حسین کیانی

 Gluten-free breads based on flour and starch, have low quality in terms of textural and sensory characteristics as well as nutritional value. By using 2 types of starch (corn and potato starch) and 3 types of plant protein isolate (sesame, soy and pea), studies were conducted to find the best gluten-free bread formula with appropriate textural, sensory and nutritional quality. In the first stage, between corn and potato starch, the formula with potato starch had higher volume, lower weight loss and porosity. In the second stage, among the three formulas with different protein isolates, the bread with 7% sesame protein isolate showed less hardness and chewiness and higher cohesiveness in 24 and 48 hours after baking. In all sensory evaluation factors with a 5-point hedonic scale except color (4.5 ± 0.8), the score of bread with sesame isolate was higher, and only bread with soy protein isolate had a higher color score (4.9 ± 0.7). The colorimetric characteristics, protein content, decrease in weight loss and moisture content of gluten-free bread increased significantly with the addition of protein isolate compared to bread formulas without protein isolate (P<0.05).

Mastery of rhetoric is fundamental to the linguistic arts, exerting significant influence on language learners. It stands as a core subject within Arabic language and literature departments at all educational levels, underscoring its criticality for undergraduate students. The effectiveness of teaching methodologies employed in classrooms greatly impacts students' proficiency in this domain and serves to ignite their interest in further exploration. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the PQ4R strategy versus the inductive method in enhancing rhetorical proficiency among Arabic language learners. The quasi-experimental method was chosen as it aligns with the research objectives, hypothesis, and procedures. The study involved 20 students applying the PQ4R strategy and 20 students using the inductive teaching strategy, selected through rigorous sampling techniques at Shiraz University and Al-Mustafa International University in Isfahan. The findings of this study suggest that there are notable significant statistical variances differences in dimensional assessment outcomes in support of the group that practiced practised rhetoric through the PQ4R approach. Moreover, the results indicate that the effect size of this strategy on grade disparities was substantial compared to the grades obtained by the group that learned rhetoric through the inductive teaching method

Speed has influenced and overshadowed numerous aspects of human life, including literature which provides a comprehensive picture of human society. The emergence of the very short story was not just a sudden appearance, but motivated by the requirements of contemporary life that tends to accomplish things very quickly. Accordingly, the very short story genre emerged with condensed and broad ideas on essential and indispensable oundations.Condensation is one of the characteristics for writing contemporary, short and condensed stories. In order to achieve condensation, the author utilizes several mechanisms whereby readers are attracted. The reliance on the structuralist approach in studying very short stories has led to the realization that condensation is not limited to reducing the number of words, but includes the idea and character as well as linguistic, pictorial, and eventual condensation. Mohammed Mohaqiq has written condensed texts by using the mechanisms of paradox and the verbality of sentences. Moreover, textualization and symbolism also register their presence as two mechanisms through which the storyteller was able to write intensive story texts, but in a lesser proportion than irony and verbality.

Due to political, religious, and cultural issues, Iraqi society witnessed turmoil, destruction, and social unrest in the 1960s. Therefore, in his debut literary work, the novel “The Sky Was Blue, Ismail Fahd Ismail tried to reflect these depressing societal realities. Using generative structural theory, the study explained the causes of social alienation that led to the protagonist’s disloyalty and rage and feelings of hatred, aversion, and refusal to comply with society’s cultural, political, social, and religious norms. The study aimed to reveal the significant structure by deconstructing and analyzing the text’s constituent elements and demonstrating their connection to Iraq’s cultural and social realities, and also to show how the novelist embodied the Iraqi societal reality in the novel “The Sky Was Blue” using a descriptive analytical approach. The study concluded that, through narrative techniques, especially description and discourse, the author adopted the method of self-interrogation, questioning others and Istedraji interrogation, and to employ symbolic language and simile at some points, to reveal the Iraqi societal reality in the sixties; The significant structure of the text was the lack of stability, harmony, unity and stability in Iraqi society due to disintegration, decadence and class deterioration at that period.

