processing) and regulatory authorities (in cooperation and notification) have acted. In the conclusion part, the present research has attempted to provide some policy recommendations, including amending the laws, informing the people, and the licensing mechanism in order to improve the implementation of the processes mentioned in this research in Iran.

Structures with large opening roofs are vulnerable to wind, in these structures due to the low dead load, the wind load has a greater effect on these types of structures. In the calculation of wind force, one of the coefficients related to the geometry of the structure is the pressure coefficient (Cp), which is provided for some common structures in the loading regulations. Arch opening of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 was done using wind tunnel test and numerical modeling based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method using ANSYS software and wind pressure coefficients on these structures are presented, it can be seen that with increasing The ratio of the height to the opening of the arch of the maximum coefficients of negative wind pressure (suction), increased in such a way that on the middle axis of the structure in the state of α = 90o, the maximum negative pressure in the structure S-1, S-2, 3-S, is equal to -2 and It is -1.7 and -1.6. The pressure coefficients on the sides facing the wind show a positive number, which indicates the pressure on these surfaces, the maximum positive pressure occurs at α=90o (the state where the direction of the wind is perpendicular to the shed) and in this case the pressure coefficient is equal to +1. In structure S-1 (height-to-opening ratio 0.3), the maximum deformation created for the wind application angle is α=40o, which is 20% more than α=90 o.

Today, increasing competition and rapid changes in businesses have made innovation imperative for all organizations. An important and decisive factor in increasing organizational innovation and gaining competitive advantage is the employees’ innovative behavior. Meanwhile, the behavior of organization leaders and the climate of the work environment are of vital importance in cultivating employees’ innovative behaviors. The present research aimed to investigate the effect of entrepreneurial leadership on employees’ innovative behavior with the mediating role of innovation climate and ethical climate. The research is applied in purpose and descriptive-correlational in data collection methodology. The statistical population consists of employees of knowledge-based small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in East Azerbaijan province. The sample size was determined at 134 people using G-Power 3.1 software, and the participants were selected by the convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a standard questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by content validity and whose reliability was estimated by Cronbach’s alpha. The hypotheses were also tested using structural equation modeling in SMART PLS 4 software. The results showed the positive and significant effect of entrepreneurial leadership on the employees’ innovative behavior. Also, the mediating role of innovation climate and ethical climate in the relationship between entrepreneurial leadership and employees’ innovative behavior was confirmed. The results have important implications for SME managers who are looking for ways to increase innovative behavior among their employees.

History expresses the knowledge of social relations, culture and civilization of human society, including a period of human life that has a limited and definite time and place. On the other hand, the science of sociology in connection with history is responsible for the descriptive and analytical explanation of the history of culture and civilization of human society. In the studies of the Middle East, the importance of historical sociology including the specific characteristics of time, place and historical agent in the transformation of the region is considered. The scientific knowledge of all social phenomena, including how and why their emergence, expansion, death and transformation is called sociology. This research has investigated the geopolitical transformation of the Middle East region from a sociological point of view with a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research show that there are various identities in the Middle East. There are transnational identities on one side and ethnic and transnational identities on the other. The competition between these identities and the countries' emphasis on each of them has created an interesting set of cooperation, confrontation and conflict.

In today's world, where various scientific researches, particularly in the field of entrepreneurship, are taking place at a high rate, a meaningful engagement with observable, tangible, and practical outcomes for solving human challenges is challenging. One of these areas is the cultural approach to entrepreneurship, which, as a specific goal, can influence the development of social entrepreneurship among women through other variables. However, due to the multitude of studies, the researcher derives their findings scientifically from the results of these researches. Additionally, considering the broad field of cultural entrepreneurship studies, namely women's entrepreneurship, the researcher systematically analyzes and reviews the quantitative research of other researchers in a comprehensive manner using CMA2 software. Based on this model, the total number of relevant articles searched on this topic from 2010 to 2021 is 1547 articles. Out of this number, 305 articles were selected, and following the standard protocol, 17 articles were included in the analysis basket. This analysis basket has been transformed into comparable and aggregable values, with effect size being a crucial measure in interpreting the results. The results indicate a positive and significant impact of cultural attitudes on the development of women's social entrepreneurship, and the effect size is perceived as a strong influence according to Cohen's interpretation. Ultimately, the results of this research can be utilized in the field of entrepreneurial businesses and sociology.

