حسین پورسلطانی زرندی

In the economic era, organizations paid special attention to physical work factors, equipment, and locations, referred to as tangible assets, in order to increase efficiency and success. However, with changes and advancements in management science, the importance of human resources and their characteristics, such as knowledge and expertise, job attitude, organizational commitment, motivation, communication, organizational intelligence, and self-efficacy, as well as the processes of interaction among them, which are called intangible assets, have gained significant importance for competition, increasing the life cycle, and organizational success. Therefore, in organizations such as the Ministry of Sports and Youth, which is responsible for creating a suitable environment for ensuring the health of individuals in society through physical activities, the importance of intangible assets found in the characteristics of human resources becomes more evident. In this regard, Mahdad (2006) believes that the most important goal in any organization is to achieve the highest possible level of productivity or optimal productivity. According to him, the effective factors in productivity include capital, tools, methods of work, human resources, and the characteristics of human resources. Therefore, among the intangible assets that should be considered in the Ministry of Sports and Youth, self-efficacy and its relationship with employees' organizational commitment can be significant.Regarding Bandura's concept of self-efficacy (1997), it is believed that self-efficacy is the degree of an individual's belief in their ability to organize and manage the necessary resources to act in order to achieve set outcomes. These beliefs influence aspirations and the level of commitment to them, the quality of analytical and strategic thinking, the level of motivation and perseverance in facing difficulties and setbacks, the tendency to avoid adversity, causal attributions for success or failure, and vulnerability to stress and depression. In relation to organizational commitment, Allen and Meyer (1990) believe that organizational commitment consists of three distinct dimensions, each with its own unique characteristics that influence an individual's behaviors and attitudes in different ways. Emotional commitment refers to an emotional or affective attachment to the organization, where individuals with emotional commitment identify with the organization, feel attached to it, and enjoy being a part of it. A person with a sense of emotional commitment usually demonstrates a high level of performance, has a positive work attitude, and is inclined to stay with the organization and continue collaborating. Continuance Commitment is based on the relationship between employees and the organization. In this way, what do employees receive in return for their efforts? And what will they lose if they leave the organization? Such a commitment causes individuals to refrain from leaving the organization and to feel a sense of commitment towards it. Due to the financial, social, psychological, and other costs incurred from leaving the organization, individuals with continuance commitment will only put forth their best efforts when the rewards align with their expectations. In other words, continuance commitment is a reflection of the assessment of the costs associated with leaving the organization versus the benefits gained from the organization. Normative commitment is based on organizational social experiences. These experiences emphasize competence and loyalty to an employer. The following will address some of the studies conducted related to the research area. As the review of theoretical foundations and literature indicates, the relationship between self-efficacy and organizational commitment has been considered in various organizations with different objectives. However, in the field of sports, especially regarding the relational model and the impact of various components of these two intangible assets, which play a significant role in organizational success, fewer studies have been conducted. Therefore, since the Ministry of Sports and Youth is considered one of the organizations whose main mission is to create and improve the health status of the entire population of the country through physical activities, and achieving this goal requires employees with optimal self-efficacy and organizational commitment, and given that no research has been conducted in this area within the mentioned ministry so far, the present study aims to answer the question of what the relational model between self-efficacy and organizational commitment of the employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth is. Is the following conceptual model well-fitted? In other words, is there a significant relationship between employee self-efficacy and their organizational commitment? And how do these two variables and their components influence the relationship between self-efficacy and organizational commitment in the Ministry of Sports and Youth?

The present study was descriptive-analytical in nature and was conducted in the field. In terms of the relationship between variables, it was causal and specifically based on the structural equation modeling approach. The statistical population of the research consisted of all 1,000 employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, from which 278 individuals were randomly selected for the research sample based on Morgan's table. The measurement tool included a self-efficacy questionnaire containing 17 questions, which were measured on a five-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. For questions 1, 3, 8, 9, 13, and 15, scores from 1 to 5 were assigned from right to left, while for the other questions, scores from 5 to 1 were assigned in reverse order. Additionally, to measure organizational commitment, the Allen and Meyer organizational commitment questionnaire, which contains 24 questions with a five-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree, was used. This questionnaire includes three dimensions: affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment. In this questionnaire, affective commitment was measured by questions one to eight, continuance commitment by questions nine to sixteen, and normative commitment by questions seventeen to twenty-four.Considering that slight changes were made to the questionnaires and they were localized according to the structure of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, the face and content validity were confirmed by 15 specialists. The reliability of the questionnaires was also calculated in a preliminary study with 30 participants, yielding a Cronbach's alpha of 0.90 for the self-efficacy questionnaire and 0.89 for the organizational commitment questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the statistical analysis of the research findings. In the first part, the statistical methods of mean, standard deviation, frequency distribution table and diagram were used for descriptive analysis of the findings. In the inferential statistics section, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to determine the normality of the data distribution, Pearson's one-group t-test, confirmatory factor analysis, directional path analysis, and structural equation modeling method was used to determine the causal relationship between variables, using SPSS and Amos software.
 

