حشمت امیدی

Genotype-environment interaction, reflecting how genotypes respond differently across environments, significantly impacts breeding progress. This phenomenon poses challenges for breeders in selecting and evaluating superior genotypes. Understanding the genotype-environment interaction enables breeders to meticulously assess and select genotypes that align well with target environment conditions. Moreover, it offers opportunities to identify genotypes that exhibit positive interactions with specific environments or demonstrate robust performance in diverse environments. By cultivating genotypes in varied environments, breeders can observe genotypic responses, facilitating the selection of superior and stable genotypes. A thorough exploration of the genotype-environment interaction necessitates the application of robust statistical methods. In this study, a series of sugar beet hybrids were grown in diverse environments to investigate the impact of the genotype-environment interaction on the quantitative production potential of root yield and white sugar yield, assess their adaptability, and employ different statistical approaches to identify successful hybrids.

This research involved the cultivation of 18 sugar beet genotypes that encompassed 15 hybrids and three control varieties previously developed to enhance resistance against rhizomania, rhizoctonia, and cyst nematode diseases. Phenotypic evaluations were conducted over two consecutive crop years (2022 and 2023) at two agricultural research stations in Karaj, Alborz, Iran, and Kermanshah, Kermanshah, Iran, utilizing a randomized complete block design with four replications. Standard agricultural practices, including weed control, irrigation, fertilizer application, and other farm management activities, were implemented, throughout the cropping season. Statistical analyses were performed on the collected data related to root yield and white sugar yield.

The analysis of genotype main effects revealed a significant difference in both root yield and white sugar yield. The interaction effects of year-location and genotype-year-location at the 1% probability level for both root yield and white sugar yield traits and genotype-year at the 5% probability level on white sugar yield made a significant difference. These findings suggest that fluctuations in environmental conditions and genetic factors can impact genotype performance across diverse environments, leading to marked variations in root yield and white sugar yield among genotypes. Using the GGE biplot method, it was found that the first and second principal components of the genotype-environment interaction explained 93.44 and 3.85%, respectively, and a total of 97.29% of variations in the root yield. Regarding the white sugar yield, the first and second principal components of the genotype-environment interaction explained 95.10 and 2.54%, respectively, and a total of 97.64% of variations. Considering that the first and second principal components played an important role in the variance of the data, the respective biplots can well explain the genotype variations and the genotype-environment interaction. The association biplot illustrated positive correlations between experimental environments, with a strong positive correlation observed between Karaj in 2023 and Kermanshah in 2022 for the root yield. Similarly, a positive correlation between the environments of Karaj and Kermanshah was identified in terms of the white sugar yield. Genotypes 18, 15, 12, 14, and 8 exhibited superior root yields across locations, while genotypes 18, 15, and 14 excelled in the white sugar yield across the four studied environments. A combined assessment of stability and yield indicated that genotypes 18, 15, 12, and 14 excelled in the root yield, and genotypes 18, 15, and 14 performed exceptionally well in the white sugar yield and stability, being recognized as top-performing genotypes. Through the analysis of a hypothetical ideal genotype, genotypes 15, 12, and 14 were identified as the best yields in terms of root and white sugar yields, considering their proximity to the ideal genotype. By employing a multi-trait stability index with a selection pressure of 20%, genotype 16 emerged as the top-ranking genotype, followed by genotypes 10, 9, and 6. A comparison of trait values in the selected genotypes revealed increased root yield and sugar content, alongside decreased levels of potassium, alpha-amino nitrogen, and sodium, showcasing overall improvements across all studied traits with high heritability.

The results indicate that interactions between environmental factors and genetic makeup can influence the performance of different genotypes across varying conditions, leading to substantial variations in their outcomes. Overall, genotypes 18, 15, 14, and 10 were identified as the most stable genotypes.

