حسین ملتفت

Iran, alike under-developing countries was encountered to new phenomena called aging. Health promotion and reinforcing social situation of older adults is a matter. Having a toolkit and operational guideline to measurement of this situation is necessary for policy makers on healthy aging.

The paper is a review study by evaluating documents and articles published in the conceptual framework since 2007-2023 which to design the Iranian older adults’ living standards index.

Theoretical framework of social quality was demonstrated by EFSQ (version 2001) in four main domains i.e. social inclusion, social empowerment, social cohesion, and socio-economic security. The study theoretically has constructed the Gerontological scale of social quality in 97-items (GSSQ-97, 2023) upon Iranian, the world literature, and EFSQ.

The instrument was composed according to Iranian and similar societies. The operational and methodological assessment of the scale could be the next step. Even though data availability is the main challenge in a society like Iran.

Social factors play a decisive role in the formation and change of lifestyle. Urbanization, modern education, technological development, mass media, health promotion and healthcare development are among these factors. The study aims to investigate lifestyle changes in the the formation and development of healthcare in Izeh. It was conducted using an ethnographic method.

In this qualitative study, 20 people were selected and entered into the study through purposive sampling (snowball). Data were collected using common data collection methods in ethnographic studies (observation and in-depth interviews). Interviews with samples, or in qualitative terms, informants, continued until the researcher reached theoretical saturation. Grounded theory analysis was used to analyze the data obtained.
Ethical Considerations: In compiling this research, the principles of trustworthiness and honesty in the analysis, reporting and publication of the material have been observed.

The findings show that the transition from natural to man-made ecosystems and the development of health care services have paved the way for lifestyle changes in Iseh. While in natural ecosystems, there was a type of local indigenous medicine based on historical and oral experiences, the man-made ecosystem of modern medicine was based on two approaches: rationalism and empiricism. Health care facilities, reducing infant and child mortality and consequently increasing the population, improving nutrition, developing urban services and facilities, increasing social awareness and promoting public health and public sports were among the achievements of the emergence and development of health care in Izeh, which have created fundamental changes in its people lifestyle.

Before the government entered the nomadic society, people’s medical needs were met through a kind of local indigenous medicine. However, due to limitations, it was not able to treat all patients. With the settlement of the nomads in the region and the implementation of modernization programs, including the introduction of modern education, the emergence of health care (1938), the formation of the Malaria Control Department (1965), the dispatch of the Knowledge Corps, the Health Corps and the Promotion Corps to rural areas, the establishment of maternity hospitals (1968), hospitals (1979), water pipes (1979) and since the 1960s, the increase in urban-rural clinics, health homes, health centers and the increase in the number of doctors and paramedics has brought about fundamental changes in the lifestyle of the people of the region.

This research is about Embodiment and construction femininity and using the grounded theory method in order to achieve the paradigmatic model of rhinoplasty among female students. The process of understanding cosmetic surgery among teenage girls needs a deep analysis and analysis in order to examine the exact aspects of this phenomenon. The main question of the current research is what are the reasons, meanings and consequences of rhinoplasty for these girls

The research method was grounded theory type. The type of sampling was purposeful, and according to the importance of sufficiency and saturation, the adequacy of sampling was determined in the number of 17 informants. The data collection tool was semi- structured interview and narrative interview. The strategy of data extraction and analysis was based on theoretical coding which includes open, central and selective coding.

The findings of the research confirm that the body is at the center of existence of these teenagers and they consider their existence to be bodily. Rhinoplasty is a means to build the femininity of these girls. Teenage girls evaluate the results of this cosmetic surgery positively and are satisfied with its results.

Cooperatives are the most democratic organizations on earth, whose members are the main owners, and it is expected that cooperatives can make the most of this valuable feature. The purpose of the current research is to investigate and provide solutions to increase the participation of cooperative members in the affairs related to the cooperative companies of Ahvaz city.

Methods and Material: 

This research was done with quantitative approach, survey method and using questionnaire technique to collect data. Based on Cochran's formula, 350 people were selected from all the members of the cooperatives as the sample size. The sampling method was a multi-stage cluster. Data analysis was done using spss software version 22.