Social anthropology studies how individuals function and behave within a social system. The concept of function holds significant importance in social anthropology as it pertains to the actions and activities of individuals within a specific social organization. Khalil Mutran lived in a society governed by tyrannical Ottoman kings, whose actions resulted in the people's subjugation and obedience to the sultan's orders. It had negative consequences and hindered social progress during that period. Drawing on his innovative perspectives, Mutran explored new anthropological concepts that transcended the limitations of time and place. By introducing Arabic poetry in a fresh direction, he established the foundations of his school of thought that aligned with the functions of human agency.This research analyzes the most significant functions of rulers in Khalil Mutran's poetry through qualitative content analysis and social criticism, serving as a fundamental pillar in social anthropology research. The findings indicate that the sultan imposed authoritarian functions on the nation, operating outside the boundaries of the law and utilizing social control mechanisms to further his interests and dictate the organization of affairs. It influenced people's behavior and social conduct, legitimizing and elevating the ruler's position. These factors formed the basis for class relations within that society.

Literature has a close relationship with society and its concoction such as individuals' behavior and functions. Therefore, not only is a literary work regarded as a pure artistic creation, but also it is a human activity with a social function. Paying attention to the role of literature in re- creation, criticism, and also its dynamics in relation to society, makes this functions more noticeable. When we consider social anthropology as the science of studying humans’ functions and their social relationships in a special structural format such as religious and political organization, family system and other systems; parallel to that, literature is a human construct that depicts society and the functions of individuals. Such an approach provides an appropriate field for anthropological researchers to gain deep knowledge of the structure of society and the social functions of people. It is not hidden from the view of "Khalil Mutran" who was interested in drawing Arabic poetry into issues related to society and human social roles. Based on this, through the approach of social criticism and in light of qualitative content analysis, this article intends to go through a social anthropological study of the roles of people in Mutran’s poetry. One of the most important findings of the research is that the roles of people in the society that Mutran spoke about were represented by involvement in the sphere of authority of the ruler out of fear and ignorance. This by itself prompted some people to raise the status of the ruler and give it legitimacy. On the other hand, people there did not have any will or determination to adopt rejection or to change reality, and they adapted to the current situation which by itself resulted in the stabilization of the ruling system prevailing in that period.

Microbial fermentation using solid substrates offers a safe, cost-effective straightforward approach for generating valuable organic acids, constituting the third-tier product category in addition to enzymes and secondary metabolites. This study investigated potentials of soybean meal paste as a substrate without the need of additional supplements, with the specific aim of propagating probiotic cultures and assessing performance of Bifidobacterium lactis in fatty acid production.

A homogenized soybean meal paste was prepared with an initial moisture content of 65% to begin solid-bed fermentation. This paste was inoculated with 4% of microbial culture and then incubated at 37 °C.

After 24 h of fermentation, strain showed significant acidification and increases in cell numbers. Moreover, the microorganism demonstrated significant capacity to modulate levels of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids within the media, in contrast to the control media. The fatty acid composition shifted to a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids as well as further decreases in omega-3 acid than omega-6 fatty acid. Inoculation of the bacteria at 4% with substrate fermentation led to significant increases in the microbial population to 9.98 log CFU/g and decreases in pH levels to 5.1 at the optimal temperature of 37 °C.

The soybean paste demonstrates potentials as a carrier for this probiotic microorganisms, facilitating fatty acid production. This microorganism enhanced nutritional and functional characteristics of the substrate, rendering soybean meal an appealing option for the production of innovative products for market consumers. The findings suggest promising solutions for the cost-effective and sustainable production of organic acids and fatty acids using solid substrates and probiotic microorganisms.