In modern agriculture, identifying salt-tolerant plants is crucial for efficient utilization of saline water and enhancing productivity. However, plant salt tolerance can vary across different growth stages. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), an annual herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family, not only imparts an exquisite flavor to our meals but also possesses remarkable medicinal properties and diverse applications. Given the significance of basil and the widespread challenge of soil salinity, a research study was conducted to investigate the effect of salinity stress on germination and seedling characteristics of basil. This experiment was designed as a completely randomized block design with 4 replications in the Agronomy Laboratory. 4 salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) were imposed using sodium chloride salt. All data were analyzed using the SAS software. Mean comparisons were performed using Duncan's test at a 5% probability level. The results demonstrated that soil salinity significantly impacted basil germination and seedling growth. The highest percentage and rate of germination, stem and root length, and fresh and dry weight of seedlings were observed in the control treatment (without salinity). Conversely, the lowest values of these parameters were recorded in the 150 mM salinity treatment. These findings indicate that basil is sensitive to salinity stress, and increasing soil salinity substantially impairs its germination and growth.

This study aims to investigate the effect of priming treatments (control without priming, hydropriming, priming with 0.25% potassium nitrate and priming with 0.5% potassium nitrate) on the germination characteristics of sugar beet cultivars and growth characteristics under five levels of salinity (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 dS/m) on germination and seedling growth in four replicates in a petri dish in laboratory conditions as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design. The results showed that the effect of seed priming and salinity stress on the average germination time, germination speed coefficient, germination variance, germination uniformity, root length, stem length, stem and root dry weight, water content relatively, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids were significant. The results showed that in all three genotypes, the number of germinated seeds decreased with the increase in salinity level, and in the control levels and the use of water as a priming factor, this decrease was moderated. With the increase of salt concentration up to 12 ds level, the relative water content increased sigmoidally and showed a relatively stable trend at two levels of 12 and 16 ds. In most of the investigated traits, Shokofa variety has shown less reaction than other genotypes. In the investigation of the reaction process of genotypes to the speed, variance and homogeneity of germination in prime and salinity levels, it has shown a decrease with increasing salinity concentration.

Salinity stress is a significant factor that imposes limitations on the growth and productivity of crops. Like other living organisms, plants are susceptible to various stresses and can suffer damage when exposed to them.Under conditions of salinity stress, the stages of germination and seedling growth become particularly crucial in the life cycle of plants.Artemisia annua L., an important medicinal plant with a long history of use in traditional Iranian and other Asian medicine, was the subject of investigation in this research.The aim was to examine the impact of salinity stress on the germination process(both in terms of percentage and rate)and the characteristics of seedlings(such as radicle length,plumule length, fresh weight, and dry weight)in Artemisia annua L.The study was carried out in 2023,employing a completely randomized design with four replications at the Department of Agronomy in Shahid University.The experimental treatments consisted of four levels of salinity(0,50,100,and150 mM)induced by sodium chloride salt.The data obtained were analyzed using SAS software, and the means were compared utilizing the Duncan test at a 5%probability level.The findings of this experiment demonstrated that the control treatment(without salinity)exhibited the highest percentage and speed of germination, as well as the longest radicle and plumule lengths, and the greatest fresh and dry weights of the seedlings.Germination was not observed at concentrations of 150mM and higher.Hence, based on the outcomes of this study, it can be concluded that salinity stress has an adverse impact on the germination process and seedling growth of Artemisia annua L.,revealing the plant's heightened sensitivity to salinity.

water deficit stress during growth and flowering is one of the most major environmental constraints, which influences seed grain filling and consequential germination and early growth stages of plants. In this study, the impact of foliar application of micronutrients (control, Fe, Zn, Fe + Zn, nano- Fe, nano- Zn, nano- Fe + nano- Zn) on quinoa at 2 reproductive stages (50% and 100% of flowering stage) were evaluated under 2 levels of water deficit stress, control (-0.03±0.045) bar and water deficit stress (-9±0.045) bar. The results showed that germination traits including percentage, rate, mean germination time, germination uniformity, seedling length and weight index as well as chlorophyll and carotenoid content were significantly affected by micronutrient foliar application, foliar application time and water deficit stress. water deficit stress decreased the percentage and rate of germination and seedling indices, but foliar application of micronutrients reduced the adverse effects of foliar application of micronutrients. Foliar application of micronutrients also increase the amount of photosynthetic pigments. The findings of this research show that foliar spraying with nutrients, especially nano-iron + nano-zinc, increases the germination indices to improve the germination and growth of quinoa seedlings under water stress conditions.