The findings showed that there is a difference between managers' views on the importance of members' participation, the level of information about the programs related to cooperative affairs, the level of information about meetings related to cooperative affairs, the level of satisfaction with information on cooperative affairs, satisfaction with the managers' performance, There is a significant relationship between the willingness of managers to participate in meetings, the encouragement of managers to participate in meetings, and the awareness of members about the benefits of participating in cooperative affairs with the participation of cooperative members. However, there has been no significant relationship between the amount of capital of the members in the cooperative and the amount of their participation. Also, the step-by-step regression results showed that the variables of the amount of information about cooperative meetings, the importance of members' participation, and the level of satisfaction with managers' performance had the greatest contribution in explaining the participation of cooperative members in the affairs of cooperative companies. And in total, they explained 80% of the changes in the dependent variable, which indicates a very high level of explanation.

The purpose of the present study is to analyze the social processes of the formation of single life in Ahvaz city. The research method is based on a qualitative method with a grounded theory approach, which was conducted in order to identify and understand the formation processes of single life through interviews with men who have this type of life in order to achieve a systematic understanding. In this study, 14 men who lived unmarried in Ahvaz city were selected by theoretical and purposeful sampling method. The data were collected and analyzed based on in-depth interviews. The analysis of the interviews based on of Strauss and Corbin coding system resulted in the formation of 18 sub-categories, 7 main categories including 1) single life as a continuum from situation requirements to lifestyle choices, 2) single life inspired by personal history, 3) single life, permanent process of legitimization, 4) single life, living against cultural prescription, 5) celibate life, living in the shadow of celibacy, 6) single life, an opportunity for personal and professional development and fulfillment, and 7) single life, a possibility to escape from pervasive surveillance, and finally led to the discovery of a core category under the title "single life; deconstruction of lifeworld of youth.

In recent years, the inclination of young people towards addictive substances has been steadily increasing. This study aims to develop a paradigmatic model for the analysis of causal, contextual, and intervening conditions related to substance relapse in Khuzestan province of Iran, from the perspective of experts and specialists in specialized addiction treatment clinics.

This study was conducted using the Grounded Theory methodology. The data required for analysis was collected via in-depth interview technique with 21 active doctors in addiction treatment clinics in Khuzestan province, who were selected using purposive and theoretical sampling.

According to the paradigmatic model developed, a significant reason for relapse is the health system's failure to adapt to changes in the production and consumption of addictive substances. Current guidelines for addressing substance abuse—from combating production and distribution to prevention and treatment—are still primarily focused on opioids.

The fragmentary understanding of drug abuse has caused the stop addiction paradigm to prevail over treatment, in such a way, relapse is considered an inevitable consequence for those suffering from addiction. This is so while considering substance abuse (addiction) as a biosocial phenomenon and its treatment is completely possible and accessible.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of information technology on the lifestyle of the people of Izeh city. In this research, a survey method and a questionnaire were used to collect information. The statistical population in this research is all the citizens aged 18 to 60 of Izeh city with the estimated sample size of 384 people using Cochran's formula and quota and random sampling method was used to obtain the research sample. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the lifestyle theories of Bourdieu, Adler, Simmel, Weber, etc. and the theory of social changes. The analysis of statistical data showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between media consumption (use of the Internet) and types of lifestyle (leisure, consumption, social, cultural, economic, health and modern) of the people of Izeh city; But there is no significant relationship between media consumption and the traditional lifestyle of the people of Izeh.

There are public and government concerns that social media may encourage risky behavior in the offline environment. In this research, the relationship between virtual social networks and the tendency to risky behaviors has been investigated through a survey method. The statistical population of the present study was the youths aged 18-29 of Izeh city, whose number is about 198,000 according to the census of 2015. The sample size was estimated to be 400 people using Cochran's formula, and the sampling method was a multi-stage cluster. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The results of the research hypotheses test showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between social networks and the tendency to risky behaviors. Exposure to online couration of using social networks and the tendency to risky behavior. There is also a significant difference between the relationship between virtual social networks and gender. Also, the type of membership in virtual social networks has an effect on the tendency to risky behavior.There is also a significant difference between the relationship between virtual social networks and gender. nline couration of using social networks and the tendency to risky behavior. There is also a significant difference between the relationship between virtual social networks and gender. Also, the type of membership in virtual social nThere are public and government concerns that social media may encourage risky behavior in the offline environment. . In this research,.

