حسین قمری گیوی

One of the reasons for patients' resistance and the poor effectiveness of treatment approaches is the comorbidity of depression and anxiety disorder. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" on difficulties in emotion regulation, intolerance of uncertainty and thought fusion in people suffering from comorbid depression and anxiety.

The present research was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all the people who had referred to psychological centers in Isfahan city with comorbid symptoms of depression and anxiety in 2019. The samples were selected by convenience method from the counseling center of the 5th and 7th regions of Isfahan city. After passing a clinical interview according to DSM-5 and completing the "Beck Depression Inventory, Version 2" and "Beck Anxiety Inventory", finally, 32 people were eligible for the study. The samples were randomly assigned to intervention (16 people) and control (16 people) groups. Data collection was Done with demographic questionnaire, "Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale", "Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale" and "Thought Fusion Instrument". Content validity and face validity were measured by qualitative method and reliability was also measured by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" was implemented for 10 sessions of 90 minutes for the intervention group and the control group was on the waiting list. The data was analyzed with SPSS .21.

“Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy” in the intervention group caused a significant improvement in the intolerance of uncertainty, difficulties in regulating emotions and mixing thoughts in the post-exam stage. However, the effectiveness of “Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy” was stable only on the uncertainty intolerance variable until the follow-up stage (P<0.05).

The effect of "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" has shown more lasting changes on the uncertainty intolerance variable than other variables. Considering the negative prognosis and the high complexity of  comorbid depression and anxiety, it is suggested that this intervention be combined and strengthened with complementary therapy for the long-term effectiveness of this intervention on other correlates of this disorder.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of narrative therapy on family resilience and marital happiness of Conflicted couple. The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and three-month follow-up. The statistical population of this research included including all Conflicted couples of Tabriz in 1402, who had referred to Happy Life and Mobin Counseling Centers of Tabriz. According to the research design, a sample of 32 people was selected by purposive sampling and randomly replaced in the experimental group (16 people) and the control group (16 people). Data were collected using the family resilience Scale (Sikbi, 2005), and marital happiness Questionnaire (Azrin et all., 1973). The experimental group received 10 sessions of 60 minutes of narrative therapy, and the control group, which was on the waiting list, did not receive any training. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni's post hoc test. The results showed that after controlling the effects of the pre-test, there was a significant difference between the post-test average of the two groups in family resilience (F=104/873, Eta= 0/778) and marital happiness(F=38/529, Eta= 0/562)  (P<0.05), which can indicate the effectiveness of the mentioned intervention on the mentioned variables and Also, the stability of the effectiveness is in the follow-up phase. The results of this research showed that narrative therapy can be used as effective approach in increase family resilience and marital happiness.

Marital conflicts are open oppositions that cause differences of opinion and communication problems between spouses. Marital conflicts create essential challenges for couples and their families and have negative consequences for couples. Among the factors that are affected by conflicts in the marital relationship are family resilience and marital happiness. The increase in marital conflicts and their adverse effects on family resilience, marital happiness, and the mental health of couples and children has made researchers realize that they should find ways to strengthen marital relations. One of the interventions that can be used to reduce marital problems in couples is fairness–oriented contextual therapy. Counselors and psychotherapists have always considered the choice of an effective therapeutic approach in improving family functions. This research aimed to determine the efficacy of fairness–based contextual therapy on family resilience and marital happiness of couples with marital conflict.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and three–month follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all conflicting couples referred to the Happy Life and Mobin Counseling Center in Tabriz City, Iran, in 2023–2024. Among these couples, a sample of 32 legitimate volunteers was selected by purposive sampling. Then, they were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups (16 people in each group). The inclusion criteria for the research were referring to a psychology clinic intending to resolve marital conflict, having at least a diploma, living together with a spouse at the time of conducting the research until its completion, and being willing to participate in the study and continuing treatment sessions, and lacking abuse drugs and acute and chronic psychological disorders. For the experimental group, 10 fairness–based contextual therapy sessions were held in groups, 60–minute sessions per week for ten weeks. During this period, the control group did not receive any intervention. We used the Family Resilience Scale (Sikbi, 2005) and the Marital Happiness Questionnaire (Azrin et al., 1973) for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to describe the data. Descriptive statistics included mean and standard deviation. Regarding inferential statistics, variance analysis with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to compare the means between the stages of the research. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 26. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The effects of time, group, and the interaction of time*group on the scores of family resilience and marital happiness variables were significant (p<0.001). The significant difference in the average scores between the pretest and posttest stages, as well as pretest and follow–up for the variables of marital happiness and family resilience in the experimental group, indicated a significant increase in scores in the posttest and follow–up compared to the pretest (p=0.001). While regarding the variables of marital happiness (p=0.130) and family resilience (p=1.000) in the experimental group, no significant difference was observed between the posttest and the follow–up, which indicated the stability of the treatment effects over time.

