حسین لاری یزدی

Viola tricolor L. of the Violaceae family is used for its antioxidant and pharmaceutical compounds. This study was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles on the photosynthetic systems and gas exchange of the Viola tricolor L. Treatments included silver nanoparticles with three concentrations (10, 50, and 100 ppm) and a control (distilled water). Results of the study showed that relative water content, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a concentration, and total chlorophyll concentration, maximum fluorescence, soluble carbohydrate, and antioxidant activity were higher in the treated plants compared with the control plants. Stomatal conductance showed a significant improvement under 50 mg/L silver nanoparticles compared with the other treatments. Maximum chlorophyll b was observed in 10 ppm concentration of silver nanoparticles. Moreover, the highest chlorophyll a content was observed in the plants treated with 50 mg/L concentration of nanoparticles. Carotenoid contents significantly improved in the plants treated with silver nanoparticles. CO2 content and insoluble carbohydrate were higher in the control group compared with the other treatments. A number of effective flavonoids were assayed, including Rutin, Quercetin, and Apigenin which showed a significant difference compared with the control group in 10, 50, and 10 ppm treatments, respectively. The results of this study showed that silver nanoparticles stimulate antioxidant activity and increase the secondary metabolites (flavonoid content) of Viola tricolor L.

Induction of engineered nanoparticles into medicinal plants causes resistance, enhances quantitative and qualitative performance and effective substances in them. In this study, β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles (β-CDNPS) were synthesized. The nanoparticle profile was determined by UV-VIS spectrum, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Then different concentrations of β-CDNPs including 0, 10, 50, 100 mg / l were used for foliar spray of basil (Ocimum basilicumc.v. Keshkeni luvelou). The amount of chlorophyll pigments and basil essential oil was significantly different (P≤ 5%) compared to the control.The maximum amount of chlorophyll b was observed in 100ppm treatment. The results showed a significant reduction (P≤5%) of the minimum fluorescence value (Fo) in the treatment of 50 ppm compared to the control and two levels of 10 and 100 ppm of β-CDNPS. The level of 50 ppm significantly increased (P≤ 5%) the maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence (Fv), photochemical efficiency of the photosystem compared to the control. Foliar spray of β-CDNPS caused changes in basil gas exchange. Soluble sugars and proline of basil leave and root in 50ppm treatment had a significant increase (P≤%5) compared to the control, so that insoluble sugars in leave and root showed the opposite trend. In the presence of β-CDNPS, phenylpropanoids and terpenoids concentration, in the basil showed a significant difference (P≤5%) compared to the control group. Induction of β-CDNPS nanoparticles in the biosynthesis pathway of secondary metabolites results in plant productivity Basil plant under the treatment of nano β-cyclodextrin, with concentration-dependent behavior increased yield per unit area. Therefore, foliar spray at the right concentration can act as an inducer while stimulating, preserving the active ingredients in basil and increase the content of essential oil for food and drug consumption.

By nanotechnology entrance into the field of medicinal plants, the agricultural industry and food industry ensures an increase in the amount and quality of their products, along with the preservation of the environment. The properties of materials are changed by changing their size to nano. The use of beta-cyclodextrin nanoparticles is described as a new protection strategy of the plant and induces a plant defense response. For this purpose, to study the effect of beta-cyclodextrin nanoparticles on the physiologic indexes and biochemical activities in basil of keshkeni luvelou cultivar, an experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design with four replications at four levels of 0.10, 50, 100mg/l in the greenhouse. The results showed that different growth indices such as root and stem length and diameter, fresh and dry weight of roots, shoots, and leaf area increased by 5% compared to the control and the highest increase was reported at 50ppm. Data analysis showed that the effect of different treatments on the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase, peroxidase enzymes, malondialdehyde content, and ion leakage of roots and leaves were significantly increased (P≤5%) compared to the control. Membrane stability index was assessed by measuring the electrolyte leakage of leaves and roots. A significant reduction (P≤5%) of ion leakage and malondialdehyde of roots and leaves was observed in the treatment of 50mg/l nano-beta cyclodextrin which indicates an increase in enzyme activity. With the entrance of nanoparticles into agriculture can minimize the scope of chemical control and disruption of environmental physiological practices. The trend of changes in physiological and biochemical parameters studied in the present study are relatively reliable indicators to introduce the best concentration of beta-cyclodextrin nanoparticles for basil.