Considering the lack of scientific documents published on humans regarding the effect of Stachys lavandulifolia hydroalcoholic extract on abortion in traditional Iranian medicine, the aim of the present study was to determine and investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of mountain tea in combination with misoprostol compared to misoprostol alone in terminating pregnancies less than 12 weeks.

The present randomized clinical trial study was conducted at Imam Sajjad Hospital of Yasuj in 2019-2020 on 40 referring patients divided into two groups. Participants were assigned to two groups of mountain tea extract in combination with misoprostol (group A) or misoprostol alone (group B). In group A, mountain tea in the form of capsules (400 mg every three hours, up to three times, daily) along with 400 micrograms of misoprostol (every three hours, up to three doses, daily) were prescribed. In group B, misoprostol 800 micrograms were taken orally every three hours, up to three doses daily. In case of no abortion, the above dose was repeated on the second day. The intended outcomes included pain intensity, bleeding intensity, patient satisfaction, type of abortion, assessment of side effects (such as vital signs, clinical symptoms, blood parameters, analysis of kidney and liver function indicators). The collected data are analyzed using chi-square and t-test.

There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of complete abortion (p=0.52) and incomplete abortion (p=52). The duration of intervention in group A (6.10±1.11) was significantly shorter than group B (8.40±0.59) (p>0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of pain intensity (p=0.52) and bleeding intensity (p=0.14) at 4-8 hours and 8-12 hours after the intervention. Also, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of blood parameters, kidney and liver analysis (p<0.05). In terms of side effects, a statistically significant increase in fever (p=0.008), diarrhea (p<0.001) and nausea (p>0.001) was observed in group B compared to group A. Also, the results of the present study showed that patient satisfaction in group A (6±0) was significantly better than group B (4.60±1.14) (p<0.001).

The findings of this study indicated that S. lavandulifolia hydroalcoholic extract in combination with misoprostol resulted in shorter duration of abortion process, lower adverse outcomes and better patients’ satisfaction compared to the administration of misoprostol alone.

The new oilseed rape cultivar Nilofar (R15), is the result of screening and purifying single plants in segregating generations derived from the cross "Symbol×Orient". During five years of consecutive cultivation, screening of single plants was continued to access pure lines using pedigree method and pure lines were selected in F4 generation. During cropping season 2008-2009, 84 pure lines were evaluated in preliminary yield trial. Results showed that Nilofar variety with a mean yield of 3352 kgha-1 had higher grain yield by 45% compared to the Okapi control variety with a mean grain yield of 1833 kgha-1. In the Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) trial in six research stations of cold and mid cold regions of Iran including Karaj, Isfahan, Hamedan, Islam abad-e- gharb, Khoy and Arak during two cropping seasons 2009-2011, Nilofar variety with an average grain yield of 3783 kgha-1, ranked first and had 16.1% grain yield more than the Okapi. Under delayed sowing date and stopping irrigation from silique development stage in Karaj during two cropping seasons 2012-2014, Nilofar with 1986 kgha-1 and 0.62 kgm-3 in term of grain yield and water use efficiency, respectively, was superior to Okapi with 1626 kgha-1 grain yield and 0.62 kgm-3 water use efficiency. The glucosinolate content of Nilofar variety was less than 10 μmolg-1 of dry matter and the erucic acid content of the oil was less than 2%. The results of the extension research project in Kermanshah province showed that the mean grain yield of the Nilofer variety at two sites of Sarab Nilofer and Mahidasht was 4004 kgha-1, which was 14.8% higher than the Okapi control cultivar. Due to its high grain yield potential and appropriate agronomic characteristics, line R15 was released under the name of Nilofar and is recommended for cultivation in the cold and mild cold regions of Iran.