According to the results, fairness–based contextual therapy effectively increases marital happiness and family resilience. Therefore, counselors and couple therapists may use this treatment to improve family resilience and marital happiness.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of narrative therapy on family cohesion and marital intimacy of Conflicted couples. The study employed a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test control group and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population included all couples referred to the Happy Life and Mobin Counseling Centers of Tabriz through to marital conflicts in 1402. Among them, 16 couples were selected through purposeful sampling and randomly divided into two groups (8 in the control group and 8 in the experimental group). The experimental group received educational interventions in narrative therapy, which was administered in 10 sessions and once a week. Data were collected using the Samani Family Cohesion Scale (FCQ, 1381) and the Bagaroozi Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (MIQ, 2001). Analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data. The study's findings showed a significant difference between the post-test mean of marital intimacy and family cohesion in the experimental and control groups (P<0.05). In addition, the results showed that narrative therapy was able to maintain its effect significantly over time (P<0.05). The findings indicate that narrative therapy can be used as an effective approach to increase marital intimacy and family cohesion.

The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of compassion-focused therapy in addressing the psychological and marital issues of women who have a veteran spouse. The research was conducted using an exploratory mixed-methodsapproach and encompassed both qualitative and quantitative phases. In 2020, the statistical population of the survey encompassed all women with veteran spouses residing in the 13th and 14th districts of Tehran. In the qualitative stage, purposive sampling was employed to select and interview 19 women with veteran spouses who were referred to the District 13 Municipal Health Center. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The identification of seven themes (anxiety, depression, fatigue and disability, irritability and aggression, loneliness, life dissatisfaction, and marital conflict) was the result of this analysis in the psychological-marital dimensions. Based on these components, a questionnaire was developed to assess the psychological and marital issues of women who have a veteran spouse. The data analysis in the experimental section was performed using the Bonferroni post hoc test and repeated measures analysis of variance in SPSS software version 22. The findings indicated that women who have spouses who are veterans encounter challenges in the areas of psychological, marital, physical, social, and economic well-being.Desirable psychometric properties were observed in the psychological-marital issues of women who completed a veteran spouse questionnaire. Also, compassion-focused therapy was effective in all psychological-marital aspects of the issues faced by women with a veteran spouse, resulting in a decrease in problematic behaviors. In the future, clinicians and researchers can investigate and mitigate the psychological-marital issues of women with a veteran spouse during counseling and psychotherapy sessions by implementing the combined study method, developing tools, and choosing the most suitable treatment.

Choosing a major is one of the most important and complex educational decisions of many volunteers and students applying to enter the university, which can have important effects on their future careers. In recent years this has faced significant challenges and harm. The purpose of this research was to investigate and identify the harms of the process of choosing a major in university. This study was conducted in a qualitative way using the Grounded Theory method. 24 male and female students of Tabriz city universities that entered the 2021-2022 academic year using voluntary sampling and semi-structured interviews were assessed to saturation based on the inclusion criteria. Data were recorded, coded, and categorized into secondary codes, categories, and classes. Analysis of participants' experiences led to the identification of 164 secondary codes, 20 sub-categories, and 3 main categories including Individual-psychological issues, social-educational problems, and structural-management defects. From an educational point of view, understanding the disadvantages of the process of choosing a field of study to enter the university can be effective in providing the necessary framework for developing a suitable model for higher education candidates, as well as balanced distribution of candidates in different fields of study and prevention of potential harms.

As sport courage has become a prominent and strategic psychological concept in the success of athletes this study aimed to qualitatively investigate sport courage among Iranian wrestlers using the thematic analysis method. The research was conducted in April, May, and June 2023  in Sari City. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with Iranian wrestlers. Snowball sampling was used to facilitate communication with champion wrestlers. In total, seventeen basic themes, five organizing themes, and one  Global theme were categorized. The Global theme was sports courage, which includes the organizing themes of transcendence, assertiveness, skill, self-regulation, and altruism. The theme of transcendence, which focuses on progress and self-improvement, includes the basic themes (originality, austerity, trust in God, and death awareness). The theme of assertiveness focuses on basic themes (decisiveness, subjectivity, responsibility, and self-confidence). The theme of skill has emphasized the basic themes of expertise, resilience, communication, and self-talk. The theme of self-regulation has emphasized the basic themes (self-discipline and self-control ) and finally, the theme of altruism refers to the basic themes (empathy, compassion, and beneficence). The prominent role of culture and beliefs in the theme of transcendence has been the main contribution of this research. Because no other research mentioned it.