The aim of the present study was to design a relationship model between self-efficacy and organizational commitment of employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth. In this regard, the research findings showed that the self-efficacy of employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth is below average, which is consistent with the results of research by Keshavarz et al. (2012). Therefore, since self-efficacy is the level of an individual's belief in their ability to organize and manage the required resources, and to act to produce the specified achievements (3), it seems that managers and policymakers of the Ministry of Sports and Youth should pay serious attention to increasing the level of self-efficacy of employees. Because low self-efficacy in human resources of the Ministry of Sports and Youth can affect many departments and functions of this important sports institution of the country. Therefore, holding training courses with the presence of sports psychologists and sports management experts is recommended. In another part of the research findings, it was found that the organizational commitment of the employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth is above average, which is consistent with the results of Ming's (2011) research. Since organizational commitment is influential in providing services to customers by human resources and ultimately the effectiveness and productivity of any organization, it seems that the necessary grounds for increasing organizational commitment in the Ministry of Sports and Youth are provided through greater interaction between managers and employees for decision-making and the development of programs and their implementation, creating appropriate grounds for promoting organizational positions and paying attention to the selection of future managers based on meritocracy from within the Ministry of Sports and Youth, as well as paying attention to the livelihood opportunities and employment stability of employees, so that the level of organizational commitment can be improved to a high level.Therefore, it seems that the officials and trustees of the high levels of the ministry should implement appropriate strategies to identify and strengthen the self-efficacy of human resources in this ministry. It is also recommended to hold training courses with the benefit of management and sports psychology experts to familiarize and increase self-efficacy among the ministry's human resources. On the other hand, in the relationship between self-efficacy and organizational commitment of human resources in the Ministry of Sports and Youth, affective commitment, normative commitment, and continuance commitment play the largest role, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that managers and officials of the Ministry of Sports and Youth pay special attention to these three factors that will cause human resources to depend on the Ministry and gain a sense of enjoyment in working in the Ministry, and will continue to provide a high level of performance. Such a feeling will bring a positive work attitude and will cause employees in the Ministry to continue their work with more interest and not leave the Ministry. They will also have better relationships with other employees and remain loyal to the Ministry of Sports and Youth. On the other hand, if self-efficacy and organizational commitment in employees at different levels are at a desirable level, support for colleagues and work conscience can increase, which can ultimately lead to the success of the Ministry of Sports and Youth in various dimensions.Finally, according to the results of this study and the interrelatedness of the research variables, coordinated attention to the self-efficacy and organizational commitment of employees in the Ministry of Sports and Youth is emphasized, and since the fit of the self-efficacy and organizational commitment relationship model has been confirmed, the use of the following model is recommended to increase the level of self-efficacy and organizational commitment, as well as attract and promote employees

The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal relationship between team identity and team performance with the intention of fans with the mediating role of satisfying the pleasure-seeking need and the immersion experience of Persepolis fans in Hamadan city.

In terms of the purpose of this research, it is an applied research, and in terms of research strategy, it is a correlational research with a structural equation model approach, which was implemented in the field. The statistical population of the research included all the fans of the Persepolis team in Hamadan city, and the available non-random method based on the sample size formula of Homan et al. Finally, 251 questionnaires were analyzed. In order to collect data from the standard sports media consumption questionnaires of Kim et al. (2019) including 27 items and 5 variables (team identity, team performance, fan intention, hedonistic need and immersion experience) with a 5-point Likert scale (very little = 1 to very much) High=5) was used.

In data analysis, descriptive statistics were used to classify data and to test research hypotheses, Pearson correlation coefficients were used using SPSS software and structural equation modeling, as well as PLS software. The results of the research indicate that team identity has a significant positive direct effect on the intention to attend, immersion experience and satisfying the hedonistic need, team performance on the immersion experience and satisfying the hedonistic need of the fans. Also, in the research model, it was observed that team identity has a significant positive mediating role on the intention of Persepolis fans to attend in the city of Hamedan, considering the mediating role of immersion experience and fulfilling pleasure-seeking needs, as well as team performance on the intention of Persepolis fans to attend in the city of Hamedan, considering the role The mediator of immersion experience has a significant positive indirect effect.

Finally, based on the results, it can be said that the experience of immersion and the fulfillment of the hedonistic need can be diagnostic signs for evaluating the quality of the effect of performance and team identity on the audience's intention to attend.

The aim of this research was the structural analysis of the relationship between managers' competence criteria and the individual performance of employees of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth in Alborz province. The method of conducting this research is descriptive and correlation type, which was conducted in the field. The statistical population of this research was formed by the employees of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Alborz province (N = 129). Using Morgan's table, the number of statistical samples was estimated to be 97 tons, which were selected by random sampling. In order to collect data, competency questionnaires of managers of sports organizations in Bajani (2017) and individual performance of Kompanz (2014) were used. The face and content validity of the questionnaires was determined using the opinions of sports management professors, and the reliability of the questionnaires was obtained using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient test of 0.88 and 0.84. In order to analyze the data, descriptive indices and statistical tests of Pearson's correlation coefficient, regression analysis and path analysis were used in SPSS and LISREL statistical software. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between technical ability, scientific ability, personality ability, emotional perception ability and relationship management with individual performance. Also, the results of the regression analysis showed that scientific ability and relationship management have the conditions for predicting individual performance. On the other hand, the structural analysis of the research showed that the competence criteria of managers have a positive and significant effect on individual performance.