Saffar (Zabol 10b line) variety was obtained by pedigree method from Goliath×19H cross. Based on preliminary evaluation, this variety showed significant earlier maturity (13 day), in 2010-2011, compared to the other lines of canola. Based on adaptability expieriments in Zabol, Safiabad, Behbahan, Boushehr, Gorgan, Gonbad, Sari and Moghan regions in 2011-2012, its grain yield had not significant difference from control variety RGS, but had a high early maturity. The new variety had a lower rank variance which indicates the Less performance fluctuations and stability in different years and regions compared to control variety RGS. Saffar cultivar with 165 days growth period was 12 days earlier in maturity than control variety RGS in warm south and north regions. The oil content of new variety was 43.15%, which has not significant difference with control variety RGS but in terms of having higher amounts of oleic acid and lower amounts of linolenic acid, it has a better quality. The field response of new variety to stem sclerotinia disease showed good relative tolerance in the north climate, which has significant difference with control variety RGS. Based on outstanding features such as yield stability, early maturity, possibility of escaping from drought and heat in the last season, saving at least one irrigation stage and uniformity in maturity, this line was released with the name of Saffar in 2018 and recommended for late cultivation in warm areas with short growing seasons in warm south and north climate zones of the country such as the south of Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Khuzestan and Gorgan.

The south warm climate of Iran is one of the regions with the ability to grow spring oilseed rape cultivars. Cultivation of oilseed rape in this climate faces the problem of environmental stress such as terminal drought and heat stress. Therefore, in addition to yield, earliness is one of the important priorities to introducing spring oilseed rape cultivars in these areas. Asa (promising line SRL-93-4) is an early-maturing and relatively high-yielding cultivar that resulted from hybridization between R308 early-maturing spring line and Modena as a high-yielding winter cultivar. The segregated generations were conducted by pedigree method. Preliminary and adaptation trails showed that SRL-93-4 line was superior compared to check cultivars in the regions under study. In the adaptation trail, the SRL-93-4 line (with 2581 kgha-1 seed yield) showed a significant superiority over the control cultivar RGS003 (with 2155 kgha-1 seed yield). Also, it was found that the SRL-93-4 line was matured 11 days earlier than the check variety RGS003 on the average. The results of stability methods revealed that SRL-93-4 line was the high stable genotype. A field trial for Blackleg disease showed that the SRL-93-4 line had a relative tolerance to the Blackleg. Analysis of the fatty acids profile showed that SRL-93-4 seed oil had a level of erucic acid close to zero, and in terms of the composition of fatty acids, it was within the standard range, but with more oleic acid and less linolenic acid compared to the RGS003 variety. Also, the amount of glucosinolate of the meal was less than standard level. The results of the on-farm trails in Zahak and Zabol regions of the Sistan and Baluchestan province showed that SRL-93-4 line (with 2200 kgha-1 seed yield) had a non-significant difference seed yield with Dalgan check cultivar (with 2361 kgha-1 seed yield); But it was eight days earlier than the check variety. Therefore, due to the desirable characteristics such as early maturity, relative tolerance to Blackleg disease and good performance, the new promising line SRL-93-4 which released as Asa variety is recommended for cultivation in the south warm regions of the country.

The study focuses on the significance of entrepreneurial start-up businesses in driving economic growth and employment. It emphasizes that financing plays a crucial role in sustaining these businesses and their development. Challenges such as reduced market share, high costs, intense competition, reliance on traditional financing models, and strong international competitors hinder the progress of start-ups. Insufficient and untimely financing leads to many start-ups being unable to compete effectively. Therefore, the research aims to design a microfinance model to address this issue and ensure the sustainability of entrepreneurial start-up businesses.