Employing biosynthesized nanoparticles plays an important role in increasing efficiency of agricultural practices. In recent years, the use of nanoparticles in plants has been considered as pesticides, protective agents, and nutrients. Viola tricolor belongs to the Violaceae family, which has antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral properties. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using silver nitrate and Viola tricolor extract to investigate the effect of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles on the physiologic and biochemical indexes of Viola tricolor. Results showed that different growth parameters including root and stem fresh weight, root and shoot length, and protein content significantly increased under AgNPs. The highest levels of these indices were observed at 0, 10, 50 and 100 ppm silver nanoparticles, respectively. Proline and carbohydrates also increased under different concentrations of AgNPs compared with the control and the highest values of these indices were observed under 100 ppm silver nanoparticles. The contents of secondary metabolites, including phenol and flavonoids, were affected under 100 ppm AgNP showing the highest increase. The maximum increase in the anthocyanin content was observed at 10 ppm AgNPs. Analysis of the antioxidant enzyme activities showed that they increased under all AgNPs concentrations of the study. Increases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and glutathione reductase) under AgNPs treatments led to a decrease in MDA content. Based on the results of the current study, silver nanoparticles are suggested as proper stimulants for increased growth and production of antioxidant properties.

Raspberries composed of various varieties, are popular ingredients of daily diet with highly distinguished biological activities. In this study, a comparative investigation was conducted on various chemical potential of methanol extracts from Rubus loganobaccus L. leaf parts cultured in greenhouse and open-field. Biochemical activity of the extracts obtained from the field cultured leaves were observed to be higher than greenhouse cultured plants. In the antioxidant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the field cultured leaves were better succeeded in radical scavenging with IC50 as low as 1.08 ± 0.75 μg/mL while in reducing power assay, open-field plants against greenhouse plants had a higher EC50 (2.82 ± 0.70 and 2.41 ± 0.75 μg/mL, respectively). Considerable antibacterial and antifungal activity were observed in open-field plants and greenhouse plants in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) tests with a similar pattern, in which the lowest MIC and MBC in open-field and greenhouse plants were 5 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL, respectively, against Bacillus cereus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. This experiment revealed that leaf parts of Rubus loganobaccus cultured in greenhouse and in field possess a number of biological properties including antioxidative and antimicrobial potentials with the superiority of the later source which indicates the criticality of using natural products to improve human health.

Breast Cancer is the most common cancer in the Iranian women. Essential oil of Thymus is containing anticancer compounds including thymol. The aim if this research was studding the effect of thymus essential oil on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 using MTT and Trypan blue methods, and comparing of its effect with taxol as a well-known anticancer agent. In this research, MCF-7 and Hu-02 cell lines were porched from IBRC institute. The cells were treated by different concentrations of Thymus essential oil and taxol in the times of 24, 48 and 72 hours. The cytotoxicity of the treatments was measured by means of MTT and trypan blue staining. Results showed that Thymus essential oil had cytotoxic effect, in different doses, on the MCF-7 cell line. The highest cytotoxic effect was measured in the group treated by 125 μg/ml of Thymus essential oil. The Thymus essential did not show any cytotoxic effect on the cells of HU-02. Results were also showed that the essential oil can increase the cytotoxicity effect of Taxol on the cancer cell line, thus it seems that is effective in breast cancer therapy; probably, it causes to cell death by apoptosis induction.