Today, in the global economy, the survival of many organizations depends on the role of customers, and organizations can no longer be indifferent to customers. Organizations should focus all their activities and capabilities on customer satisfaction, because they are the only source of return of customers' capital. The aim of this research was to designing a sensory marketing model with emotional attachment to the brand and satisfaction with the sensory experience of customers of sports pools in Alborz province The research method is descriptive and of the survey type, which was implemented in the field. The statistical population of this research consisted of an unlimited number of customers of swimming pools in Alborz province. Using Morgan's table, the statistical sample was estimated to be 384 tons, which were selected by non-random cluster sampling from among the members of the statistical population. In order to collect data from the sensory marketing questionnaire of Sang Wan Lee (2012) which consists of 22 questions and has components of sense of sight (6 questions), sense of hearing (4 questions), sense of touch (3 questions), sense of smell 5 questions) and sense of taste (4 questions). Questionnaire of satisfaction from sensory experience made by Bittner and Hubert (1994) which consists of 3 questions. Emotional brand attachment questionnaire made by Hor et al. (2018) which consists of 4 questions. Questionnaires are of closed answer type and the measuring scale of five-choice Likert questions is from 1=completely disagree to 5=completely agree. The face validity of the questionnaires were determined using the corrective comments of sports management professors, and the reliability of the questionnaires was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient test of 0.87, 0.76 and 0.79, respectively. Also, the construct validity of the questionnaires was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. In order to analyze the data, descriptive indices and statistical tests of Pearson's correlation coefficient, regression analysis and path analysis were used in SPSS and LISREL statistical software.The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between sensory marketing with emotional attachment (r=0.582, P=0.001) and satisfaction with sensory experience (r=0.466, P=0.001). Based on the results of the regression equation, the dimensions of vision (P=0.003, t=3.01) and touch (P=0.001, t=4.77) have conditions for predicting emotional attachment and vision dimensions (P=0.018) P, t=2.38), touch (P=0.001, t=6.53) and smell (P=0.001, t=3.65) qualify to predict satisfaction from sensory experience. Therefore, considering the values of t and the significance level, the assumption of equality of coefficients with zero is rejected and the aforementioned B coefficients should be kept in the regression equation. The results of the goodness of fit test showed that the ratio of X2 to df (3.79) and the root mean square error (RMSEA) is equal to 0.091. Also, the indices of NFI=0.92, CFI=0.92, IFI=0.94, GFI=0.96 and AGFI=0.97 confirmed the fit of the model. According to the obtained results, sensory marketing has a positive and significant effect on emotional attachment (T-Value=11.89, r=0.87) and satisfaction with sensory experience (T-Value=8.84, r=0.74) ) has it.Finally, the managers of sports pools should pay special attention to the issue of sensory marketing in order to reduce the costs of the pool on the customers in order to encourage them to their centers, because when they provide their customers with the desired and adapted service quality. He sees with his demands, there is less possibility that he will be attracted to other competitors and use their services. Managers of sports pools can find out about their complaints by setting up a suggestion and complaint box or through a conversation with the customers of the pools or through a survey and try to solve them in order to finally provide acceptable services to the customers. Also, pool managers can put new programs on the agenda in order to maintain long-term relationships with customers. It is suggested that a special group consisting of members of various departments related to identifying customers' feelings should undertake the task of continuous monitoring of service delivery and evaluation of customers' perceptions and feelings of it. In this way, it is possible to guarantee the flexibility of the swimming pools in terms of responding to the needs of customers and to design and implement appropriate programs when needed.

With the advent of the COVID-19 virus and the impact of all social, cultural, and economic behaviors in the world, there has been a general change in the general public's lives, of which the sports industry is no exception. The purpose of this study is to investigate the content of the news related to the postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games due to the outbreak of the Corona pandemic. This research is of an applied type, strategically descriptive, and in terms of the implementation method, it is based on the content analysis method. The research population includes ISNA, IRNA, Fars, Mehr, Tasnim, Borna, and Tabnak news agencies. The data collection tool will be content coding based on categorization, which will be used after confirming the validity and reliability. The findings of the research show that among the news categories that have been discussed in reliable domestic and foreign websites and news agencies regarding the postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, sports 39%, general categories 38%, economic news about the postponement of competitions 18%, and women's sports 5% of the news about the postponement of the Olympic competitions They have given it. Among the news agencies studied, ISNA news agency with 55 news stories (about 31 percent) had the largest share in covering the postponement of the 2020 Olympic Games. Also, among the news related to various sports, 94% is related to individual sports, and 6% is related to team sports.

The aim of this research was to analyze self-knowledge and other-knowledge (Jo-Hari window) of the employees of the General Department of Sports and Youth of Alborz province. The statistical population of this research was made up of the employees of the General Department of Sports and Youth of Alborz province (N = 129). Using Morgan's table, the number of statistical samples was estimated to be 97, which were selected through convenience sampling. The research method is applied and analytical, which was implemented in the field. In order to collect data, a 20-question questionnaire developed by Joseph Luft (1992) was used. Statistical methods include descriptive indices, graphical evaluation of self and others, and inferential analyses, including one-sample t-tests, independent t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance to compare the dependent variable based on qualitative demographic variables using Excel, SPSS, and Stata software. The results showed that scores of 27.80 and 28.5 were obtained from the total score of 50 related to providing feedback and willingness to disclose. In other words, the average level of 25 for each of the 2 mentioned factors exhibits a slight increasing trend, and thus, the level of the unknown quadrant has decreased very little. There is a significant difference in the willingness to disclose based on gender, as men had higher average scores. Additionally, the results showed that there is no significant difference among employees in the factors of providing feedback and willingness to disclose based on educational qualification.

The aim of this research was the psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire of students' perception of technology-based active learning in physical education colleges of Alborz province. The statistical population of this research was made up of students of physical education colleges in Alborz province, from whom 412 questionnaires were collected using stratified random sampling. In order to collect data, the technology-based active learning questionnaire of Shroff et al. (2019) was used, which consists of 20 questions and has the components of interactive participation, problem solving skills, interest and feedback. In order to analyze the data, descriptive indices and Cronbach's and Raykov's alpha coefficient statistical tests were used to determine internal consistency and exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to determine construct validity in SPSS.21, LISREL 8.8 and Stata.17 statistical software. The results showed that the reliability of the technology-based active learning questionnaire is (0.968). Regarding construct validity and based on the degree of relationships and significance level, all the questions had a significant relationship with the factors and were able to be a good predictor for their component. Also, regarding the relationships of the components with the concept of technology-based active learning, the results showed that all four components could be a good predictor for the concept of technology-based active learning, and as a result, it can be used to measure the functions of using technology in the field of active learning among students.

The aim of the current research was to design a model of knowledge management to enhance educational innovation in sports teams in Alborz province. The research method employed was descriptive and correlational, conducted in the field. The statistical population consisted of officials, experts, and lecturers from coaching and reviewing courses within the sports teams' training committees in Alborz province (N=250) in 2023. Due to the small population size, the entire population was included in the statistical sample. Data collection utilized Sharon Lawson's knowledge management questionnaires (2003) and Nemati's educational performance questionnaires (2014). Data analysis involved descriptive indices, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis, and path analysis using SPSS and LISREL statistical software. The results indicated a positive and significant relationship between knowledge management and various components such as knowledge creation, evaluation, supply, distribution, application, and transfer with educational performance. Notably, the knowledge distribution component emerged as a significant predictor of educational performance. Furthermore, the structural path analysis revealed a positive and significant impact of knowledge management on educational performance (T-Value=8.02, β=0.80).