The current research is interpretive in terms of approach, in terms of practical purpose, in terms of nature, it is a survey, and a qualitative method to collect and analyze the obtained data, and using the qualitative method of foundation data and semi-structured interview to data collection and analysis were used. 18 interviews were conducted using theory-based sampling method The time domain of this research is between the years 1401-1402. In this research, the open, central and selective three-stage method was used to code the data. SPSS software and average and percentage statistical tests were used to analyze the information of the first part, that is, the part describing the characteristics of experts. In the qualitative part, the method of data analysis is data coding in three stages, using Atlas Ti software.

The study aimed to design a sustainable microfinance model for start-up entrepreneurial businesses. The model consists of six main components: driving factors (development, income generation, growth, and institutional factors), the main category (microfinance in the sustainability of start-up entrepreneurial businesses), strategies (intra-organizational strategies for facility provision and repayment), contextual factors (legal, economic, and social environment), intervening factors (external and internal organizational factors), and consequences (macro and micro-level outcomes).

Therefore, it can be stated that providing microfinance through financial institutions can lead to the growth and development of businesses. The obtained factors in the research model are causal factors in encouraging banks to provide microfinance facilities. In the business development sub-code, the two factors of business sustainability facilities and getting points to start-up businesses are the factors that start-up businesses are encouraged to use micro financing. Microfinance not only brings benefits to start-up businesses, yes, it will always include benefits for the bank that provides the credit. Therefore, more attention should be paid to this sector in policy making and budgeting.

The invention of Internet of Things technology and its application has led to the development of industry and trade in countries. Tools that include Internet of Things technology are tools that enable simulation of human performance by tools by embedding multiple stimuli and sensors. But the mechanism of action of these tools has challenges in maintaining the security of private information. The first issue in this regard is the necessity of nature and separation of private data of the non-private type. In the Iranian legal system, the only legal document in this field is Article 58 of Electronic Commerce Law, and the ambiguous text of this article has challenged the identification of this type of data. In this article, for an unknown reason, by separating the types of private data, not only has nature of this data been disrupted, but only a specific category of this data has been subject to the terms of the article for processing and no other provisions have been established. Is. However, in European Union, there are relatively comprehensive regulations in field of identifying the nature of private data, four criteria of identification based on the nature of the data processed, the purposes of using the processed data, concept of nicknamed data and Encrypted data exchanged in decentralized platforms (including China blockchain technology) has been identified as the criterion for identifying this type of data. Application of these criteria by policymakers in Iran could be the solution to many of the challenges ahead..

The invention of Internet of Things technology and its application has led to the development of industry and trade in countries. Tools that include Internet of Things technology are tools that enable simulation of human performance by tools by embedding multiple stimuli and sensors. But the mechanism of action of these tools has challenges in maintaining the security of private information. The first issue in this regard is the necessity of nature and separation of private data of the non-private type. In the Iranian legal system, the only legal document in this field is Article 58 of Electronic Commerce Law, and the ambiguous text of this article has challenged the identification of this type of data. In this article, for an unknown reason, by separating the types of private data, not only has nature of this data been disrupted, but only a specific category of this data has been subject to the terms of the article for processing and no other provisions have been established. Is. However, in European Union, there are relatively comprehensive regulations in field of identifying the nature of private data, four criteria of identification based on the nature of the data processed, the purposes of using the processed data, concept of nicknamed data and Encrypted data exchanged in decentralized platforms (including China blockchain technology) has been identified as the criterion for identifying this type of data. Application of these criteria by policymakers in Iran could be the solution to many of the challenges ahead..

One of the uses that can be from cryptocurrency as a type of digital money is to use it as a means of payment. The most important legal issue in this regard is whether payment information based on cryptocurrency that is transferred and maintained in the form of electronic communication and data message, can be considered as a valid document? As long as the document of this information is not proven, the cryptocurrency payer cannot be considered clear from obligation in front of the recipient.The present study is a fundamental type and research method is descriptive-analytic.By dissection the legal ingredients of the document and its flow in e-documents and finally matching it with payment information based on cryptocurrency, it can be found that the information of this payment by the existence of a secure information system, the use of digital signature, asymmetric encryption algorithm and encrypted hash, In the stage of creation and at the time of registration of information, firstly is considered an electronic document and secondly is a valid document in the courts to prove payment.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of delay in serum separation on the results of some biochemical tests, as one of the pre-analytical errors.