Copper is an essential plant micronutrient, required for the protein components of several enzymes. Salicylic acid (SA) or orthohydroxy benzoic acid and other compounds which are belong to this group are plant phenolic that play a major role in regulation of many physiological processes e.g. growth, develoment , ion absorption and germination. In present research effect of different concentration of Copper sulfate (0,0/5,1,1/5 mM) and salicylic acid (5μM) on some physiological activities in two cultivar (Partov and Gohar) of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) was studied, in hydroponic culture. The experiment was based on a completely randomized dosing with four replicates.We found that excess Copper, in both cultivar, cause a decrease in starch content of leaves in these plant. Proline, soluble sugar and Catalas activity enzyme was increased. Salicylic acid alleviated effect of excess Cu in leaves. We found that under cu stress Gohar is more resistant than partov cultivar.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is affected by some different stresses. Aerosol is one of the new problems that is accompanied by a drought stress in some Western and Southern parts of Iran (Marsafari, 2011). The increase of irrigation intervals reduces chlorophyll a and b and increases proline amino acid content of basil leaf (Gholdani, 2012). Zadeh Bagheri (2014) has indicated that the accumulation of sugar, chlorophyll, potassium and proline content in beans can be cause of drought-resistance in plants.
The objective of this study was the evaluate aerosols along with drought stress effects on mungbean photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen compounds, soluble sugars and grain yield.
The research was conducted to study the effect of drought and aerosol stresses on physiological traits of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in the Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center which lies at latitude 33° and 29' N, longitude 48° and 18' E, and an altitude of 1195 m above sea level in 2015. Before the beginning of the experiment, soil samples were taken in order to determine the physical and chemical properties. A split plot design based on RCBD was used with four replications. Four different irrigation regimes after 70 (well irrigated treatment), 80 , 90 and 100 mm evaporation from pan class A were assigned to main plot, and three aerosol levels did not contain aerosols (control) and using 50 and 100 mg m-3 aerosols in clay soil sours were randomized in subplots. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a b, soluble sugars and protein content in leaves were measured at flowering period and grain yield was measured at harvesting time.
The data were statistically analyzed using the MSTAT-C and SAS softwares. Comparison of means was performed using the Least Significant Difference test at 5% probability level.
Result showed that chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a was significantly affected by drought stress. Aerosol only affects chlorophyll a. Drought and aerosol stresses interaction had a significant effect on chlorophyll a and decreased it. The highest amount of chlorophyll a (0.015 mg g-1 FW) in leaves was achieved by normal irrigation in different levels of the aerosol. Chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a b significantly reduced by drought stress from 0.0083 and 0.024 in normal irrigation condition to 0.0037 and 0.01 mg g-1 FW in severe drought stress, respectively.
Sugar of leaves was also significantly reduced by drought stress from 1.86 in normal irrigation condition to 4.62 mg g-1 FW in severe drought stress. Protein content was also significantly affected by drought stress and decreased from 0.15 in normal irrigation condition to 0.05 mg g-1 DW in severe drought stress. Significant and negative linear relationship was found between drought stress and grain yield, but found a significant and positive linear relationship between drought stress and leaf proline.
In addition, according to data analysis in this experiment, the synergistic effect was found in higher levels of drought stress and aerosols on chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a b, soluble sugars and protein contents significantly decreased by drought stress. Also, Significant and negative linear relationship was found between drought stress and grain yield, but between drought stress and leaf proline was found to be significant and positive. Therefore, it seems that provision of water requirement of mungbean plant in the region, while preventing the decrease in grain yield, does not have a negative effect of aerosols on the plant.

Aluminum is one of the metals that showed toxic effects on various plants. Decreasing of pH in the soil will cause to solve Al ions, and absorbed by the roots of the plants; thus it can influence the growth of the plant. In this research, the toxic impact of aluminum on some physiological functions of the bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is studied. Bean seeds were germinated on the wet papers and cultured in the hydroponics environment, and then treated by various aluminum concentrations (30, 40 and 50 millimolar). Results showed that aluminum cause to decrease of germination, length of the root and stem and insoluble sugars in the root of the treated plants under 10 and 20 days. The activity of catalase and peroxidase, and the amounts of soluble sugars and total proteins were increased in the roots of the aluminum-treated plants. The later one can be related to production of detoxifying proteins that were reported in some prior reports.

Zinc is one of the essential micronutrients for the normal growth and development of plants, as it is known to be required in several metabolic processes but the presence of Zinc at higher concentrations especiallyinacid soils, is limiting factor for plant growth. To evaluate the impact of Zinc on growth and physiological characteristics of bean plants, concentrations of 30, 40 and 50 (µM) Zn(No3)2 were used in the hydroponic media.The results showed that the treatments had significant effects on the growth and physiological parameters so that the rate of germination, root length, shoot length, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight, SLW and LWR significantly decreased and LAR and LWCA significantly increased with increasing of Zn concentration and also Zn had no significant effect on SLA on the plants. According to the Duncan analysis, presence of Zn in the nutrient medium caused to increase chlorophyll content and soluble sugars significantly butinsoluble sugars exhibited decreasing.The presence of heavy metals in the rhizosphere and influx them to plant make reduce growth and cause to irregularity in cells metabolism,thus Zn might be affected the important processes such as water transporting, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content.