The purpose of this study was to devise the pattern of attachment style andsocial adjustment of students in Alborz province Physical EducationVocational schools. The research method was correlation-descriptive whichwas performed as a field study. The population of the study consisted of thestudents in Alborz province Physical Education Vocational schools. UsingCochran formula, the samples of the study were estimated to be 462 peoplethat were selected by random sampling. In order to collect the data, attachmentinventory (by Scrima, 2020) and social adjustment questionnaire (by Monetal., 2002) were used. In order to analyze the data, the descriptive indexes andstatistical tests of kolmogorov - Smirnov, Pearson correlation coefficient,regression analysis, and path analysis in SPSS and Lisrel software were used.The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship betweenattachment style, secure, avoidant, ambivalent components and socialadjustment. Also, avoidant and ambivalent styles are eligible for socialadjustment. On the other hand, the results of path analysis showed thatattachment style has a positive and significant effect on students' socialadjustment ( t - value = 0.83 ) .

Today, it is noticed that exercise is effective in promoting mental health in addition to physical health (Boelens et al, 2022). Performing sports activities is so important that the World Health Organization chose the slogan "Movement is the key to health" in 2002 (Creese, 2021). Gymnastics is one of the basic, ranked sports activities and it is very important for teenagers. The lack of evidence regarding some social harms, including cyberspace addiction and mental health on athletes and non-athletes, has caused some of the positive and negative functions of sports to be unclear for teenagers. This problem has caused the development of sports in order to manage social harms and some negative points of sports in the occurrence of negative phenomena in society. Therefore, there are ambiguities regarding the role of sports in the current atmosphere of society, which disrupts the planning process. So The present research was designed and implemented with the aim of role the mediating of physical activity in the causal relationship between cyberspace addiction and mental health of gymnastic athletes in sports clubs in Karaj.

The current research method is descriptive-correlation type and the statistical population includes gymnastic athletes of Karaj sports clubs, according to the latest inquiry from the Karaj gymnastics team, 541 people were active and had sports insurance cards, and according to Morgan's sample size formula, the number 225 people were considered as a statistical sample. Non-random sampling method was available. After distributing and collecting the research questionnaires, 217 questionnaires were analyzed. The tools of this research were the standard questionnaires of internet addiction by Kimberly Young (1988), physical activity of sit-in (2013), mental health by Goldberg (1972). In this study, the test of regression coefficient and structural equations was used using Spss26 and Pls smart third version software.

In examining the effect of variables based on the results of path analysis, it was found that addiction to virtual space with a coefficient of -0.13 and (T-Value = 2.111) has a negative and significant effect on mental health, physical activity with a coefficient of 0.23 (T-Value = 4.521). Value=) has a positive and significant effect on mental health and cyberspace addiction with a coefficient of -0.28 (T-Value=5.847) has a negative and significant effect on physical activity. Also, the results of the Sobel test to investigate the mediating effect of the physical activity variable showed that the physical activity variable has a significant effect on mental health in relation to cyberspace addiction, and the mediating relationship was confirmed. Also, the variance inclusion index (VAF) showed that the indirect effect of cyberspace addiction through physical activity on mental health is -0.26%. which shows the partial negative mediation of physical activity variable between cyberspace addiction and mental health.

The results of this research showed that addiction to virtual space has a negative and significant effect on physical activity, which is consistent with the research results (Creese, 2021). If the athletes who are addicted to using virtual space have a low level of participation in physical activities. The results of this research show the need for intervention and training in the mentioned areas with the aim of reducing the amount of addiction to cyberspace in teenagers. The results of the research showed that physical activity plays a mediating role in the causal relationship between cyberspace addiction and the mental health of gymnastic athletes in sports clubs, and the current research model has a favorable fit.Addiction to virtual space due to the reduction of free time and not enjoying sports entertainment instead of virtual entertainment, lack of energy and lack of motivation due to mental disorders and changing people's lifestyle to inactive mode, so that the amount and level of physical activity of people are affected. In general, physical activity can be used as a tool to improve the level of physical and mental health of people to deal with cyberspace addiction and its adverse effects.Therefore, proper preventive measures such as educating the general public about safe use of the Internet as well as counseling for people who are addicted to the Internet are necessary. It is suggested that in programs to improve the status of athletes using virtual space and optimizing these spaces; Try to make use of sports capacities; He tried to improve this use among athletes to provide the basis for improving their mental health. Also, assessing the needs of sports activities among gymnasts according to their level and ability while improving their physical activity status; It provides conditions to improve their mental health.* Corresponding author's e-mail address: najafnejad.sima@gmail.com

The quality of teaching is one of the most important factors affecting the progress of students in all educational environments. The aim of this research was to analyze the effectiveness of special in-service training courses for sports teachers based on the Kirkpatrick model.

The research method is descriptive and from the category of causal-post-event research. The statistical population of this research was the sports teachers of Karaj city (N=800). Using Cochran's formula, the number of statistical samples was estimated to be 260 tons, which were selected by random cluster sampling from among the members of the statistical population. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 32 questions in the form of a five-point Likert spectrum, with the help of which the effectiveness of the training course was measured based on Kirkpatrick's model in four levels of reaction, learning, behavior and conclusion. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was determined from the corrective comments of expert professors, and the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient test of 0.81. In order to analyze the data, descriptive indices and statistical tests of one-sample t, independent t, Friedman and path analysis were used in SPSS and LISREL statistical software.

The results showed that the factors of reaction, behavior, learning and results have a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of in-service training courses, and the average scores of sports teachers on the effectiveness of these components were above average. On the other hand, the average rank was related to the behavior component. Also, there was a significant difference between teachers based on their educational qualifications in all components.

It is concluded that the effectiveness of in-service training courses is at all four levels, which can be attributed to the increase in understanding and creation of knowledge and positive attitude of teachers towards the importance and how to implement the process of teaching teachers.

The purpose of this research was to standardize questionnaires in sports sociological studies.