Lifestyle is a coherent set of behaviors that is manifested in the form of consumption. During the last four decades, the lifestyle has undergone fundamental changes. The aim of the current research is to study the ethnographic changes in lifestyle (clothing and food) in the process of urban development in Izeh. The research methodology is based on interpretative paradigm. In this regard, in order to answer the research questions and objectives, the ethnographic method was chosen. In this regard, 23 informants who were selected by purposeful sampling were included in the study. The obtained data were analyzed through Grounded analysis and concepts, sub-categories and main categories were extracted. The findings of the research show that the spontaneous settlement of the nomads and the change of the natural ecosystem to the man-made ecosystem has brought about a change in the lifestyle of the residents in the study area. The change in the ecosystem gradually changed the arrangements for preparing food and the type of clothing, and urbanization as a man-made ecosystem has replaced the behavioral patterns of "individualism" and "consumerism" with the behavioral patterns of "collectivism" and "productivity". Qapu board of nomadic, the implementation of the provisions of the White Revolution, including land reforms, the sending of the Knowledge Corps to rural areas and the nationalization of forests and pastures led to the intensification of rural migrations, the increase of the city population and, consequently, the changes in lifestyle in the studied area.

Today, entrepreneurship goes beyond the realm of business and is also meaningful in the social, political, cultural, moral, and other fields. Social entrepreneurship involves creating economic and social value in an innovative way. The aim of this study is to investigate and explore social entrepreneurship models using meta synthesis method. Thus, after referring to the sites “Google Scholar” and “Scopus” in the period 2000 to 2022, among the many scientific articles, 35 suitable articles were identified. The validity of the proposed concepts, the hybrid outputs, and the concepts generated by the Delphi panel technique have been categorized and validated by a group of elites. In order to analyze the concepts, dimensions and influential components, the content analysis method has been used. Findings indicate the development of social entrepreneurship dimensions in the form of five general categories: “multilevel innovation”, “social value creation”, “ecology and design of social business model”, “definition of the role of social entrepreneur” and “employment and income generation”.

Intorduction: 

Nowadays, the issue of employment of the physically disabled as one of the basic needs of this group is explored in the context of social entrepreneurship knowledge. The aim of this study is to develop a paradigm model of applying the social entrepreneurship approach in the field of employment of the physically disabled in Khuzestan.

The research method is a qualitative method based on the grounded theory approach data were collected using semi-structured and in-depth interviews with 12 social business professionals and experts. In data analysis, 15 main categories have been extracted around the central category.  Also, in the axial coding stage, The central category of research category "Differentiation and underdevelopment of social entrepreneurship of the disabled" was extracted based on the main categories of the research.

In the paradigm model of research, participation of the disabled as a social entrepreneur, high motivation to work among the disabled and the need to review the world of the disabled have emerged as causal conditions for social entrepreneurship. The educability and the existence of the idea of social entrepreneurship related to the disabled are conceptualized as the contextual conditions of social entrepreneurship for the disabled. Categories such as differentiation, instrumental view of employment of the disabled, disproportionate expertise and responsibility in managerial appointments, lack of job preparation, lack of legal, institutional and financial support are limitations and conditions involved in the development of social entrepreneurship. Workplace adaptation, mental imagery, and planning and policy-making are the main categories of act/interact (strategies) in the paradigm model.

Discussin:

 According to the research findings, social entrepreneurship is a process that in the first stage, by recognizing and defining disability as a physical weakness ,takes into account the level of individual abilities, skills and communication of people with disabilities. In the second stage, by studying and understanding the needs of the society, it will lead to starting a business based on exploitation, innovation and creativity for the disabled and sometimes by themselves. The end result of social entrepreneurship is the entry, participation and role of people with disabilities in the cycle of sustainable development.