Environmental pollution with heavy metals is increasing and Lead is one of the most important pollutants of the environment. In this research Solanum melongena was selected and studied on ovule developmental stages of Eggplant، which is one of the main agricultural plants in Asia and Africa continents. For this aim، this project was set as CRD design with 4 treatments including different concentrations of lead acetate 0mM، 3mM، 6mM and 9mM، were spread on the experimental plants. Then the flowers were collected in different developmental stages and fixed in FAA then subjected for developmental studies and studied with photomicroscope. Results of microscopically studies showed that Lead treatment could influence developmental staged of pollen grains، so that the increase of lead concentration increases abnormalities in plants. Some of these abnormalities in plants that treated by Lead acetate such as، accumulation of dark particles، vacuolated pollen grain، change in natural shape of pollen grains، formation of tetrads and pollen wall were shown. Decrease of fertility and viability in pollen grains was also seen in plant treated with Lead acetate.

Environmental pollution with heavy metals is increasing and lead is one of the most important pollutants of environmental. Pb not only affects plant growth and productivity but also enters into the food chain causing health hazards to man and animals. In this research Solanum melongena L. was selected and studied on ovule developmental stages of Eggplant, which is one of the main agricultural plants in Asia and Africa continent. For this aim, set this project as CRD design with 4 treatments including different concentrations of lead acetate 0mM, 3mM, 6mM and 9mM, were spread on the experimental plants. Then collect buds and flowers in different developmental stages and fixed in FAA 70, then subjected for developmental studies and studied with light microscopy after sectioning. Results of microscopically studies showed that lead treatment could influenced developmental staged of ovule. Degeneration of nuclei in embryo sac and changes in embryo sac include destroy of embryo sac, prevent of shaping embryo sac and plasmolysis in nucellus tissue.

Drought stress is one of the significant, limiting, environmental factors in the crop production. Previous research indicated that the salicylic acid plays an important role in the germination and the regulation of the physiological processes in plants. The present study was carried out in an attempt to investigate the effects of drought stress and the salicylic acid on the germination of two maize cultivars and to compare their drought tolerance. The experiment followed a factorial, completely randomized, research design and was carried out in three replications. The factors included: the drought stress (i.e. water potential at six levels: 0, -2, -4, -8 and -10 Mpa) and the salicylic acid (0 and 0.2 mM). The results indicated that the drought stress and the salicylic acid had significant effects on all of the traits under study, i.e. germination percentage, germination speed, mean time germination, germination rate, radicle and shoot lengths, fresh and dry radicle weight, fresh and dry shoot weight, and dry seedling weight. With an increase in the drought stress, all of the aforementioned straits significantly decreased except for the mean time germination which demonstrated an increase. Similarly, the salicylic acid had a significant effect on all of the traits under analysis. Comparing the two cultivars, it was found that the 647 cultivar demonstrated more tolerance against the drought stress at germination level in comparison to the 704 one. In addition, the salicylic acid increased drought tolerance at germination level in both of the cultivars.

In this research the effects of lead poisons with different concentration 0،0. 25،0. 5،0. 75،1،1. 5 and 2 mM، also above concentration it was accompanied by salicylic acid (5 and 10μM) on parameters of growth and change of chlorophyll a، b and a+b in Brassica napus L. Cultivar Opera was investigated. The Rapeseed was planted in hydroponic culture for 10 days. At the end of treatment the roots and shoots of canola were harvested separately and the length of root and shoot، leaf area، fresh and dry weight of root and shoot، SLA، SLW، LAR and LWCA and change of chlorophyll a، b and a+b were measured. Collected data were extracted and statistical analysis with SPSS statistical soft ware and test of Duncan performed. The result was shown that the length of root and shoot، leaf area، fresh and dry weight of root and shoot، SLA، LAR and amount of chlorophyll a، b and a+b with increasing the concentration of Pb (No3) 2 in comparing with control group was significantly decreased and SLW and LWCA was significantly increased (p<0. 01). With application of salicylic acid with concentration of (5 and 10 μM) all damage due of lead stress modified.