The method of conducting this research was descriptive-analytical, and it was tried to investigate various researches and sources in the field of statistical methods and to describe and use the desired tests in the field of questionnaires standardization.

The results of the investigations show that SPSS, AMOS, R, Lisrel, Stata, EQS and PLS software are used in the factor analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaires. Also, in the process of standardization of questionnaires, the sample size in factor analysis, face and content validity, translation validity, types of reliability, convergent and divergent validity, construct validity and model fit should be determined with the desired methods that are explained in the text of the article. ; It should be considered so that measuring instruments with reliable validity and reliability can be used by researchers in various studies by measuring the norm of questionnaires.

By using standardized questionnaires in the field of sports sociology, reliable and credible results can be obtained, and based on that, real operational solutions can be proposed.

This study aims to identify barriers to the development of equestrian vaulting sport in Iran. This goal-based research is applied and by nature, it is descriptive-analytical and this research is a survey. Data collection tool was a researcher-made standard questionnaire with 36 items. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated according to the mean Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.782. The study population consisted of all active athletes and coaches, officials of the country's sports delegations and officials and staff of the Equestrian Federation in the country, which numbered about 190 people, of which 122 analyzable questionnaires were collected and reviewed. SPSS26 and PLS2 software were used for data analysis. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the obstacles to the development of vaulting sport in Iran are 36 factors, which were organized in the form of 5 components: economic barriers, facilities and equipment barriers, human and social barriers, managerial and executive barriers, attitude barriers and support of officials. Explains a total of 81.947% of the variance of the factors. Also, the results of one-sample t-test showed that economic barriers (with an average of 3.92) had the highest and attitudinal and supportive barriers of responsibility (with an average of 2.21) had the lowest priority in the lack of development of vaulting in Iran. also, the model parameters all indicate a good fit and confirm the research model. According to the results of the present study, it is proposed that to fix these obstacles and create the develop vaulting sport, with the "patriarchal" and " logistics." elections, experienced Executive and Professional in the members of federation members and sports delegations were to be elected expert in the field of their work. this results can be considered by federation officials, clubs and coaches to improve the performance of athletes through the development of vaulting sport.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sports motivation on the perception of fan behavior mediated by the quality of the relationship in karate athletes in Alborz province. This research is descriptive and correlational in terms of research method and method, based on structural equation modeling and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study is the number of karate athletes in Alborz province, whose number is infinite due to different sports styles in the field of karate. The sampling method was proportional to the number of research variables in structural equations according to the condition of 5 to 10 subjects for each item and observing at least 200 subjects, but to prevent sample drop (suggested by Julius et al.) 237 questionnaires by non-random quota sampling method. It was provided to the respondents. Data collection tool was translation of Pike et al. (2020) questionnaire, which confirmed the validity and reliability of this questionnaire. SPSS and Lisrel software were used to analyze the data. Findings showed a positive and significant effect of sports motivation on relationship quality (t.value = 7.16, β = 0.57), sports motivation has an effect on fans' perception of behavior (t.value = 5.37, 0.47) b) was. Specifically, the mediating role of relationship quality in the effect of sports motivation on the perception of fan behavior was confirmed. The model of the mediating role of relationship quality in the effect of sports motivations on the perception of fan behavior in karate athletes in Alborz province had the necessary fit. By having sports motivation and strengthening its components, by raising the strengths in human personality, the quality of relationship and communication with others can be improved.

The aim of the current research was to standardize the knowledge and competence questionnaire of coaches in sports. The statistical population of this research was made up of karate coaches in Alborz province, among whom 284 people were selected in the form of available sampling. The measurement tool used was the 20- question questionnaire by Ricardo et al. (2018), which has three components (professional knowledge, interpersonal knowledge, and intrapersonal knowledge). The scoring method for the questions was based on a five-point Likert scale (1=very low to 5=very high). The statistical methods used were descriptive indices to describe the data, Cronbach's and Raykov's alpha coefficients to determine internal consistency, and exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to determine construct validity in SPSS, LISREL, and Stata statistical software. The research findings showed the reliability (α=0.945) for the knowledge and competence questionnaire of teachers. Regarding the construct validity and based on the relationship and Tvalue, all the questions had a significant relationship with the factors and could be a good predictor for their factor. The ratios of x2 to df (4.1), RMSEA=0.091, CFI=0.96, AGFI=0.90, RMR=0.048, NFI=0.94 and GFI=0.92 show the model fit confirmed. Also, regarding the relationships of factors with the concept of knowledge and competence of trainers, the results showed that all factors could be good predictors for the concept of knowledge and competence. As a result, the validity and reliability of the "Knowledge and competence of coaches in sports" model was confirmed.

The purpose of this study is to determine the role of market orientation in the relationship between innovation culture and the development of Nike brand marketing strategy in Shiraz. In terms of research method and method, this research is descriptive-correlation based on structural equation modeling and in terms of purpose, it is applied and has been conducted in the field. The statistical population of this study includes all customers of Nike brand in Shiraz in an unknown number. Using Cochran's formula, 385 people were selected as a statistical sample by non-random sampling method. Data collection tools were Narwell and Sartel (1990) standard market orientation questionnaire, Carmel's organizational culture and innovation questionnaire (2005) and Schilling Lee (2000) marketing strategies questionnaire. After analyzing the data by SPSS software version 25 and Smart PLS version 3, the research findings show a negative and significant effect of innovation culture on the development of marketing strategy (T-Value = 6.180 and 0.333). - = ß), was a positive and significant effect between innovation culture and market orientation (T-Value = 23.661 and = = 1.011) and a positive and significant effect between market orientation and brand marketing strategy development. In addition, the mediating role of market orientation in the relationship between innovation culture and marketing strategy development was acknowledged. The development of marketing strategies is essential for managers of sports organizations and manufacturers of sports brands.Therefore, the providers of Nike products in Iran should develop market strategies by creating and institutionalizing a culture of innovation in sports stores as well as market orientation.