Various strategies have been used to improve growth and productivity of crops through genetic approach, genetic engineering, and breeding. However, economic feasibility and ease of use can pave the way for the application of priming techniques as "stress relievers" in agricultural production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of priming Catharanthus roseus seed with phytohormones of salicylic acid and Jasmonic acid under drought stress to reduce the effect of water limitation during the germination.

Two separate studies were conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology of Shahed University, Tehran. In the first experiment, treatments included priming in two levels of SA (0.5 and 1mM) and priming duration in two levels (24 and 48 hours), and drought stress with polyethylene glycol 6000 in 6 levels (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 Mpa). In the second experiment, treatments included JA (10 µM), priming duration in two levels (12, and 24 hours) and drought stress in levels six (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 Mpa). Dry seeds (without pretreatment) were considered as control.

In this study, drought stress treatments -1.5 and -2 Mpa in the first experiment and -1, -1.5 and -2 Mpa in the second one had no germination. Seed priming with SA and JA improved the percentage of seed germination so that in the first experiment, the highest percentage of germination (97.33) was observed under stress-free conditions with the application of 0.5 mM salicylic acid for 48 hours, which was 12.2% higher than the control treatment. 0.5 Mm of SA treatment with 24 hours of priming showed the highest percentage of germination under drought stresses of -0.1 and -0.5 Mpa. However, under drought stress conditions of -1 Mpa, 0.5 mM SA+48 hours treatment was superior compared to other treatments of salicylic acid and time. In the second experiment, the highest percentage of germination (98.3) was in the concentration of 10 μM jasmonic acid during 24 hours of priming under stress-free conditions, which showed an increase of 40.4% compared to the control treatment.

The results of the present study showed the importance of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid during seed germination stage under drought stress. Seed priming with salicylic acid alleviated the damages caused by drought stress on germination and growth. The process of adaptation to stress started by jasmonic acid can be attributed to pretreatment with jasmonic acid before applying drought stress.

The effect of priming Catharanthus roseus seeds with salicylic acid and jasmonic acid phytohormones on the germination characteristics of seeds under drought stress was investigated.
Priming Catharanthus roseus seeds with salicylic acid improved the germination percentage and characteristics of seeds under drought stress.

In order to investigate the possibility of reducing the growth period and increasing the grain yield of different quinoa genotypes, in 2018, a factorial split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Shahed University. The main factor included three different genotypes of quinoa (Titicaca, Giza 1 and Sajama) and the secondary factors included three models of planting methods (Transplanting, seed Priming with 1000 ppm Boric acid solution, and direct sowing) and boron foliar application at two levels (control and foliar application with 1000 ppm Boric acid solution). The results showed that the effect of genotype was significant on all studied traits. The highest plant height (123.38 cm) and grain yield (2860.228 kg/ha) were obtained in Giza 1 genotype. Also, the shortest period of growth and flowering was related to Titicaca genotype and the longest period was related to Sajama genotype. The effect of planting method on quinoa growth and yield traits was significant and transplanting was more effective than other methods. This method increased the plant height by 48.15% and grain yield by 176.69%, reduced the flowering (34.35%) and ripening period (37.97%). The priming was also able to improve the studied traits compared to the control. Of course, its effectiveness was not as high as transplanting. The effect of boron foliar application on grain yield was significant and increased this trait by 16.7%.

In order to evaluate the effect of seed priming of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) on Seedling growth and germination Indexes of two varieties of Quinoa (Titicaca-Giza 1), studies in the form of a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors four repetitions were conducted of Seed Technology Laboratory Shahed University in 2020. The experiment was the first factor included control ((no priming), Hydropriming, Potassium nitrate (0.02% w / v), Salicylic acid (0.6 mM), Calcium chloride (at 20 and 40 mM) and two genotypes of quinoa (TiticacaGiza 1). The best priming level for 40 mM calcium chloride was in both genotypes. Results of experiment showed that effect of priming on seed percentage at the level of one percent was significant but their interaction priming, genotyping on seed percentage not significant. Also, effect of priming, genotyping and their interaction on normal seedling percentage, seedling length, allometric coefficient and seed vigor length index, at the level of one percent was significant. Results showed that the highest seed percentage obtained in for level 20 (100 %) and 40 (100 %) mM calcium chloride priming in both genotypes (Titicaca-Giza 1). Generally, priming of 40 mM calcium chloride to highest germination indexes and of Titicaca and Giza1 genotype was recommended.