In this study, 50 healthy volunteers participated. 12 ml of blood was taken from each person and divided into 6 tubes assigned. In order to separate the serum, one of the samples of each person was centrifuged as a base sample at the standard time (1 hour after blood sampling), and the other samples of that person were centrifuged with a delay of 1,2,3,4 and 5 hours compared to the base sample. The serum from each sample was analyzed for 21 different analytes including blood sugar (BS), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (U.A), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (Chol), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (T.B), direct bilirubin (D.B), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP), amylase (Amy), lipase (Lip), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK).

A significant difference was found between the means of blood sugar (BS) in the elapsed times from the time of blood sampling. The means of BS showed a decrease of 4.78 % on average for each hour of delay in serum separation. In the case of other analytes, no significant difference was observed between their means at each of the time points elapsed since the time of blood sampling.

Considering the significant effect of delay in serum separation on BS test, it is necessary to centrifuge the whole blood sample and separate its serum as soon as possible. In the case of the other investigated analytes, the delay in serum separation up to 6 hours does not have a significant effect on the results.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the agricultural value of two new varieties of beans: Sepehr and Sembol, which were introduced by the private sector with the aim of registering the named varieties in the national list of plant varieties.

These cultivars (Sepehr and Sembol) along with 4 domestic control cultivars were studied in 3 locations (Karaj, Zanjan, and Khomein) based on complete randomized block design in 3 replications during two crop seasons (2019-2020 and 2020-2021).

Results showed that flowering occurred significantly earlier in candidate cultivars (Sepehr and Sembol) than control cultivars (8 and 4 days respectively). As the same way, physiological seed ripening in candidate cultivars occurred earlier than control cultivars (8 and 10 days earlier than mean of other cultivars respectively). The number of seeds in the pods of Sepehr and Sembol candidate cultivars did not significantly differ from the control cultivars. Sepehr and Sembol cultivars produced larger seeds and hundred seeds weight of these cultivars was greatly higher than other cultivars (9.7 and 24.1 percent higher than mean of other cultivars respectively), but the seed yield in these two cultivars was significantly lower than control cultivars (19.89 and 18.27 percent lower than mean of other cultivars respectively).

Finally, the candidate cultivars Sepehr and Sembol can play an effective role as new germplasms in the country's bean production due to their erect type and ease of harvesting, early maturity and consumption of one to two times less water, marketability and production of larger seeds.

Organophosphorus poisoning is one of the most common and dangerous causes of pesticides poisoning. We compared the clinical manifestations and outcome between organophosphate poisoning patients with and without aspiration pneumonia. We also determined the predictive risk factors for aspiration pneumonia.

This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Poisoning Referral Center in Khorshid Hospital, affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Patients with organophosphate poisoning aged over 18 years were included in the study from April 2018 to September 2022. To find the predictive factors for aspiration pneumonia, binary logistic regression test was used.

217 patients were evaluated in the study. Most of them were men (62.2%) with an average age (SD) of 38.2 (16.5). Aspiration pneumonia was observed in 11.52% of patients. The mortality rate in two groups with and without aspiration pneumonia was 28% and 3.6%, respectively (P < 0.001). Patients with aspiration pneumonia were older, had higher frequency of addiction and underlying somatic disease (P < 0.05). The frequency of coma, muscarinic symptoms, tremors, decreased blood oxygen saturation and endotracheal intubation on admission were higher in patients with aspiration pneumonia (P < 0.05).

Although the above factors were different between the group with and without aspiration pneumonia, regression analysis showed that only the history of addiction, underlying somatic disease, sweating, miotic pupils, abnormal lung auscultation and endotracheal intubation before or at admission were predictive factors.