The increasing growth of technology in recent years in all fields, especially in the field of sports equipment and facilities, and the privatization of most sports venues has created intense competition between the owners and managers of sports organizations to attract and retain customers. It is obvious that organizations can be more successful in the field of competition that can attract more customers and keep them satisfied for the purpose of coming again. On the other hand, life in today's competitive world is very hard and difficult without achieving optimal productivity, and sports organizations must search for new ways to attract and retain more customers and gain their satisfaction. Unfortunately, in Iranian sports, sports complexes are facing the problem of reducing customer loyalty and reluctance to return and use the services of that complex, one of the reasons for which is the inattention and ignorance of sports managers to new marketing approaches. (Mirzaei, Hoseini, 2016). Therefore, due to the importance of sports and physical education in people's daily lives and its impact on people's health, and according to the country's economic development strategy through non-oil income, sports have an important place in the economic growth and development of any country, and the sports industry can be a factor for creating wealth. to play a role in the country; Therefore, in order to create wealth and stimulate the thriving sports industry, it is necessary to get better acquainted with the needs and demands of sports customers, rather than examining entrepreneurial solutions and creativity and innovation in service marketing. Therefore, The purpose of this study is to test the role model of satisfaction mediation in the causal relationship between entrepreneurial marketing and the desire to re-attend customers of sports complexes in Karaj. In terms of its nature, the present research is considered to be of the quantitative research type and according to the applied purpose, and of the descriptive-correlation type and based on structural equations, and the data collection process is a field method. The statistical population of the current research was all the male and female customers of sports complexes in the city of Karaj with an unknown number in 2019. Considering that the current research is a causal research type (structural equations), therefore, in the methodology of structural equations modeling, to determine the sample size, it is possible to determine between 5 and 10 subjects for each question and condition, at least 200 subjects, which is considered the suggested ceiling in this research and Therefore, the number of subjects was determined to be 230 and the non-random sampling method was available.The statistical method used in this research is the partial least squares model, which is done in two stages, in this research, in the first stage, the measurement model is through convergent validity analysis using the variance extracted from the constructs and composite reliability, Cronbach's alpha and divergent validity. It was investigated through the square root of the variance extracted from the structures and the correlation of the structures and the HTMT ratio. In the second step, the fit of the structural model was determined by the coefficient of determination of the model and the validity indices of the shared constructs were checked in order to check the quality of the measuring instrument and the fit indices of the structural model (GOF) was analyzed. It is worth mentioning that the Sobel test was used to investigate the mediating effect of satisfaction in the relationship between entrepreneurship and re-attendance.The questionnaires used were Barry's (1996) the standard Future Behavioral Decisions Questionnaire with a reliability of 0.85 and the researcher-made Entrepreneurial Marketing Questionnaire (1399) with a reliability of 0.94 and the standard questionnaire of customer satisfaction of Irkan (2012) with a reliability of 0.70. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data by partial least squares method with the help of Excel, SPSS and PLS Smart statistical software.Findings showed In the first stage, the measurement model is examined through convergent validity according to the opinion of Fornell and Larker (1981) criterion of variance extracted from constructs (AVE) 0.50 and the opinion of Magner et al. (1996) the criterion above 0.40, with both criteria it is determined that The variance extracted from the constructs is acceptable. Also, the combined reliability (Dillon-Goldstein coefficient) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the structures are acceptable according to the criteria of 0.70; Therefore, according to the validity results, convergence and reliability of the model is acceptable. Also, one of the other indicators in the divergent or differential validity of the model is the examination of the HTMT ratio, which is said to be below 1 in various sources (some sources are below 0.90 and even 0.85). The obtained results show the reconfirmation of the model's divergent validity. Also, in order to check the quality of the model, checking the subscription indicators is used. This index is obtained by dividing the sum of the squares of the prediction errors of the local variables by the sum of the squares of the observations of the local variables minus the number one. The obtained values ​​of this index for all current variables must be positive values; Therefore, according to the obtained values ​​of the variable of satisfaction (0.229) and the variable of willingness to attend again (0.301) and the positiveness of all the values ​​of subscription validity for the current variables, it can be said that the measurement model has a suitable quality.According to this study Entrepreneurial marketing shows an opportunistic perspective, where pioneering managers look for innovative ways to create value for customers and create customer capital for the organization and increase the overall performance of the organization in businesses. This direct structural model showed the direct relationship between the variable of entrepreneurial marketing and its six components with the variable of willingness to attend again and the variable of satisfaction. According to the results of the research, entrepreneurial marketing has explained about 65% of the variance of the willingness to attend again and about 45% of the variance of the satisfaction variable. Entrepreneurship is a process to find innovation opportunities in risky and uncertain conditions by combining production factors in an efficient and effective way, entrepreneurial groups tend to be at the center of gaining competitive advantage by producing new and unique and competitive products in today's changing markets. Cultivating the creativity of entrepreneurs will be done in order to grow their business (Ratten, 2018). In this regard, entrepreneurial marketing by continuously creating and providing special value to customers by discovering new opportunities and resources and innovating in services and responding appropriately to their new demands leads to the adaptation of products and services to the needs and expectations of customers, helping to recognize and invest in profitable customers. And finally, retaining and attracting new customers and improving the level of customer performance, which in turn affects the sports complex's financial performance in a positive way.

The present study was conducted with the general aim of identifying barriers to the development of archery in Iran. The present study was quantitative in terms of quantitative and qualitative data, in terms of applied purpose, in terms of descriptive-correlation method, in terms of sequential mixed exploration strategy (qualitative-quantitative), in terms of field data collection and in terms of time period. The statistical population of the study in the qualitative section included all archers, managers of the Archery Federation ‌ and experts in archery (N = 500). Using purposive sampling method and snowball sampling technique, 18 of them The sample was selected and the research data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with them. In the quantitative research section, the research community includes all managers and officials of relevant federations (managers of federations and provincial boards), all sports experts with at least 15 years of experience in archery and archers with at least 10 years of professional sports experience. (N = 500) that sampling was done by stratified random sampling and using the questionnaire obtained from the qualitative section, the data of this section were obtained. Finally, in order to analyze the collected data, exploratory factor analysis, K-S, one-sample t-test, Friedman ranking test and structural equation modeling with the help of SPSS and LISREL software version 23 were used. The results showed that barriers to the development of archery in Iran were infrastructure, equipment barriers, competition barriers, training barriers, media and advertising barriers, talent management barriers, managerial barriers, individual and family barriers. Also, the factor loads related to the structural model showed that the identified factors have a suitable factor load.