A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications to investigate the effect of boron priming on the chemical and antioxidant content of seedlings of different quinoa genotypes.Experimental factors included seed priming(at six levels of control,hydropriming,and boron concentrations of 1g/L،2g/L،3g/Land4g/L) and 3 quinoa genotypes(Titicaca,Giza1 and Sajama).The traits in this study included chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins, saponins, total phenols, peroxidase,and superoxide dismutase.The results showed that boron priming has a significant effect on all traits.The highest levels of chlorophyll and carotenoids in Titicaca and Sajama genotypes were obtained by applying the level of boron concentrations of 2g/L,while the highest level of the mentioned traits was obtained by applying the level of 1g/L in the genotype of Giza1.In the studied genotypes,by increasing the concentration of boron solution,the saponin content increased(33.3%)and the highest level of saponin was observed in the Titicaca genotype(1.13 mg/gDW).The highest total phenol content in Titicaca and Sajama genotypes was obtained by applying boron concentrations of 1g/L,while boron priming reduced the total phenol content in Giza1 genotype,compared to hydropriming.In addition,the response of anthocyanin content to different levels of priming was different in different genotypes.The highest anthocyanin content was obtained in Titicaca genotype at 2g/L,in Giza1 genotype at 4g/L,and in Sajama genotype in control.At a boron concentration of 2g/L,the Titicaca and Sajama genotypes had the highest content of superoxide dismutase enzyme,while the genotype Giza1 had the highest level at a concentration of 1g/L.The highest peroxidase activity was observed in a boron concentration of 4g/L.

To investigate the effect of quinine seed priming on morpho-physiological and biochemical traits of seedlings, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications at the seed processing laboratory of the Shahed University of Tehran. Experimental factors included two levels of seed age (one-year old and four-year old) and four priming treatments (control without priming, hydro-priming, salicylic acid with a concentration of 50 ppm and potassium nitrate with a concentration of 0.2 wt% by volume). The effect of seed age on all studied traits was significant at the level of 1% probability. With increasing seed age, germination percentage (45.6%), germination rate (63.43%), seedling length (59.21%), chlorophyll a content (53.1%), chlorophyll b content (67.4%), carotenoids (6 56.6%), soluble sugar (55.8%), protein (47%), anthocyanin (62%) and catalase activity (50%) decreased whereas the amount of electrolyte leakage increased by 25.9%. The effect of priming on all studied traits was significant at the level of one percent probability and improved the studied traits. The interaction effect of seed age and priming on some traits was also significant. Priming of four-year-old seeds with potassium nitrate as the best treatment composition increased Germination percentage (52.67%), Germination rate (about 490%), Shoot length (about 430%), Chlorophyll a content (77.4%), Chlorophyll b content (180%), Carotenoids (92.8%), Protein (200%) and Catalase activity (250%) and 40.2% reduction of Electrolyte leakage from the plasma membrane. According to the obtained results, it can be stated that the use of the potassium nitrate priming method can greatly reduce the effects of ageing and seed deterioration.

 Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff is a native species of Iran which is a rare and endangered species. It grows as a wild in cold and mountainous bioclimatic and is used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases such as cardiovascular disease, gastric ulcer, respiratory and intestinal inflammation. The change of status from dormancy to germination can be eliminated by using some treatments in accordance with the natural conditions of the mother base habitat. However, some physiological needs of dormant seeds can be met by scratching (mechanical and chemical), washing in running water, dry storage, cold and humid conditions, light, smoke, and plant growth regulators. The aim of this study was to investigate different strategies including pretreatment, leaching and constant germination temperature on seed germination characteristics and Kelussia seedling growth.