Love Trauma is a common phenomenon in students that causes academic and psychological problems. The aim of the current research was to identify the effective factors in the love Trauma of female students. research method was qualitative through semi-structured interview. The statistical population of this research was all the students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 1402 who were involved in the experience of love failure. Among them, 10 people were selected as a sample through purposeful sampling. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. According to the findings, five main themes of the love Trauma were identified, which included the following: Causes related to the family of origin and childhood, psychological causes, relational causes, causes related to the boyfriend, and concurrent causes with the relationship. Each of these overarching themes included many organized and basic themes. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that first of all, the past and the individual's developmental context in the family are very important in the love trauma, and the causes related to the present are of secondary importance. Therefore, it is suggested to prevent love trauma first of all to identify the person's primary relationships and their impact on the current life and the type of choices of the person and to inform the person in this field so that he can make a more correct choice.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of narrative therapy on weight self-stigma among obese and overweight women.Research

The research method used in this study was a semi-experimental design, incorporating a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up assessment, with a control group. The current research population consisted of obese and overweight women in Tabriz city in 1402 who were referred to weight loss clinics. 30 women were selected by available sampling method and were then randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group received narrative treatment in 8 sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any treatment and was placed on the waiting list. At the end of the treatment period, a post-test was performed in both groups. The tools used included the weight self-stigma questionary of Lillis et al. (2010). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with the assistance of SPSS version 24 software.

In the pre-test, the mean and standard deviation of weight self-stigma variables in the experimental group was 41.27±4.217, while in the control group, weight self-stigma was 40.47±5.693. In the post-test stage, the values for weight self-stigma in the experimental group were 33.60 ± 4.137, while in the control group it was 40.33 ± 5.802. The results indicated the effectiveness of narrative therapy (P < 0.001). In the follow-up stages, it was found that the effects of narrative therapy are lasting.

The results showed that narrative therapy is effective in reducing weight self-stigma in obese and overweight women.

School counselors are responsible for addressing academic, personal/social, and career development needs through the design, implementation, evaluation, and enhancement of a comprehensive school counseling program that results in improved student achievement. Therefore The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of the intervention based on the empowerment model on the job performance of school counselors.

The method of the current research was a mixed sequential exploratory type. For this purpose, a semi-experimental method with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group was used to check the effectiveness of the training package. The statistical population of the research included all the school counselors working in the first secondary school of Ardabil city (areas 1 and 2) in the academic year 2021-2022, among them based on the cut-off point of the school counselor occupational performance scale (score 86) and taking into account the entry criteria For the research, 30 people were selected as a sample by random sampling method and according to the results of the pre-test, they were randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The members of the experimental group received the desired educational content in one introductory session and 11 sessions of 120 minutes, while the members of the control group did not receive any intervention. The follow-up test was also done after 3 months. The obtained data were analyzed using spss software and multivariate analysis of covariance test.

The results showed that the intervention based on empowerment has a positive and significant effect on the job performance components of school counselors. This means that school counselors as a result of participating in training sessions based on the empowerment model, in the dimensions of knowledge (F = 0.20 and P = 0.001), skills (F = 0.69 and P = 0.001) and attitude and behavior (F=0.47 and P=0.001) had a positive and significant performance.

Teaching the content related to the empowerment model is an effective way to improve the performance of school counselors.

School counselors are responsible for addressing the academic, personal/social, and career development needs of students through the design, implementation, evaluation, and enhancement of a comprehensive school counseling program, which results in the improvement and promotion of student success (2). Based on this, the role of school counselors in the development of students is not hidden from any expert and everyone agrees on the irreplaceable effect of school counselors. In order for such counselors to be at the disposal of the country's educational system, the process of recruiting, training and employing school counselors should be systematic and based on specific goals and recognizing the characteristics of an efficient school counselor. Some studies show that there is a significant relationship between the psychological health of counselors and their professional efficiency (6-8). Identifying and introducing psychological characteristics in the selection of school counselors in different societies, apart from the commonalities it has, also has distinct aspects, and it is impossible to define and specify a series of general and absolute characteristics for the selection of school counselors in all societies in the same way. On the other hand, today we are witnessing that various people are employed in the school counseling profession without paying attention to their competence and competence or making a serious effort to improve their efficiency and capability. For this reason, by identifying and introducing psychological characteristics in the selection of school counselors and using such findings to revise the recruitment, training and employment of school counselors, it may be possible to provide conditions that improve the efficiency of school counselors and make fundamental changes in the provision of high-quality counseling services. Let's see the school in providing counseling services in schools. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the question, what are the psychological characteristics of school counselors?