The study is to design and test a conceptual model for analyzing basketball development system in Iran using structural equation approach. This is a descriptive correlational study. The population consisted of managers, experts and coaches aware of basketball development in the Iran. The statistical sample was estimated to be sufficient for modeling in PLS software and was selected by judgmental sampling (n=214).  The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale (96 questions). The validity of the research instrument was confirmed in three parts: content validity (n=11 by experts), reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient=0/89) and construct validity (optimal fitting of modeling).  The results showed that conceptual model of research includes the level of context (international developments and capabilities, national characteristics and background, national background, national sport development), capability (strategic and executive management, physical resources and facilities, financial and economic management, scientific and Technology), Partnerships (Event & Partnerships, Expert Human Resources Management, Talent & Athletes Management, External Stakeholders Management) and Outcome (Sustainable Basketball Development).The conceptual model was analyzed in the software and its results were reported in two parts: a) Factor analysis of the main variables with its dimensions and subsets and b) Path analysis between these main variables. Except for the three relationships of event-based talent, environmental context on strategic management, and the effect of resources on the event, other relationships were confirmed and significant. Based on the conceptual model, it is a strategic process that is ultimately influenced by participatory components.

This study was conducted with the aim of exploring the process of increasing instability and divorce in families in the city of Darhshahr. The method used in this research is Corbin and Strauss Grounded theory. The data of this study were collected through in-depth interviews with 20 divorced and divorced families with family specialists in the city of Darhshahr by purposeful and theoretical sampling. Data analysis was performed based on three stages of open, axial and selective coding. After coding the four main categories of the seemingly core but unstable family, natural differences and insufficient social development underlie the instability of families, change the way of looking at and adhering to married life and the children of the first victims of families. Appeared unstable which formed around a core category called the fluidity and fragility of marital relationships. Of course, the fluidity and fragility of marital relationships is not a reason for the destruction and collapse of the family It means changing the structure of the family And the change in the structure of the family is in line with the social, economic and cultural changes of society.The family has also embraced new forms and new values during its changes.

The aim of this research was provide a framework for analyzing the basketball development system in Iran. The research method was qualitative research with systematic exploratory approach. The statistical population consisted of two sections of human society (managers, coaches ...) and information society (books, articles, documents, media, etc.) related to basketball. The sample was selected based on theoretical saturation and was sampled in a theoretical way (21 people and 56 documents). The research tool was a library study and exploratory interviews. The validity of the tool was evaluated and verified based on the legal and scientific evidence of the sample, the opinion of the experts, and the agreement between the codebook editors. A multi-stage coding method was used to analyze the data using a systematic approach. The research framework derived from coding included four levels of perspectives, factors, dimensions, and components of them. Their perspectives and factors include the background (international development and development, features and capabilities, background and national background, national development of sport), ability (strategic and executive management, physical resources and facilities, financial management and Economic, scientific and technological resources), participation (event and participation, expert human resource management, talent management and athlete management, external stakeholder management) and the consequence (sustainable development of basketball). Relationship between the factors in the conceptual model is drawn. Based on research findings, the basketball development system can be said to be a strategic process which is influenced by the above-mentioned factors, ultimately through collaborative component and its desirability is to lead to sustainable development of this discipline.

Nowadays with the growing media coverage and all aspects of life, one can see their impact on the most sensitive issues, such as fertility. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of media consumption on the fertility behavior of women aged 15-49 years old in Ahvaz. To achieve the appropriate theoretical framework, demographic transition, modernization, and Caldwell and Giddens theorie were employed. 

Methods and Data: 

The sampling method was the proportional stratified randomized method and the sample size was based on Morgan's table with 0.05 error, and 384 people. The data gathering method was survey using questionnaire tool. 

The findings of this study indicate that there is a reverse relationship between the consumption of foreign media and the use of new information technologies and the relationship with the fertility behavior variable. There is no significant relationship between internal media consumption and fertility behavior. 

The results of multiple regression coefficient indicate that the variable of consumption of new information and communication technologies and external media consumption explain 13% of changes in variance of fertility behavior. 

Key Message: 

The findings of this study show that new information and communication technologies in the first place and foreign media in the second place have an impact on fertility.