 It was shown that contamination of agricultural pasturage with fertilizers, application of sewage and effluents in irrigation, use of pesticides and air pollution have led to the entrance of chemical contaminants, including metals, into plants. On the other hand, food processing is (handling, processing, transportation) considered as an important way of food contamination. Vegetable oils are essential in human dietary which is introduced as crucial sources of energy, fat soluble vitamins, and essential fatty acids. Sesamum indicum L., known as sesame seed, has been cultivated in Asian countries from ancient times as vegetable oil for cooking and seasoning ingredients. In recent years, the sesame oil has been considered due to its high antioxidant activities and nutritional properties. Due to the use of sesame seeds extracted oil in two form of ardeh oil and sesame oil, the amounts of mineral elements (phosphorus, potassium, iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese, calcium and magnesium) in sesame seeds and its extracted oils (ardeh oil and refined sesame oil) were investigated.

 In order to determine the mineral concentration, refined sesame oil and ardeh oils were prepared from an imported sesame seed. In order to prepare the sesame oil, sesame seeds were put into a cold presser and the oil was extracted under low pressure. The Ardeh oil was prepared by adding water to sesame paste in the ratio of 2.2:10 and oil was separated by centrifugation. The sesame seeds and oil samples (refined sesame oil and ardeh oils) were digested by microwave digestion method in presence of 5 ml 65% nitric acid and 2 ml of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The digested samples were then filtered through 0.45 µm filter membrane. Then, the concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese, calcium and magnesium in sesame seeds, ardeh oil and refined sesame oil were examined using Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP – OES).

 In the present study, the limit of detection (LOD) for each studied mineral elements were determined as nickel: 4 mg/kg, magnesium: 0.00066 mg/kg, manganese: 0.000134 mg/kg, phosphorus: 0.384 mg/kg, cobalt: 0.594 μg / kg, iron: 0.000797 mg/kg, potassium: 0.00394 mg/kg, calcium 0.005 mg/kg. According to the results, the highest amounts of mineral elements were detected in sesame seeds. The achieved results showed that the method of sesame oil extraction can reduce the mineral elements in the final sesame oils. The amounts of mineral elements in sesame seeds were estimated as P > Ca > K > Mg > Fe > Mn > Co > Ni. The pattern of mineral elements in Ardeh oil was reported as P > Fe > K > Co > Mg > Ni > Mn > Ca. The reduction pattern was reported as P > K > Fe > Ni > Co > Mn > Ca > Mg in refined sesame oil. As can be seen the order of mineral elements was changed in two oil samples and sesame seed. It was shown that except for K and Ca, all mineral elements in ardeh oil were higher than refined sesame oil. As can be seen, the refining process was effectively reduced the metals in oil samples. On the other hand, high amount of mineral elements in sesame seed in comparison to extracted oils could be attributed to lack of processing methods which are present in oil production in both methods. 

 It should be considered that presence of different metals in vegetable oils could facilitate the oil deterioration and oxidization as well as oil shelf life reduction. Since the most of the sesame lots in Iran are imported, it is necessary to monitor the amount of mineral elements.

Today about the manner of applying the inheritance of  old eloquence in academic circles, there is a difference of opinion among researchers. Some of them believe in laying aside this rhetorical inheritance and following the new western eloquence. The other group believes old eloquence should become the basis and new findings of linguistics and  stylistics should be ultilized and a communication between both of them should be established. The book "Al Benyat Al Motehavelat fi Albelaghat Al Arabia"written by Osameh Al Bohayri tries to use the second view to make a bridge between old eloquence  and new findings of western lingual and  rhetorical. This article extracts author 's perspective  by descriptive analytical method and then criticizesit Research  findings show that change  in Sakaki's classification, attention to exiting the necessity of appearance in rhetoric, attention to inner structure of text, proceeding with the role of the reader in deviation from norms and the prominence of norm-avoidance in contemporary literary discourse are the  most important features of the book. Numerous typing mistakes, choosing unsuitable fonts, not having a list of standards and poetries, are the most important defects of the book. In the introduction of book, the writer emphasizes that in his rhetorical analysis, he has adopted the text itself as a basis, but in the book there is no sign of adopting the text as a basis as a unit of rhetorical analysis.