The present study was conducted qualitatively using thematic analysis method. The statistical population of the research included all professors and experts in the field of school counseling in the country in 1401, from which 11 experts and professors of school counseling were selected by snowball sampling. In this way, the first specialist and counseling professor who was interviewed was asked to introduce another specialist and counseling professor whom they know and who they think can help the researcher. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data, and the data were collected until theoretical saturation was reached, and after the implementation of the text of the interviews, they were analyzed. Due to the distance dimension and the restrictions caused by the Corona epidemic, the interviews were conducted in person and in virtual space. The criteria for entering the research included having several publications and researches in the field of school counseling, a field of study related to the school counseling profession (counseling, psychology and educational sciences) and willingness to participate in research. In order to check the content validity of the interview tool, first the initial version of the interview was sent to the supervisors and advisors, then the necessary and suggested amendments were applied and finally approved. To calculate the reliability, the reproducibility index was applied according to the method of Huberman and et al. (1994), which are: 1) reliability, 2) transferability, 3) verifiability and 4) reliability (12).

The number of participants in the present study was 18, of which %36.40 were women and %60.60 were men. The last degree of all the participants was a Ph.D., among whom one was a professor, 5 were associate professors, and 5 were assistant professors. The average age of the participants was 45 years. The findings of the current research can be expressed in four categories; The first category of cognitive characteristics includes having the power of analysis, creativity and innovation, intellectual maturity, mental health, benefiting from high intelligence and high self-efficacy. In explaining this finding, it can be said that schools today need creative and innovative counselors, counselors who make thought and wisdom the ruler of their actions and thoughts, and encourage students to use reason and wisdom to solve their problems and problems. The second category of emotional characteristics includes emotional maturity, communication skills, and professional commitment and attachment. The meaning of emotional characteristics is the set of interests and tendencies of the school counselor towards issues and topics related to school counseling. Emotional maturity as a psychological characteristic indicates intrapsychic and interpersonal characteristics. Emotional characteristics in the intrapsychic dimension refer to the ability to balance thoughts and emotions, while emotional characteristics in the interpersonal dimension are the ability to experience intimacy without jeopardizing the client's sense of independence. The third category of personality characteristics includes regularity, tolerance, courage and dignity. Personality can be defined as certain patterns of thinking, emotion and behavior that define a person's personal style in interaction with his social and material environment. The personality characteristics of a consultant are so important that people who do not have such characteristics, even with sufficient education and experience, should not be allowed to do professional work. It seems that personality traits cannot be achieved through education and training, and if the applicants for the counseling profession do not have these characteristics at the beginning of specialized training, they will not be able to be useful and effective counselors for clients, even if the training program is at a high level; Because training only strengthens the personality traits of people who are ready and interested in the job. And the fourth category of ethical characteristics including scientific, moral and occupational competence. In effective communication with their clients, counselors mainly deal with their beliefs, values and ideals and sometimes their secrets. Most of the time, the clients try to honestly and sincerely tell all the secrets of their lives in the counseling session with the trust they have towards the commitment and expertise of the counselor and hoping to receive effective help from him. It is obvious that all professional honor, human authenticity, moral strictness and professional commitment of consultants depends on their performance towards the clients and compliance with honesty, friendship, self-restraint and confidentiality, and in a word, legal obligations and professional ethics.

In general, it can be concluded that in order to improve the competencies of school counselors, it is important to pay attention to the role of psychological factors in the selection of school counselors, which has a positive effect on the efficiency of counseling services in schools.

This study examined the effectiveness of sensory integration program on approval acceptance sense and social skills in student identified as learning disordered. The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-post test with control group design. The statistical population of this study included all students identified as learning disordered were refered to learning disorders center of Ardabil city in 2015-16 school year. Among the students 24 (13 girl, 11 boy) were selected according Simple random sampling as statistical sample and experimental group (n=12) and control group (n=12) were randomized. Participants in the experimental group received 8 sessions of sensory integration educational plan. To collect the data children Acceptance Sense Test (1984) and Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with Youngsters (1988) were used. The data were analysed using Mutivariant statistical covariance. The result showed there are meaningful different between experimental and control group average scores. So hypothesis of the research that being affective of sensory integration on acceptance sense and social skills and its factors have been approved. So it can concluded that sensoru integration program affected acceptance sense and social skills and its factors such appropriate social skill, inappropriate assertiveness, impulsive/recalcitrant, overconfident, jealousy/withdrawal in student identified as learning disordered.