The present study aimed to explain the sociology of attitudes and perception of flood risk by analyzing the semantic system of flood victims in Khuzestan province. In the qualitative stage of the research, the method of contextual theory (systematic approach) was used. The studied population is the families of flood victims in Khuzestan province. The data of this study were collected through in-depth interviews and purposive-theoretical sampling with 25 flood-related stakeholders, and to analyze the data from five stages of open coding and concept recognition, concept development in terms of dimensions and features, Data analysis was used to context and introduce the process into the analysis and integration of categories. After coding, seven main categories of data emerged. The emerging model includes three dimensions: conditions, actions, interactions, and consequences. The "conditions" include weakness of governmental and non-governmental institutions in providing services, weak crisis management in providing services, lack of information by governmental and non-governmental organizations as causal conditions; Environmental shocks, family economic vulnerability, poor performance of governmental and non-governmental organizations in providing safety and health education, "action-interaction" dimension, including flood victims feedback, lack of knowledge and awareness about floods, flood risk perception, Village confusion, lack of security, dimension of "human consequences", including increasing the interaction of local officials and trustees

Human capital is one of the most effective and important factors that affect economic growth. Efficient manpower makes it possible to increase production and added value, and ignoring this important factor can be one of the reasons for underdevelopment in some developing countries. Also, investing in human capital and increasing its share in the total investment of the country, causes better utilization of physical capital and is an important factor in the process of economic growth and development. Therefore, studying the effect of each of these factors on economic growth can help economists in appropriate policy-making. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of demographic change and human capital on economic growth in Iran to examine the relationship between demographic change, human capital and economic growth in Iran. The study period was (2019-2010) and ARDL technique was used to estimate the study model. According to the results of the long-term dynamic model, it was observed that there is a significant relationship between demographic change and human capital with economic growth. In other words, increasing population change through the dependence of young people and adults has a negative effect on economic growth, but population growth also has a positive effect on economic growth. However, the effect of population changes on economic growth with respect to the coefficients of population change variables reveals its negative effect on economic growth in Iran. It was also found that the life expectancy index of human capital indicators has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Iran during the study period. In other words, investing in the labor force and increasing their welfare and security in order to improve the life expectancy index, will lead to better economic growth.

In this study, the course of reducing interactions and communication between family members and between Iranian families in the last four decades has been studied with a qualitative method and fundamental theory approach. Sampling method is purposeful and performed with theoretical sampling strategy and method of data collection was in-depth interviews with 20 participants, including men and women, as well as family experts in Darrehshahr. The findings have been obtained using the fundamental theory consisting of the core category of erosion of social capital within and between families. It has five main categories: “reduction of social capital networks between clans and relatives”, “microscopic interactions between neighbors”, “cold interactions of neighbors”, “atomic relations of citizens” and “reduction of interactions between family members”. The resulting Grounded Theory is presented in the form of a paradigm model including three dimensions of conditions, interactions and consequences. Ultimately, families need to have both face-to-face and virtual relationships, so that their social capital is strengthened and not eroded.

Lately, the anomalies in capital markets have severely challenged the efficient hypothesis. The winner stock momentum is one of the anomalies called the unexplained short-term return by Fama and French (1996). The current study attempts for explaining the winner stock momentum in the Iranian capital market. The grounded theory method was used to explain wining stock momentum. To this end, in-depth interviews were held with 32 specialists working in the professional and academic grounds in 2018. The collected data were encoded in three stages, and the results were presented as a conceptual paradigm. Then, to quantify the model by the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was distributed among the specialists. The research results are presented as a qualitative-quantitative model and the story extracted by grounded theory.The study discoveries recognized the momentum causal factors in the behavioral level, the background factors in the social, macroeconomics, and market levels, the intervening factors in the global economics, macroeconomics, market, and company levels, and the strategies in the social, macroeconomics, market, the investment and finances institutions, and consequences factors in market level.The study results propose that the winner stock momentum phenomenon must not be considered a speculation opportunity. Rather, it is an anomaly that has to be controlled with the suggested strategies.

This research examines studies of political participation in religiosity using the meta-analysis approach. The purpose of this study is descriptive and applied. The statistical population of the study consisted of master's theses, doctoral theses, and articles related to political participation in religiosity. 23 studies were included in the meta-analysis process using purposive non-random sampling. The effect size coefficient was evaluated using CMA2 software. The results showed that the relationship between all dimensions of religiosity and political participation is significant, while the emotional dimension of religiosity has the greatest effect on political participation, followed by ritual and consequential dimensions in the next ranks of influence, but cognitive and experimental dimensions. They had the least effect on political participation. In general, there is a moderate relationship between religiosity and political participation in studies conducted in Iran. Considering the social conditions of Iranian society and studies conducted in this field, political participation as a social behavior is influenced by various factors, including the religiosity of citizens, so this factor in interaction with other factors in society on the behavior of citizens' political participation affect. The results of the research show that citizens who believe in and practice religious issues have higher political participation than others.