In the present study, a composite gel was prepared based on gelatin and sesame seed protein containing a fixed amount of oleosome. The different ratios of sesame protein to gelatin (30:70, 50:50, 70:30 w/w%) and a constant amount of 20% (w) oleosome were used to prepare the composite gel. Then the physicochemical properties of sesame seeds, oleosomes and their extraction efficiencies were determined. The rheological, textural and microstructural properties of the gels were also investigated. Protein and oleosome extraction efficiencies from sesame seeds were 21±1.23% and 68.96±1.41%, respectively. The results showed that the amount of sesame seed protein had significant effect on the gelation behavior and gel hardening, and the storage modulus and loss modulus increased in the samples with the decrease of the process temperature from 50 to 4 degrees Celsius. With the increase of sesame protein ratio, the amount of storage modulus and loss modulus at 4 degrees Celsius temperature increased from 258 pascals to 149400 pascals and from 46.7 pascals to 37648 pascals, respectively. The accumulation of protein molecules in the gel structure was observed with increasing the proportion of sesame protein to 70% by light microscope. The results of the present research confirm that sesame seed oleosome can be used as a substitute for fat particles in food products.

Sesame oil meal is a protein-rich by-product obtained from sesame seed oil extraction, which is seen as one of the cultivation wastes with high nutritional value and cheap price and is abundantly accessible in the agriculture industry. This product can also be used as a cheap substrate for the growth of Beneficial microorganisms including probiotics. This research examines the growth of Lactobacillus Plantarum As a probiotic in the sesame meal culture media under different incubation conditions to achieve the best microbial count of probiotic bacterium of Lactobacillus Plantarum. Sesame meal paste with an initial pH of 6.5 was used as the culture medium, with incubation conditions including aerobic conditions under three temperature rates of 30, 37 and 44°C for 48 hours. The findings revealed that the bacterium could grow in the sesame meal medium, increasing the microbial population to 108cfu/g at the end of fermentation under 30 and 37°C. Also, Lactobacillus Plantarum significantly reduced the pH of all fermented samples under all temperatures (p<0/05), with the pH decreasing by most around 4.85 at 37°C. The findings also suggested that the combination of fatty acids of the sesame meal culture medium changed due to Lactobacillus Plantarum growth. Fatty acids (C15:0), (C15:1), (C16:0), (C16:1), (C18:1t), (C18:1c), (C21:0) and (C24:1) increased significantly (p<0.05), whereas fatty acids (C14:1), (C17:0), (C18:1c), (C18:2c), (C20:0), (C18:3n3), (C20:1), (C22: 0) and (C24: 0) decreased significantly (p<0/05). In the meantime, fermentation helped produce (C17:1) and (C22:1) and consume linoleic acid. In sum, sesame meal can serve as a nutrient and cost-saving medium to grow Lactobacillus Plantarum.

Motivation plays an essential role in every person’s life to persevere and do a job. It determines the quality of behavior and the result of one’s efforts at all stages of life. Accordingly, a man does not start an activity unless there is incentive, motivation, and purpose behind it. This applies to learning processes, especially second language learning. This article tries to study the effect of motivation in learning Arabic as a second language among undergraduate students at Iranian public universities based on the theory of ‘internal self-motivation system” and using two descriptive-analytical and survey approaches, also identify the various factors affecting this. To identify motivational factors, sixteen variables of this theory have been studied. The tool of this research is a questionnaire designed by Dorney and Taguchi (2010). The research sample includes 1107 male and female undergraduate students who entered the university during the years 2017-2020. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Structural model design and relationship detection between variables was based on Amos software. Finally, this study points out that according to the coefficients obtained in the Pearson correlation matrix, the factors of attitude towards learning Arabic ideal second language self-instrumental incentives and “attitude to Arabic culture and society” have the highest positive correlation with the target effort variable, respectively. The target effort variable has received the most direct impact from its ideal language variable, and the rest of its direct effects are due to the attitude to learning Arabic variable.