In this research the effect of different lead concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2mM) and salicylic acid with concentrations (5, 10μM) on content of protein and soluble and insoluble sugar cubes (starch) of Brassica napus L. Cv. Okapi in hydroponic culture were studied. The growing period was 10 days and statistical analysis was done with SPSS soft war and test of Duncan. The result was shown that with increasing the concentration of Pb the amount of soluble and insoluble sugars in root and shoot was significantly decreased (P<0.01) and the amount of protein with increasing lead concentration in root increased and in shoot was decreased. Increasing amount of soluble and insoluble sugar cubes in root and shoot in these plants which were under treatment both lead and salicylic acid show the role of salicylic acid in increasing tolerance of plants to lead stress. The reduction of the amount of Protein in roots and increasing in shoots under lead and salicylic acid treatments indicated of reduction in damages that caused by oxidative stress in these plants.

This research was done to study the effects of lead and salicylic acid on content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a, b and a+b), and changes of soluble and insoluble sugars (starch) in roots and shoots of Brassica napus L.. One-week old seedlings of Brassica napus L. were grown in nutrient solution consisting Pb(NO3)2 (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2 mmol) and salicylic acid (5 and 10 μmol) for 20 days. The fulfillments were in triplicate and data were statistically analyzed by using full randomize plots, SPSS and Duncan test. Based on the results by increasing the concentrations of Pb (NO3)2 in hydroponic cultures; the plants could not tolerate high concentrations of lead (1.5 and 2 mmol). Other lead treated plants showed significant decrease in the amount of chlorophyll a, b and a+b and content of soluble and insoluble sugars in roots and shoot compared to control plants, in the meantime, the activities of catalase and peroxidase enzymes were significantly increased. Decreasing of the amount of chlorophyll a was higher than chlorophyll b in all treatments. There were considerable increases in chlorophyll a, soluble and insoluble sugars in both roots and shoot under lead and salicylic acid treatments. But application of salicylic acid did not show significant effect on the amount of chlorophyll b and a+b, whereas using of salicylic acid under lead treatments decreased activities of catalase and peroxidase enzymes, but salicylic acid did not have significant effect on average of catalase activities in root. On the other hand, an increase of soluble and insoluble sugars and oxidative enzymes could show the role of salicylic acid in increasing tolerance of plants under lead stress. Therefore, salicylic acid had a role in mitigation of damaged caused by oxidative stress.

Scrophularia striata Boiss belongs to Scrophulariaceae family which contains 5 species in the flora of Iran. Its local name in Lorestan province is Teshne Daro. S. striata was collected from northwest mountains of Kuh-dasht in Lorestan province, Iran. The collected plant materials were dried in shade and subjected to hydro distillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The anatomical studies were carried out using distaining method with brown Bismarck and methyl green. GC and GC/MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in the identification of 34 compounds, representing 90.3% of the oil. Major constituents isolated from the essential oil of Scrophularia striata were linalool (18.3%), 6, 10, 14-trimethylpentadecane-2-one (8.4%), dibutyl phthalate (6.9%) and β-damascone (5.9%). The anatomical studies showed that, oil-secreting idioblasts and terpenoides were observed in cortex region.

Polluting the environment with heavy metals is on the increase and lead is one of the most important environmental pollutants. Salicylic acid is known as a plant antitoxic. In this research, the effects of different concentration of lead acetate and Salicylic acid were studied on some growth factors of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), which is one of the main agricultural plant in continents of Asia and Africa. For this purpose, different concentrations of lead acetate including 0.005, 0.01 and 0.015 m, salicylic acid including 1, 5 and 10 µm were spread on the experimental plants, and control group were spread with water. Results showed that treatment with lead acetate caused changes in growth factors and treatment with salicylic acid caused growth plant improvement, significantly. Results were significant for some growth factors including fresh and dry weight, leaf area, CGR, RLGR and LAR, but were not significant for NAR and LWR (P≤0.05).

Oliveria genus belongs to Umbeliferae family and only has one species, Oliveria decumbens Vent endemic to Iran. On the other hand, essential oils are of secondary materials in plants widely used in the food, hygienic and pharmaceutical industry, and also as antimicrobial compounds. Oliveria decumbens was collected from northwest mountains of Kuh-dasht in Lorestan province. Afterward, plant materials were dried in shade and hydro distillated using a Clevenger apparatus. The oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The anatomical studies were carried out using distaining method with Bismark brown and methyl green. GC and GC/MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in identification of 16 compounds representing 96.4% of the total oil. Anatomical studies showed that the surface of leaves was covered by non-glandular hairs while in cross section of the stems, the secretory canals were observed in cortex region.