 The experiment was conducted in Petri dishes at Seed Technology Laboratory of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Shahed University. K. odoratissima Mozaff seeds were collected from their natural habitat in Fereydounshahr, Isfahan province in 2019.This study was performed in the Crop Physiology and Seed Technology Laboratories of Shahed University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, from 23.09.2019 to 22.11.2019. The cultivation was in Petridish at constant germination temperatures after priming and leaching. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. Each replication included 36 Petridish and 20 Kelussia seeds were planted in each petri dish. Experimental factors include constant germination temperatures (1, 5, 10 and 15°C), duration of rinsing with running water at 15°C (24, 48 and 72 h) and hormone pretreatment with gibberellin (0, 250 and 500 ppm). Before applying the hormonal pretreatment and temperature, the seeds were washed in running water in such a way that seeds were placed in a strainer that was not immersed and water flowed on the seeds for the specified periods of time for this treatment. In this case, germination inhibitors were washed from the seed surface. According to the test period and laboratory conditions, the laboratory temperature could be controlled at 15 °C with a thermometer and cooling devices. Then, for hormonal pretreatment, the seeds were placed in containers containing gibberellin solution with concentrations of 0, 250 and 500 ppm and refrigerated at 4°C for 72 h. After washing the seeds, 20 seeds were placed in Petridish with a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 2 cm on Whatman filter paper No. 1 and at temperatures of 1, 5, 10 and 15°C with 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness passed. Due to the fact that germination in seeds grown at this temperature at 15°C was zero in all treatment compositions, it was excluded from statistical analysis. To analyze the data variance, the SAS 9.1 statistical software was used. The comparison of means of traits was performed using the Duncan test at 5% probability level.

 Germination traits, growth indices and physiological parameters of seedling photosynthetic pigments under the influence of leaching, temperature, gibberellin and the interactions of leaching in temperature, leaching in gibberellin, temperature in gibberellin and the combination of leaching treatment × temperature × gibberellin showed significant differences. The results showed that the optimum germination temperature was 1°C and about 54% of seeds were able to germinate at this temperature without using any pretreatment. However, pretreatment of seeds at a temperature of 1°C with gibberellin at 250 ppm and washing for 72 h increased the germination rate to 65%. It has also been shown that treatment with gibberellin at 250 ppm seedling length and gibberellin at 500 ppm improves seedling fresh and dry weight in three leaching treatments at 10°C. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content of seedlings was observed in the combination of 24 hours leaching treatment, temperature of 5°C and gibberellin priming of 500 ppm. Due to the wide variety of species of Apiaceae and also the variety of type and depth of sleep, various treatments to break dormancy and stimulate seed germination of plants of this genus have been proposed, the most important of which are wet and gibberellin. It should be noted that the germination ecology and appropriate treatments to break dormancy in different plant species, plants of the same family, same species and different ecotypes of the same species can be completely different.

 According to the results of this study, seed treatment with 72 hours of cold water washing, 1°C and gibberellin pretreatment with a concentration of 250 ppm was able to show the highest germination percentage to achieve High germination is recommended. In addition, at 5°C under gibberellin pretreatment and leaching showed a relatively high germination percentage. Accordingly, gibberellin hormonal pretreatment at low temperatures was effective in achieving more germination under priming conditions. Is. On the other hand, a concentration of 500 ppm gibberellin increased seedling weight and photosynthetic pigments. In general, a temperature of 1°C followed by a temperature of 5°C was effective in increasing the germination of celery seeds and was able to record better results. Also, the suitable seedling growth temperature for mountain celery is 10°C and the application of Gibberellin hormonal pretreatment improved the growth characteristics of Kelussia seedlings.

The high richness of food and the high resistance of quinoa to various environmental conditions and stresses have increased attention to its cultivation worldwide. The current research was carried out in the crop year of 2018-2019 in Kohdasht city in Lorestan province in the form of factorial split plots in randomized complete block design with three replications. The test factors include three genotypes (Titicaca, Giza 1, and Sajama) in the main plot and factorial levels including planting method (transplanting, seed priming with boric acid 1000ppm and direct sowing) and boron spraying (spraying with boric acid solution 1000ppm and no foliar spraying). The use of the transplanting method in planting Titicaca, Giza 1, and Sajama genotypes improves the studied traits such as increasing plant height (respectively 14.61, 11.28, and 50.55 percent), increasing leaf area index (respectively 24.28, 30.15 and 17.48 percent) reducing the time up to 50 percent of flowering (34.01, 34.2 and 38.83 days, respectively) and increasing seed yield (46.07, 34.45 and 28.82 percent, respectively) compared to the direct sowing method. The priming effect was also positive and significant on all traits of the studied genotypes, increased seed yield (14.8%), and reduced the ripening period (13 days). It was also found that the effect of boron foliar spraying on seed yield was significant and positive, and the method of transplanting increased its effects even more. Finally, Giza 1 genotype was recommended for planting in the Kohdasht region.