‘Argument’ is one of the topics that has attracted the attention of writers despite its age among researchers. What shows the importance of this topic is the persuasive goals that the argument pursues; in this way, the speaker should plan his speech by identifying the horizon of his audience's expectations to convince them, and finally present a speech that fits the audience’s conditions and needs. With the passage of time, this topic has gone beyond rhetoric and controversy and entered many literary, linguistic, and rhetorical topics.The present research is based on the theory of Shayim Birelman and Titikah to investigate the means of argument and how they are used in Khwarizmi’s satirical letter to Ibn Badihi. It seeks to answer the following two research questions:1) What argument tools did Khwarizmi use in this letter and how did it appear?2) How is his success or failure in this pilgrimage process evaluated?He has used all kinds of arguments in his satirical letters. The pseudo-logical arguments which are expressed in conditional, comparative, preferential, and comparative styles have been used the most. In the meantime, he has made the most use of people's personalities and ridiculed their moral flaws. Sometimes he has turned to excess in them, in such a way that in his reprimanding speech, which is similar to praise and praise, he attributes all the flaws and ugly behaviors to his audience.He has also relied on arguments based on the structure of reality, including the argument of the cause, the argument of person, and the argument of authority. Many historical, cultural, mythological, and religious figures have dominated his letters to humiliate his audience through the style of comparison and blame similar to praise. It is worth mentioning that Khwarizmi tries to highlight the difference between the words and actions of his audience by choosing negative or positive mood adjectives and external characteristics. Khwarizmi has used the argument of the person and his actions to achieve this purpose. Of course, the effectiveness of this argument is weak because it changes in different conditions and positions. Among the various arguments used by Khwarizmi, reference to pseudo-logical arguments is more effective compared to other arguments, but Khwarizmi did not rely on them much.He enjoys more freedom in his satirical letters. That is why he has used the arguments created for the structure of reality, especially similes, to show the contradiction of his audience's behavior in speech and action. In describing his faults with nasty descriptions and disgusting images, he has exaggerated to take any chance of reflection and defense from his opponent and not give him a chance to hear his answer. Since his goal is to arouse the emotions and feelings of the audience; therefore, his reasoning is based on excitement and tends to fallacy. Relying on social, cultural, literary values, and commonalities in the Arab society is also another argument used by Khwarizmi.

Aflatoxins are important mycotoxins produced by some fungus spp and are resistant to heat treatments such as pasteurization; their concentration remains unchanged, causing threats for humans. In the present study, using differential pulse voltammetry, a pencil graphite electrode based on reduced graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles has been developed to identify aflatoxin in raw camel milk. The behavior of functional electrodes in several processes has been analyzed using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results showed that stabilization of reduced graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles caused a reduction in current peak and increment in impedance, while by aptamer stabilization and analyte, the current peak has been lowered and impedance increased. According to the differential pulse voltammetry technic, in the 5-800 ng/lit range, electrical current indicated a linear decrease by increasing concentration (R2 =0.991). Recovery was 90-94.5% for a produced biosensor in camel milk. The obtained quantitative detection limit was 3ng/lit. Investigation of functional characteristics, including reproducibility and repeatability, expressed acceptable results for a biosensor.

The properties of different materials used as planting substrate exert direct and indirect effects on crop growth and production. Hence, the selection of a suitable substrate is one of the most important factors in the success of production in soilless cultivation. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of physical and chemical properties of different cultivation substrates on the growth and development of Crassula capitella. Thus, different organic and inorganic cultivation substrates such as sand, coco peat, charcoal, pumice, peat moss and zeolite were combined with each other in different ratios and tested. The measured traits were phytochemical compounds (chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid, SOD activity level and MDA content), fresh weight and dry weight of root and shoot, and element uptake (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). Based on the results of the present research, there was a significant difference in terms of plant height, wet and dry weight, nutrient uptake rate and enzyme activity between different cultivation substrates. The plants grown in substrate No. 10 (35 cc of fine pumice + 5 cc of coco peat + 5 cc of peat moss + 5 cc of charcoal) and substrate No. 1 (35 cc of 3-5-mm fine sand + 5 cc of coco peat + 5 cc of charcoal) showed the highest and lowest numerical values of the evaluated traits, respectively. The use of combinations containing pumice, coco peat and zeolites seems to prevent the wastage of nutrients and preserves nutrient ions, and therefore results in increasing the fertilizer efficiency and improving the nutrient uptake and maintaining moisture, and ultimately improves the plant growth.