This qualitative study was conducted to explore the mentality of immigrants entering the two suburbs of Ahvaz and present a paradigm model of their actions and related conditions and consequences. The method used in this research was the grounded theory method. The data of this study were collected through in-depth interviews. Purposive and theoretical sampling method was used. . In analyzing the data, five methods of open coding, concept development, context input, process entry and category integration were used. The collected data were coded and analyzed in six major categories and one core category. The presented paradigm model includes three dimensions of conditions, action interactions and consequences. The condition section includes urbanist media, idealism, and transformation of attitudes. The strategy section includes convenient and consumer-oriented migration) and Occupation oriented Migration. The outcome section includes strengthening the informal economy that formed a core category called migration as a horizon-opening action.

Globalization is a historical process in social, political, cultural and economic dimensions that leads to the introduction of non-indigenous factors into indigenous domains and territories and affects other societies at different levels. This study seeks to investigate the impact of some of the most effective globalization tools (including: the use of ICTs, industrial products, cultural products, and commercial advertising) on students' attitudes toward it. The theoretical base of this research is Giddens's theory on globalization and its statistical population is 16409 students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz. Was done. The research method in this study is survey method and questionnaire was used for data collection. The data were analyzed by SPSS software. Research findings indicate that there is a direct and significant correlation between globalization tools and students' attitude toward it. The results of regression analysis also showed that globalization tools account for 24% of the variance of the dependent variable. Given the theoretical and empirical background and the results, it can be said that with the help of its tools, globalization is changing and influencing students' attitudes in social, political, economic and cultural fields. These tend to the values of globalization taught by the West.

The purpose of this study was to exploring the family contexts and its role in reproducing the phenomenon of street children in Ahvaz. The core questions in this study include: 1. how is the economic and living condition of street children' parents in Ahvaz 2. What strategies do children adopt when they are in this economic and living condition 3. What are the parents' treatments of their children's work on the street 4. What are the consequences of working street children in Ahvaz To achieve this and to answer the questions, the interpretive approach and the grounded theory method were used. An in-depth interview was conducted first with targeted sampling and then theoretical sampling with 11 street children, which was immediately followed, by data collection, coding and analysis. The findings comprise 10 subcategories, 4 main categories, and the core category that was categorized "the working children as family economic life". The results showed that due to the lack of the family's economic power on the one hand and the experience of unfortunate events in the family such as death, disability and physical weakness of the head of the family on the other hand, the family is in a very unfavorable economic and living condition and it is the children who have to meet their family needs, and the family relies heavily on the them. Parents also proudly treat children's work as maturity, growth and greatness. Ultimately, the consequences of such a wide- phenomenon range from academic retardation, dropout to child abuse in the transfer of objects and substances by unknown individuals, and anti-security offers to the child.

This qualitative study was conducted to understand the process of forming a slum experience in the suburbs of Ahvaz. The urban population of Ahvaz according to the Census of 1395 is 118,4788, out of which nearly 400,000 live in thirteen slums. Of course, these neighborhoods have different facilities, some of which are similar to other non-suburban areas. The method used in this research is the theory of data base as one of the main methods of qualitative research. The data of this study were collected through in-depth interviews and theoretical purposeful sampling with forty-two stakeholders related to marginalization and to analyze data from five open coding and conceptualization methods, developing concepts in dimensions and Attributes, data analysis was used to contextualize, incorporate the process into the analysis and integration of categories. After coding, nine main categories of data emerged, each of which was thoroughly analyzed using the text of the interviews. The emerging paradigm consists of three dimensions of conditions, action-interactions, and outcomes, which are based on the results of conditions research (high-frequency climatic events, direct experience of war, oil boom, land reform and nomad suppression, limited mobility opportunities, and rural mobility). In the dimension of action-interaction (idealistic urbanism, migration as a way out of deadlock), and in the consequences around a core category Are formed.