Exercise and physical activity play a very important role in the general health of the people of society, including the mentally retarded. They are a deterrent that prevents their sports participation. Because the most important mission of physical education specialists and managers is to remove the barriers to the presence of people in society in sports. The aim of this study was to identify the causes of underdevelopment of public sports in people with moderate intelligence (autism, Down syndrome, mental retardation). Which was done using the foundation data theory. Participants in the study were officials from the Federation of the Disabled and Veterans, Sports Managers, Occupational Therapists, and Physical Education Specialists and Professors. Axial and selective were used. Based on the results of 170 codecs with 15 main categories and 40 sub-categories in the form of six dimensions of paradigm model including causal factors (5 categories), main phenomenon (intermediate intelligence and development of public sports), strategy (5 categories), background factors (2 categories), Intervention conditions (3 restrictive categories and 2 facilitator categories) and outcome (3 categories) were identified. Therefore, it is recommended to take sufficient financial resources as well as training experienced human resources to guide and encourage mentally retarded people to participate in sports activities.

The aim of this research was psychometrics evaluation of life skills ability questionnaire in veterans and disabled athletes of Alborz province. The statistical population of this research was made up of the veterans and disabled athletes of Alborz province, from whom 469 questionnaires were collected using available sampling. In order to collect data from Lorcan et al (2021) life skills ability questionnaire, which consists of 43 questions and has the components of teamwork, goal setting, time management, emotional skills, interpersonal communication, social skills, leadership and Problem solving is used. In order to analyze the data, descriptive indices and Cronbach's and Raykov's alpha coefficient statistical tests were used to determine internal consistency and exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to determine construct validity in SPSS, LISREL and Stata statistical software. The results showed that the reliability of the life skills ability questionnaire is (0.933). Regarding construct validity and based on the degree of relationships and significance level, all the questions had a significant relationship with the factors and were able to be a good predictor for their component. Also, regarding the relationships of the components with the concept of ability of life skills, the results showed that all eight components could be a good predictor for the concept of ability of life skills. The internal and external validity of the model was confirmed.

In today's complex, changing and dynamic environment, the need to maintain survival and sustainable success has led many organizations to reconsider their business priorities and focus on adapting to business changes and responding appropriately to environmental requirements. In order to achieve this, the new concept called organizational resilience has entered the science of management, which is one of the important scientific topics in crisis management.The aim of this study was to develop a conceptual model of organizational resilience in Iranian sports organizations. The present study was carried out based on a qualitative method with Grounded Theory method with the approach of Strauss and Corbin. The statistical population of the study included academic sport experts, senior and middle managers of sports organizations, executive managers and experts of sports organizations with more than 20 years of experience. A total of 20 people participated in the interview process, selected through purposeful sampling. Data analysis was performed using Maxqda.12 software in three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding, and the qualitative research model was designed. The results indicated 322 codes/initial concepts and a total of 34 concepts together with 12 categories, which in the form of paradigm model include organizational resilience as a central category, Causal conditions (Planning and implementation, political causes, legal causes), contextual factors (economic causes, management system), intervention conditions (social attitude, cultural causes), strategies (financial actions, comprehensive approach) and consequences (reduction of financial losses, national and international successes, Socio-cultural benefits) were included.

retirement is a potentially challenging issue in aging that has different effects on different aspects of elderly peoples lives. The purpose of this research was to develop a framework for sports managers' unwillingness to retirement.

The research is of an applied nature, and the method covered is qualitative. In terms of strategy, this research is supported by a data-based theory, and the study of theoretical foundations, as well as interviews, were sources required for its data collection. The statistical population includes retired managers (heads of Ministry of Sports and Youth, federation presidents, coaches, heads of sport teams), professors (Physical Education, Psychology, Sociology, Economics), and sports specialists (Ministry of Sports, sports federations, sports boards). Samples were chosen considering the target and quota for in-depth and exploratory interviews, and interviews with 25 people reached theoretical saturation point. The implementation of the interviews on Maxqda qualitative data analysis software, while performing open, axial and selective coding, led to extraction of some codes.

Based on the results from 224 open codes with 20 main categories and 58 sub-categories provided a paradigmatic model.

the factors of unwillingness to retirement were divided into political, social, managerial and economic conditions, and identity crisis.The results indicate that identity, social, political, managerial and economic recovery strategies can facilitate the acceptance and transition to safe and comfortable retirement age for sport managers. Moreover, sports organizations can provide useful services such as training courses and consulting services for sports managers to prepare them for safe and comfortable retirement.The implementation of the interviews on Maxqda qualitative data analysis software, while performing open, axial and selective coding, led to extraction of some codes. Based on the results from 224 open codes with 20 main categories and 58 sub-categories, providing a paradigmatic model, the factors of unwillingness to retirement were divided into political, social, individual, managerial and economic.The results indicate that individual, social, political, managerial and economic strategies can facilitate the acceptance and transition to safe and comfortable retirement age for sport managers.

 Despite the advances in science and technology and the dominance of knowledge over human society, superstitious beliefs and behaviors still operate in different societies. Sport is one of the areas that is no exception. The tendency to superstition is a defense mechanism that arises as a result of not believing in one's abilities, the tendency to control and certainty in the future. The purpose of this study is to analyze the dimensions of superstitions in football and futsal athletes in Kerman.

 The research method in terms of type and data analysis is quantitative and field survey. The statistical population of the study consists of 200 football and futsal players in Kerman, which were selected by the stratified sampling method.

The results of this study show that among the various dimensions of superstitious behaviors, the individual, psychological, belief and environmental dimensions have the greatest impact on creating belief and, consequently, superstitious behaviors among the athletes of Kerman.