Scientific journals are very important channels for knowledge spread and represent the achievements of the scientific community. The present study examines the quantitative status of articles in Journal of Lisan-i Mubin with the aim of identifying citation behavior and co-authorship relationships. The present research has been done through Documentary Research with scientometric approach. All articles in Journal of Lisan-i Mubin (2010-2019) have formed the present research population. The data were extracted from Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC) Database and analyzed using citation analysis techniques and co-authorship network. The co-authorship results’ analysis show that authors in this journal are very willing to make scientific collaboration. Dual authorship is the most common collaboration model used in this journal articles. Most of the collaborations among the journal’s authors are within the university and the collaborations are also from their own university. In addition, the current network does not have the desired coherence and density. In this journal, there is a positive and significant correlation between scientific communication and scientific productions variables, which shows that authors with more productions have more participation with other authors in preparing articles.Keywords: scientometrics, Citation analysis, scientific communication, co-authorship, Knowledge Map, Lisan-i Mubin

Regarding the novelty of the research, the importance of this branch of anthropology and its strategies in understanding the social investigates people, and since Mutran lived a reality plagued by the control of the Ottoman rulers, and this reality greatly affected the people's roles and social behaviors. This research consequently deals with the effects of social anthropology based on the method of qualitative content analysis. One of the results of this study is that the behavior of individuals is formed as a result of social socialization in which the society’s culture or political system is formed headed by an authoritarian king. Relations between individuals have a great relationship with authoritarian rule and this domination with the pyramidal structure has a significant role in various behaviors among individuals and leads to the domination of the policy of coercion by the ruler (the king) and submission of the people. The minister's daughter appears, which leads to the minister and his daughter‘s not accepting the truth. However this matter did not result in a change in the ruling on the contrary, it reveals its stability, as the authority of the ruler is as long as the authority that controls the people.

and introduction are the most important parts of the articles among structural components. So, this study aims to consider abstracts and introductions from 71 articles in "Arabic Literature" journal from 1388-1389 by planned questionnaire on the base of structural evaluation of lectures. The procedure is the analysis of the synthetic content. Research findings show that in aim, statement of the problem, and keywords correspond with structural standards of scientific-studious articles, and from 1388 to 1398, they have structural weakness in history, procedure and question. Although, lectures from 1392 and after that have increased in these three indexes remarkably, but in frequency and the other components, they have not increased considerably. Since there are defects until 1398 in these indexes because of structural dispersion and lack of a specific pattern. Therefore, it's not possible to mention in which year articles have considered these components. This research after evaluating these two components has offered a conceptual pattern of abstract structure and introduction of scientific-studious lectures in Arabic language and literature.

Extraction of hydrocolloids from plant seeds is important due to the increased consumption of these compounds in the formulation of food products. Ultrasound-assisted extraction has become very popular due to its many advantages, one of the most important of which is to increase the extraction efficiency of the biopolymers. The aim of this research was to use inverse numerical method to estimate the effective parameters in mass transfer related to the ultrasound-assisted extraction of galactomannan form two plant seeds including fenugreek and Gleditsia caspica. To achieve this goal, the concentration of galactomannan extracted from both plant seeds was obtained against time and the experimental data and the data predicted by the software (based on the simulation) were compared which had proper convergence. Effective parameters in mass transfer including dispersion coefficient (E), diffusion coefficient (D) and total mass transfer coefficient (kc) were in the range of 1.21 – 1.52×10-12, 2.39 – 3.05×10-8 and 1.18 – 1.85×10-7m2/s for fenugreek galactomannan and 1.31 – 1.54×10-12, 2.63 – 3.11×10-8 and 1.46 – 1.95×10-7m2/s for Gleditsia caspica galactomannan. The difference between the values obtained for the two galactomannans could be attributed to the seed type, hardness or softness of the seed wall and characteristics of the target component. According to the obtained results, inverse numerical method could be introduced as an acceptable and effective method for modeling of the extraction process of both galactomannans.