To study of the effect of biological pre-treatments on germination and growth of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seedling under natural salinity stress, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was conducted in three replications. Experimental treatments were biological pre-treated at four levels (control, inoculation with Azoto bio-fertilizer, inoculation with Phosphate bio-fertilizer, inoculation with both bio-fertilizers) and natural salinity (salt of Qom Lake) at five levels (zero, 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS/m).The results showed that increasing of salinity levels led to increasing of mean germination time and using of bio-fertilizer treatments and combination treatment caused this index show 22 percentages reduction at highest level of salinity compared to control treatment at same level of salinity. Salinity reduced the germination coefficient and the highest amount of this index (74.3) obtained at 3 dS/m level of salinity that compared to control treatment and at the same level of salinity showed 89 percentages increasing. Salinity reduced total chlorophyll and using of biological treatments caused amount of total chlorophyll at zero level of salinity show 155 percentages increasing compared to control treatment and at the same level of salinity. With increasing of salinity level increased soluble protein and combination treatment increased this index 12 percentages at the highest level of salinity compared to control. Under stress, plants face with oxidative stress and to confront of that use antioxidant enzymes. In this experiment, the using of biological treatments by raising of the production of antioxidant enzymes caused the reduction of salinity effects.

In order to investigate the effect of intensity (40 and 59 kHz), power (60, 80 and 100 watts) and duration (2, 4, 6, 8 and 20 minutes) of ultrasound waves on germination, growth and physiological characteristics of canola (Ekapi cultivar), a factorial experiment was carried out as completely randomized design in the Seed Technology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of Shahed University in 2019. Germination percentage, germination rate, average time required for germination, weight and length index of seedling vigor, seedling length, seedling dry weight and some physiologic parameters including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content and relative water content were measured. The interaction of intensity, power of the device and duration of application of ultrasound waves affected all studied traits except germination rate, seedling dry weight and relative water content. The highest germination percentage of rapeseed seeds in the treatment composition was related to 59 kHz waves, 100 watts and 6 minutes with an average of 88.33%. The content of carotenoids, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were observed with an average of 22.57, 49.08, 22.62 and 26.47 μg/g fresh weight in the application of 40 kHz ultrasonic waves with a power of 80 watts for two minutes. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the use of ultrasound was able to improve the germination, growth and physiologic characteristics of rapeseed. Therefore, according to the conventional time-consumed seed dormancy breaking methods, the use of ultrasound as a new technology to break dormancy as an alternative to older methods is recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of chicken manure and chemical fertilizers on some morphological characteristics and yield flowers and replacement corms of saffron under irrigation regimes, a split plot experiment on the basis of complete randomized block design was conducted at the shahrekord and two consecutive crop years (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) with three replications. Irrigation as main plot at three levels (Fc (0% moisture depletion), %33 moisture depletion and %66 moisture depletion) and nutrition as sub-plot at six levels (control (without fertilizer application), 100% recommended chemical fertilizer, 100% recommended chicken manure, 25% chemical fertilizer + 75% chicken manure, 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% chicken manure and 75% chemical fertilizer + 25% chicken manure) were used. Chicken manure at a rate of 3 tons per hectare and chemical fertilizers including: urea 100 kg, potassium sulfate 150 kg, triple superphosphate 50 kg, iron sulfate 45 kg, zinc sulfate 15 kg and manganese sulfate 20 kg, all per hectare based on soil decomposition and the plant needs, were used. Also, the morphological traits and production of flowers and replacement corms was evaluated. The results showed that the interaction effect of year × irrigation × nutrition on all studied traits except leaf number, leaf length and replacement corm diameter was significant at 1% level. The mean comparison compound of the interaction of year × irrigation × nutrition showed that the highest dry yield of stigma and style in the second year, under %33 moisture depletion and 75% chicken manure + 25% chemical fertilizer treatment at the rate of 9.21 kg /ha and the lowest amount In the first year, %66 moisture depletion and control was obtained at the rate of 3.3 kg / ha. With increasing water stress intensity, the effect of 75% chicken manure + 25% chemical fertilizers treatment on the yield of replacement corm increased compared to the control and the effect of this treatment in the second year was more compared to the first year, so that in the first year and field capacity (%0 moisture depletion), increasing yield of replacement corm in this treatment compared to the control was 3.2%, in %33 moisture depletion 11.8% and in %66 moisture depletion, 26.7% , and in the second years, was respectively 11.2%, 15.5% and 38.9%. Therefore, this treatment had the highest effect on increasing the yield of saffron stigma and style in all irrigation regimes in this experiment.