Paramedical majors are an attractive and highly demanded field of study among students. But recently, one can see students and graduates of these fields changing majors, failing academics, and re-participating in the national exam. This research was conducted to investigate and identify the psychological factors of harm in the process of choosing a major for paramedical students.

Methods and Materials:

 This study was conducted with a qualitative approach, using the grounded theory method and Strauss and Corbin approach. The statistical population included all the students in paramedical majors of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences who studied in the academic year 2021-2022, 18 male and female students, were selected using purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews.

The information were recorded, coded, and categorized in the form of secondary codes, categories, and classes. The analysis of students' opinions led to the identification of 112 secondary codes, 14 sub-categories, and 4 main categories including inefficient cognitive skills, disturbed orientation, unsatisfied emotions and, ineffective behaviors and actions.

The findings of the research indicate that psychological factors play a significant role in creating and continuing the harms of the process of choosing an academic major, and individual and psychological problems can face challenges in the correct path of choosing a major. The results of this study can be effective in identifying and reducing the harms caused by personal and psychological factors in the path of choosing an academic major.

The current research was conducted with the aim of developing a model for empowering school counselors based on grounded theory and using semi-structured interview method.

For this purpose, the number of 12 teachers, 14 school counselors, 13 students (locally from Ardabil province) were selected through purposeful sampling and the number of 9 counseling experts and professors (nationally) were selected by snowball sampling and the data were collected until theoretical saturation was reached. After transcribing the text of the interviews and entering the information into the MAXQDA qualitative data analysis software, they were analyzed with open, central and selective coding.

The results of open and axial coding led to the identification of 245 concepts and 17 core categories. Also, the results of selective coding showed that the core category of school counselors' ability is influenced by causal conditions (scientific, professional and moral competence), intervening conditions (emotional maturity, self-efficacy, professional skills and coordination) and background conditions (intellectual maturity, emotional intelligence, mental health, communication skills, psychological toughness and charismatic personality) in the form of organizational and individual development strategies, which result in improving the efficiency of school counselors directly and indirectly.

According to the findings of the present research, it is recommended to use the present model in order to empower school counselors, as well as design and develop different programs to improve school guidance and counseling services.

This study aimed to construct and validate a scale for assessing efficiency in school counselors. This mixed methods study followed an exploratory approach. In the qualitative section, the statistical population included all professors and specialists in the field of counseling in Iran, as well as teachers, counselors, and lower secondary school students in Ardabil province in the 2021-2022 academic year, 46 of whom were selected by purposive and snowball sampling. In the quantitative section, the statistical population included all school counselors and liaison counselors (in primary schools) of Ardabil province in the 2021-2022 academic year. In the quantitative section, two samples were used. In the first sample, 220 people were selected for exploratory factor analysis and in the second stage, 205 counselors and liaison counselors were selected through multistage cluster random sampling for confirmatory factor analysis. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data in the qualitative section and the School Counselor’s Efficiency Measurement Scale and the School Counselor’s Professional Ethics Scale were used in the quantitative section. The data were analyzed using grounded theory in the qualitative section and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in the quantitative section. Based on the results of the qualitative section of the research, moral, psychological, behavioral, and emotional characteristics were identified as the main components. The final results of the quantitative section of the research showed the goodness of fit was acceptable and approved the validity of the School Counselor’s Efficiency Measurement Scale in terms of moral, emotional, behavioral, and psychological characteristics with 31 items. Based on the findings of the present study, the School Counselor’s Efficiency Measurement Scale, for assessing this construct in Iranian samples, has sufficient reliability and validity

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of group training based on the solution-oriented approach on attachment styles in women who have experienced emotional divorce.Research The purpose of this research was practical, and in terms of method, it was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population of the research included women who had an emotional divorce in 2022, and 30 of them were selected by available sampling method and answered the questionnaire on attachment style for pre-test and post-test. The experimental group received eight 65-minute sessions of Grant's solution-oriented therapy (2011). Data were analyzed by multivariate covariance statistical method. It showed that the group training based on the solution-oriented approach on the attachment styles of women with emotional divorce in the experimental group was effective (p<0.05). The findings of the current research indicated that solution-oriented therapy using techniques such as emotional control in intimate relationships, giving credit to the spouse's various experiences, identifying therapeutic potentials and encouraging autonomy, focusing on finding solutions and identifying denied needs can be an efficient method to improve The attachment styles of women with emotional divorce should be used. In this regard, it is suggested to use other intervention-based approaches to treat attachment styles in women who have experienced emotional divorce.