Due to the increasing use of biopolymers in food formulations, introducing new hydrocolloid sources has become particularly important. Numerous researches have been done on aqueous extraction or new extraction methods such as extraction with microwave pretreatment, but in most cases, the engineering part of these processes has been neglected. In this study, the main purpose was to investigate the mass transfer in the process of microwave-assisted extraction of galactomannan from two plant seeds using a new method known as inverse numerical method. To achieve this goal, the concentration of galactomannan extracted from both plant seeds was obtained against time and the experimental data and the data predicted by the software (based on the simulation) were compared which indicated proper convergence between these data. Effective parameters in mass transfer including dispersion coefficient (E), diffusion coefficient (D) and total mass transfer coefficient (kc) were in the range of 1.12 – 1.63×10-12, 2.30 – 3.28×10-8 and 1.54 – 2.25×10-7  m2/s for fenugreek galactomannan and 1.27 – 1.76×10-12, 2.55 – 3.52×10-8 and 1.85 – 2.30×10-7m2/s for Gleditsia caspica galactomannan. The difference between the values obtained for the two galactomannans could be attributed to the seed type, hardness or softness of the seed wall and characteristics of the target component. According to the obtained results, inverse numerical method could be introduced as an acceptable and effective method for modeling of the extraction process of both galactomannans.

In this study, turkey breast meat was thawed by using the immersion ohmic method in three different treatments (66V, brine concentration 0.186% W/V), (120 V, brine concentration 0.186% W/V) and (120 V, brine concentration 0.25% W/V). The effect of this method on the growth rate of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria after thawing, were compared with traditional methods of thawing; Air (25°C) and water (40°C). Thawing time for air, water, ohmic (66 V, brine concentration 0.186% W/V), ohmic (120 V, brine concentration 0.186% W/V), and ohmic (120 V, brine concentration 0.25% W/V); 398 S, 107 S, 113 S, 97 S and 91 S were obtained, respectively, which indicated a significant decrease in the thawing time using the ohmic method compared to the traditional thawing methods. Also, with the increase in voltage, the thawing time to reach the set temperature decreased, but the effect of increasing brine concentration on the decrease of thawing time was insignificant. The results showed a significant reduction in the thawing time using the ohmic method. The results of analysis of variance of a completely random design indicated that the effect of different thawing treatments on the growth of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria was significant at the probability level of 1%. In the results of the mean comparison test between different treatments, a significant difference was observed at the five percent probability level. In ohmic thawing, with increasing voltage and brine concentration, the growth rate of bacteria was significantly reduced compared to other treatments. The lowest survival rates of mesophilic bacteria and psychrophilic bacteria, and also the shortest thawing time was observed in ohmic treatment of 120 volts in brine concentration of 0.25% W/V.

Sociological criticism examines the relationship between a literary work and society and their interplay. Whereas the literary text, as a meaningful whole, establishes a dialectical relationship with society, history, politics, and economics; So, the sociological study of literary texts requires a method that can explain the relationship between the construction and content of the literary work and the social structure. Thus, the present study intends to use the method of qualitative content analysis to criticize the structure of a literary work and its most basic elements including theme, worldview, the hero character in the novel " Return to Deportation "(Based on the Developmental Constructivism Theory) and then important infrastructure of Egypt society at the time of Egyptian author, Abu al-Muati Abu al-Naja. This novel was based on Goldman's developmental constructivist theory at two levels of perception and interpretation. The results of the research show that Abu al-Muati, by theme depicting political corruption, class distance, social oppression, and economic poverty, has provided the ground for discovering the relationship between the structure of his literary work and the structure of Egyptian society in the period 1859-1877. The author's worldview is also reflected in the collective consciousness of the middle class, which the problematic hero of this collective consciousness has led to possible consciousness. On the other hand, in the interpretation stage, to make the literary text comprehensible, the relationship between the literary work and social, political, and economic structures was explained. And this indicates that there is harmony and accommodation between the meaningful structure of Abu al-Muati's novel with the political, social, and economic structure of Egyptian society in the foregoing period