 The dimensions of superstition are affected by different degrees of influence on athletes which are due to individual differences between research samples.

The present study was conducted with the aim of developing a code of ethics for judges of the Wrestling Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

According to the purpose, this research is one of the applied researches which is a survey in terms of implementation method. The study population of the present study was all the judges of the Wrestling Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran in an unknown number, which due to inconsistency in summarizing the statistics of the total number of judges, no accurate information was found. In order to determine the sample, the number of subjects according to the adequacy of the sample size in the measurement model, which according to Hir (2012) was determined to be at least 200 people, 258 people were identified as members of the research sample. The research measurement tool is a researcher-made ethical questionnaire by Likert method (five options). This 48-item questionnaire was designed in the form of 9 main components of rule of law, respect, ranking, professional attitude, honesty and trustworthiness, justice, responsibility, related to the heroic character. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis for construct validity are used to identify questions and components, one-sample t-test is used to examine the status of questions, components and the concept of ethical code, and Friedman test is used to prioritize questions and components.

The results of statistical tests showed that the average components of the judges's moral system in the ship in the sample is above 3, so in the sample has a desirable level and it can be said that the components of the judges's moral system is at the desired level. Also, according to Wilcoxon test for the difference of components with each other to follow the rankings, it was found that there is no difference between honesty, trustworthiness with dignity and respect with heroism and also respect with dignity, while a significant difference was observed between all subsequent components.

It seems that the ethics and moral virtues among the judges are not due to their credibility and career advancement, but these components are mixed with their spirit and character and after a lifetime in the world of wrestling and gaining different experiences. It has become part of the morale and ethics of these judges.

With the increasing growth of scientific research in the field of physical education and sports science, the use of statistical software has become obvious. In fact, choosing a type of statistical software according to its features and considering ethical issues may require payment. Today, many statistical softwares are provided for free. Some are in the category of general software that has the ability to perform a wide range of statistical analysis, and on the other hand, small and limited software that has been developed to perform a specific analysis. Some of these softwares have been created only for calculations and have the role of a software calculator, while others are in the form of plugins and can not be run independently. Also, some software has been developed only for a specific research group such as agriculture, social sciences, physiology, biomechanics, etc. This section introduces general statistical software that has the ability to perform a wide range of statistical analysis. The purpose of this study is to review free statistical software in physical education and sports sciences, which are: SPSS، Lisrel، Amos، Pls، EQS، Jasp، Jamovi، MaxStat، PSPP، R، Stata، S-Plus، Excel، Statistician، Minitab، Atlas، Xlstat، Origin،Systat ,Past. Statistical software has special features depending on their nature. Accordingly, the choice of a free statistical software depends to a large extent on the capabilities of the statistical test desired by the software by the software, but in commercial versions due to the breadth and variety of commands and statistical commands in the software, this factor is a limited factor. Is not considered a supplier. One of the most important and essential things in choosing a statistical software is the user interface of that software. In fact, the user interface of many statistical softwares is considered graphically or selectively oriented. But the user interface of R statistical software is textual and commands are given to the software through the programming language. In this regard, learning and understanding software with a graphical user interface is possible in a few hours, but in order to learn R software, you need to spend more time. Some of these statistical softwares such as R and PSPP have help and training packages that do not help the user to learn the basics of the software. Also, many softwares have online guides and educational pages in cyberspace, such as statistical softwares R, PSPP, Vista and OpenStat (Hakimi, 2014). Choosing a statistical package by consumers is often a difficult process and it is necessary to compare different products in order to select the most appropriate one, and this selection should be done based on clear criteria and in accordance with the goals set by researchers (Lina et al. , 2021). In this regard, in order to compare free statistical software, after downloading and installing this software from publishing sites, using the guide in the software as well as sample data, their efficiency and ability in different commands were compared. In order to evaluate the use of statistical software, the number of articles published in ScienceDirect database was measured. Figure 1 shows the number of articles published in 2020 that statistical software was used to analyze the data. Based on these results, SPSS software has the highest usage and MINITAB and SYSTAT software are in the next ranks. The results showed that all these softwares are legally free and without payment and all the results extracted from them can be published. Also Lisrel, Amos, Pls, EQS software are most used in the field of structural equation modeling. In this study, several software packages with their capabilities, compatibility, usefulness and limitations are explained, so what is certain is that researchers use different statistical packages to analyze similar data. Each packet has basic statistical capabilities that can be used, but each packet has its own advantages and disadvantages for using different types of data analysis. Many statistical software developers try to make the graphical user interface capabilities more user-friendly. According to the results, SPSS and Minitab are still the most popular tools for statistical data analysis, especially for those with low statistical or mathematical competencies. The results show that free and open source statistical software have good capabilities, but how they can be used in more advanced ways is questionable. All statistical software has almost the same results (the number of decimals or some decimals may vary at best), although they follow different algorithms in each case. In addition, more information is provided in each software than in other packages. Therefore, according to the need, users should choose their software carefully. When processing and analyzing data, it is important to choose the appropriate statistical method to obtain correct decisions and interpretations. Underestimating the importance of statistical methods and proper organization of relevant experiments can lead to incorrect scientific results.On the other hand, the large number of software packages and the fact that they offer similar or relatively identical opportunities suggest a complex choice that often cannot be made effectively due to the lack of a benchmarking system. Conducting studies such as the present study can help researchers select software that facilitates their work as much as possible in achieving the stated research goal. The choice of statistical software packages for learning should be based on the suitability of the software for all the analyzes that the researcher may want to analyze. Therefore, it is recommended to select at least two softwares to provide a broader and stronger learning analysis of the research. Finally, the researcher's opinion, after analyzing the field data to a great extent, is that statistical software has made a significant contribution to humanities research, especially in the field of demographic and data analysis. This was achieved by using a scientific approach to solve fundamental problems in research that is data analysis. Although some other factors such as literature review, methodology and findings have affected the quality of research work, but it is quite clear that the impact of statistical software packages on research analysis and findings can not be estimated.