Patients with depression and comorbid anxiety experience more complicated and higher levels of psychological harm than the ones without comorbidity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on the intolerance of uncertainty and the difficulty of emotion regulation in people suffering from comorbid depression and anxiety.

This study was a quasi-experimental research, applying a pre-test and post-test control group design. After interviewing a group of patients with depression and comorbid anxiety who attended counseling centers in Isfahan in 2019, 32 women participants were chosen. Then they were randomly assigned to two groups, including an experimental group and a control group. Each group consisted of 16 participants. The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (1994) and the Emotion Regulation Difficulty Scale (2004) were used as the instruments of the study. The experimental group went through emotional schema therapy, which lasted for ten 90-minute sessions. The data analysis was performed through repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test, using SPSS-22.

The results of the study indicated that emotional schema therapy had a significant effect on uncertainty intolerance and emotion regulation difficulty in both intra- and inter-group status (P<0.01). The effect of this intervention lasted until the follow-up session. The effect size for uncertainty intolerance and emotion regulation difficulty were 0.324 and 0.430 respectively (P<0.01).

Emotional schema therapy as a unified treatment can improve trans-diagnostic factors of depression and comorbid anxiety. If proven in various studies in terms of applicability, this intervention can be pioneering in the treatment of depression and comorbid anxiety.

The present study was conducted in order to compare the effectiveness of compassion-focused and emotion-oriented therapy on the marital psychological problems of veterans' wives. The statistical population included all the wives of veterans in the 13th and 14th districts of Tehran. Sampling was done in a targeted manner among women who had referred to Shahid Foundation in Tehran's 13th and 14th districts in 2019.After identifying women who had marital psychological problems; 45 participants were randomly assigned to two experiments and one control group (15 people in each group). The presentation of treatment sessions was carried out in the health center of district 13 of Tehran municipality. The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test with control group and follow-up phase. To collect data, the questionnaire of psychological marital problems of spouses of veterans was used. Then the data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and Bonferroni's post hoc test. The findings showed that both treatments were effective in reducing the marital psychological problems of veterans' wives; But the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy was significantly higher than emotion-focused therapy.Therefore, it is possible to benefit from treatment focused on compassion and emotion-oriented treatment or a combination of these two treatments to improve the marital psychological problems of veterans' wives.

The purpose of this research is to study discordant females regarding the comparison of the effectiveness of Bowen systematic and solution-focused counseling on reducing the risk of divorce, burnout and marital discord. The reseach design is quasi-experimental employing multiple groups pretest-posttest. The participants consisted of all women attending in Justice Depertment of Ardabil for divorce in 2016. The participants included 45 discordant women (divorce applicants) who were selected through convenience sampling method and were assigned to three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). The marital burnout questionnaire, marital instability index (MII), and Beier-Sternberg discord questionnaire (DQ) were used for data collection. Bowen systematic counseling and solution-focused counselig were provided for experimental groups in 7 sessions of an hour and a half each. Whereas, the control group did not receive any intervention. The results of the analysis of variance and Duncan's post hoc test showed that solution-focused counseling was more effective than Bowen systematic method in reducing divorce risk, burnout, and marital discord (p < 0.05). These results can be a strong for applying the priority of solution-focused counseling method to reduce the risk of divorce, burnout and marital discord among discordant women, thereby preventing family breakdown; this method can also be used to prevent marital conflicts

Adverse childhood experiences are consistently associated with psychiatric problems in children and adults. However, the long-term effects of childhood experiences on mental health in adulthood have not been studied. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between childhood experiences and depressive symptom-suicidal tendencies with the mediating role of rumination and thwarted belongingness.

This descriptive study was done via structural equation modeling. The statistical sample of this study included 650 students studying at Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2020 academic year who were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected using Joiner Depression Symptom-Suicidality Questionnaire (with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and convergent validity of 0.91 and 0.74), Hill & Pettit with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and convergent validity of 0.88 and 0.84, O’Connor & Williams rumination with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and convergent validity 0.79 and 0.75) and childhood experiences of Kaiser foundation and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and convergent validity 0.91 and 0.87) were used. Data were analyzed using structural equations and confirmatory factor analysis by using SPSS 25 and AMOS 24 software.

Finally, the data of 600 participants with a mean age of 23.09±4.44 were analyzed. The direct effect of childhood experiences on rumination and depressive suicidal symptoms was significantly positive (p<0.001). Also, the direct effect of childhood experiences on negative belonging was significant (P<0.001). However there was a significant negative direct effect between belonging and depression suicidal symptoms and a positive direct effect between rumination and depression suicidal symptoms (P<0.05). Also, the indirect effect of childhood experiences through rumination and belonging on depressive symptom-suicidal symptoms was significant (p<0.001).

Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that rumination and belonging play a mediating role between childhood experiences and. depressive-suicidal symptoms.

According to the World Health Organization, the prevalence of Covid-19 is a global pandemic that leads to negative emotions in people involved, and because research has shown that teaching cognitive emotional regulation strategies is effective on people with negative emotions. Therefore, is an intervention program based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies effective in people with coronary heart disease crisis?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of crisis intervention program on adaptive and maladaptive regulation strategies of people with coronary heart disease crisis.

This study was applied in terms of purpose and experimental in terms of method with pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all people with coronary heart disease in Rasht in 2020, from which 30 people were selected using the available sampling method and randomly substituted in the experimental group (15 people) and the control group (15 people). Were the participants of the experimental group received 10 sessions of crisis intervention plan. For data collection, the short version of the Persian version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire of Garnefski et al. (2005) was used. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the adjusted means of the experimental and control groups in terms of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Thus, the crisis intervention program increased adaptive strategies and decreased maladaptive strategies in people with coronary heart disease. In particular, the program improves the situation in adaptive strategies in the components of insignificance, refocusing on planning, positive reassessment, acceptance and positive refocusing, and in inconsistent strategies in the components of self-blame, blaming others, rumination and catastrophe. Therefore, the research hypothesis that the effectiveness of the crisis intervention program on cognitive emotion regulation strategies of people with coronary heart disease crisis was confirmed (p <0.01).

Based on the results of the present study, it can be said that the use of crisis intervention program can increase adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and reduce maladaptive strategies in people with coronary heart disease and thus control their emotions, thus improving the mental condition of people with crisis. To cause a crisis.

This study aimed to compare communication patterns, self-efficacy and assertiveness in adolescent girls with the self-harming and normal group. This was a causal-comparative (case-control) study that was performed retrospectively. The statistical population of the present study included all-female high school students in Anzali city in the academic year 1397-1398 and also adolescents referred to the emergency department of Anzali hospital. The sample size was 60 people (30 students with self-harming behaviour, 30 students without self-harming behaviour) who were selected by the convenience sampling. Data collection tools included Scherer and Maddox self-efficacy scale, Gambrill and Ritchie audacity questionnaire, and Barton communication skills. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the mean scores of communication patterns and all its components (listening pattern, feedback pattern and verbal pattern), self-efficacy and assertiveness at teenage girls have less self-harming behaviour than girls with normal behaviour. The results showed that the level of studied variables in adolescent girls with self-harming behaviour was low, which requires educational programs to increase and improve the level of these variables in this group of adolescents.IntroductionAdolescence is one of the most important and influential stages of change in the life of every person and is the basis of many high-risk behaviours and social harms in this period. One of these risky behaviours is self-mutilation behaviours that are more common in adolescence than other periods of life. Self-mutilation is an inappropriate coping method for dealing with emotional problems, anger, and failure. Multiple risk factors are involved in adolescent self-mutilation, the most important of which are communication patterns. Communication patterns among adolescents are one of the important factors in preventing or tending towards high-risk behaviours. Beliefs of self-efficacy and behavioural changes and consequences are highly correlated with each other, and self-efficacy is a very important predictor of behaviour. Accordingly, when a person has a negative assessment of his or her abilities and competencies in different situations, he/she engages in self-injurious behaviours such as self-mutilation. Also, the results of research on high-risk behaviours have pointed to the role of individual characteristics such as the degree of the courage of individuals. Lack of non-daring traits causes discomfort and prevents the expression of emotions in social situations, as well as prevents the pursuit of individual and social goals. Research goalSince the phenomenon of self-mutilation is costly for the country's health system and on the other hand is not compatible with human values and cultural standards, a more detailed study of the issue seems necessary. Therefore, the present study was conducted in this direction to answer the basic question: Is there a difference between communication patterns, self-efficacy and courage in adolescent girls with self-mutilation ing and normal behaviour?  Research MethodThis research is of causal-comparative type. The statistical population of the present study included all females high school students in Shahr Anzali in the academic year 2019-2020 and also adolescents referred to the emergency department of Anzali hospital. The sampling method of the present study was available according to which 30 girls with self-mutilation ing behaviour and 30 non-self-mutilation ing behaviour were selected to compare students with self-mutilation ing behaviour with relative matching in terms of age and educational level. To collect data in this study, Scherer and Maddox self-efficacy scale (1982), Gambrill and Ritchie daring questionnaire (1975) and Barton communication skills scale (1991) was used. FindingsTo analyze the data collected in the descriptive statistics section, the mean and standard deviation and in the inferential statistics, section to analyze the hypotheses, multivariate analysis of variance was used, for which the SPSS 19 statistical software was used.Based on research findings, the average scores of communication patterns and all its components (listening pattern, feedback pattern and verbal pattern) in adolescent girls with self-mutilation ing behaviour are lower than normal girls(P<0/01).Based on the results of multivariate analysis of variance, the mean scores of self-efficacy and courage in adolescent girls with self-mutilation ing behaviour are lower than normal girls (P<0/01). DiscussionThis study aimed to compare communication patterns, self-efficacy and courage in adolescent girls with self-mutilation ing and normal behaviour. The results showed that the mean scores of communication patterns and all its components (listening pattern, feedback pattern and verbal pattern) in adolescent girls with self-mutilation ing behaviour are lower than normal girls. When adolescents can communicate with friends, family and other members of the community using appropriate communication patterns, they cope better and more effectively with the psychological pressures of life due to receiving support from them, which reduces their self-mutilation.The results also showed that the mean scores of self-efficacy in adolescent girls with self-mutilation ing behaviour are lower than normal girls. People with high self-efficacy have the high problem-solving ability, they focus on their problem-solving abilities in difficult situations and seek solutions instead of negative ones. Also, high levels of self-efficacy are associated with a greater ability to cope with high-risk and harmful behaviours.Finally, the results showed that the average score of assertiveness in adolescent girls with self-mutilation ing behaviour is lower than normal girls. Adolescents with low self-esteem are often unable to defend themselves in the face of challenging situations and others; For this reason, they are often passive, anxious and cowardly, and instead of expressing their wants and needs, they try to advance their desires by harming themselves.