The growing demand for probiotic products due to changing lifestyle and increasing public awareness of the beneficial effects of probiotics on human health has prompted many researchers to develop new probiotic products. In this study, wheat germ as a high nutritional compound that is a by-product of the flour processing industry and due to its high lipid content and presence of lipase and lipoxygenase enzymes has an unstable nature, is used for the production of probiotic powder. In the first step, in order to extend the shelf-life of wheat germ, the effect of fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus on the lipase and lipoxygenase activity of wheat germ at different concentrations (10, 15 and 20%) was investigated. The results showed that fermentation caused a significant decrease in lipase and lipoxygenase activity and the highest reduction in the activity of both enzymes was observed in the fermented sample by Lactobacillus plantarum at 20% concentration of wheat germ (71.43 % for lipase and 65% for lipoxygenase) which was used for later stages of experiments. The initial bacterial count was 13.38 ± 0.03 Log CFU/g before the drying process and decreased by 1.1 Log CFU/g immediately after the freeze-drying process. Then, there was no significant decrease in the number of bacteria during the storage period at 25 ° C in the first and second weeks. Finally, after 10 weeks, the number of bacteria in the powder decreased to 6.68 ± 0.16 Log CFU/g, which is still more than the recommended level for providing health effects of probiotics (> 106 CFU).

Use of pectin has attracted interests in food and nutraceutical industries, owing to its positive effects on stability of dairy drinks and potential health benefits to humans. Furthermore, demands for the production of stable fermented milk drinks during storage period is high. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess effects of apple and pomegranate pectins as stabilizers on various characteristics of probiotic yogurt drinks.

Apple and pomegranate pectins at concentrations of 0-0.5% (w v-1) were added to the probiotic yogurt drinks containing 2% of inulin and 12% of pomegranate juice. Then, rheological behavior, particle size distribution and stability of probiotic yogurt drinks were studied during storage.

Control (treatments with no pectin addition) and probiotic yogurt drinks containing pomegranate pectin (0.1-0.5%) showed Newtonian flow behavior and liquid-like behavior over the frequency range. Probiotic yogurt drinks with apple pectin included shear-thinning flow behavior, gel-like network at low frequencies and mean size particleof 50 m. The highest G' and G" and stabilities during the storage were achieved in samples containing 0.5% of apple pectin. Results demonstrated that apple pectin included great potentials to be used in industrial production of probiotic yogurt drinks as it improved rheological properties and storage stability of the products. Therefore, use of 0.5% apple pectin is suggested in fermented milk drinks

Critiquing and analyzing a journals’ articles are a great way to improve the overall quality of a scientific research, and, in this way, determining its conformity to the latest article writing format and research methodology. To analyze papers written on story published in the journal of Iranian Association of Arabic Language and Literature, this study was conducted using a quantitative content-based analysis methodology. Information was first gathered using a questionnaire, and then transformed into quantitative data with the aid of descriptive statistics and Excel software. The questionnaire used mainly focused on the seven main sections of title, abstract, introduction, method, body, results, and references. Analyzing 46 articles on story published in the journal of Iranian Association of Arabic Language and Literature revealed that titles were indicative of the characteristics of the subject, and complied with the features of a good article title. Abstracts had three main sections of stating the problem, conclusion, and key words. Provision of examples and the correspondence of content with title was a good feature of the articles’ body section. However, overlooking the proper conventions of writing research introduction, not adhering to a certain methodology, weak theoretical frameworks, mainly referencing to books, and reliance on secondary and trivial sources, were the major weaknesses of these articles; avoiding which would help approximating the quality of articles to the new standard format of writing a research paper.