Suicidal behaviors are a very complex and multidimensional phenomenon. The present study aimed to test the structural model of defeat, entrapment, depressive symptom-suicidality subscale and suicide attempt based on motivational-voluntary theory of suicidal behavior.

This was a descriptive modeling study and its statistical population consisted of all students studying at Mohaghegh Ardabili University in the academic year 1399. 650 people were selected by available sampling method. Data using scales of idea, suicide attempt, defeat, entrapment, interpersonal scale, anxiety, depression, disengagement scale, map scales, impulsivity, exposure, discomfort intolerance, ruminant, suicide capacity, and fearlessness about death was collected and SPSS-25 and pls-3 software were used for data analysis.

The data fit well with the proposed model and the existing model explained 36% defeat variance, 67% entrapment variance, 30% suicide idea variance and 42% suicide attempt variance. All proposed paths were positive and significant except for the relationship between exposure, practical capacity, fear of death and tolerance of confusion with neutral action and belonging and abandonment of the goal with the idea of other paths (P <0.05). The rumination variable modulated the relationship between failure and entrapment (P <0.05), also.

These findings represent a preliminary step towards clarifying the transition from idea to suicide, as well as useful support for future research and intervention based on motivational-voluntary theory.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments on resilience in adolescent girls with non-suicidal self-harm. This research is a quasi-experimental type and a post-test pre-test design with an experimental and control group. The statistical population included all female students with non-suicidal self-harm in the secondary schools of Bonab city in the academic year of 2019-20. For this purpose, after administering Gratz's (2001) intentional self-harm questionnaire (DSHI), and Connor-Davidson's (2003) resilience scale (CD-RISC) 30 students with a history of self-harming behaviors and low resilience were selected with a Purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned into two groups. (Experiment and Control). The experimental group was exposed to 10 sessions of narrative therapy based on the White and Epston (1990) program, and the control group did not receive any intervention. After the intervention and one month later, a post-test was performed for both groups. Due to the nature of the research, the data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Findings showed that narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments had a significant and positive effect on increasing resilience (p <0.01). According to the findings of the present study, it can be said that narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments, is a suitable intervention method to increase resilience in girls with self-harm without suicidal ideation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on self-efficacy beliefs of female students with academic failure. The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study population included all high school female students in first grade and second course on the 2015-2016 academic year in Ardabil city, that among them by convenience sampling method 30 students were selected with academic failure and then randomly were assigned to the experimental group (15 subjects) and control group (15 subjects). The participants of the experimental group received 8 sessions mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Scherer self-efficacy questionnaire (1982) was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results showed that mindfulness-based stress reduction program has significant impact on increasing of self-efficacy of students. According to these results it can be concluded that this method can be used by school administrators and especially school psychologists and counselors.