Soil salinity causes major losses in crop production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where 110 million out of 270 million ha of irrigated lands are located. Salinity is becoming more extensive as a result of land clearing and unsustainable irrigation and salinity management practices, as well as increasingly by bringing marginal lands into production. Priming is one of the effective methods to improve seed germination and seedling establishment in stressful environmental conditions such as salinity. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is the most important oil seed crop from Asteraceae family. These plants are usually preferred in arid and semi-arid regions under rain-fed conditions, where low rainfall and high evapotranspiration during vegetation periods restricts the growth of crop plants. Under these conditions, drought and salinity are the major abiotic stresses that severely inhibit germination, seedling establishment and plant growth; consequently, seed yield decreases. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and potassium nitrate pretreatments on germination components, growth characteristics, photosynthetic pigments and proline of two safflower cultivars under salinity stress.

In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and potassium nitrate on germination and photosynthetic indices of two safflower cultivars under salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the Seed Technology Laboratory of Shahed University of Agricultural Sciences in 2018. Experimental factors include safflower cultivars of Sofeh Isfahan and Goldasht cultivars, priming at three levels of control (distilled water), salicylic acid 0.5 mM and potassium nitrate 0.3% and salinity stress caused by Qom Lake salt at four levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15 dS/m, respectively.

The results showed that increasing the salinity of salt (sodium chloride) decreased the seed germination characteristics, relative water content and photosynthetic pigments and increased proline content. In Sefeh cultivar, the highest amount of germination components such as germination percentage (90%), germination rate (9.16 seeds per day), root length (25 mm), stem length (49.5 mm) Seedling fresh weight (1.25 g) and seedling dry weight (0.14 g) were obtained in the absence of salinity stress and application of salicylic acid. Also, under stress conditions of 15 dS/m and salicylic acid treatment, Sefeh cultivar had significant germination and growth. Salicylic acid pretreatment under salinity stress reduces the negative effects of salinity stress, thus increasing the germination percentage and seedling growth indices. Pretreatment of potassium nitrate increased photosynthetic pigments in Sefeh cultivar of Isfahan under salinity stress. Using cost-effective seed priming can improve seed germination components for growth in salinity conditions.

The results showed that salinity stress reduced the percentage and rate of germination, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings in both safflower cultivars. Negative effects of salinity stress on physiological parameters included reduction of photosynthetic pigments. Also, salinity stress affected the amount of proline in the contract and increased the amount of this trait. Sefeh cultivar under salinity stress with salicylic acid application had better tolerance than Goldasht cultivar. It is suggested that the quantitative and qualitative traits of safflower cultivars be evaluated under field conditions under salinity and priming to yield stages and yield components. To be able to more confidently recommend suitable cultivars in areas with saline soils.

To study the effect of biological treatment on germination and growth indices and pigments of flaxseed under salinity stress, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was conducted in three replications at the faculty of agriculture of Shahed University in 2018. Experimental treatments were salinity at four levels (zero, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 dS/m) and biological treatments at four levels (control, bacteria (Baccillus subtilis), fungi (Macrophomina phaseolina) and combination of bacteria and fungi). Effect of biological treatment was significant on germination percentage and the highest germination percentage (99 %) obtained at fungi treatment. Effect of salinity and biological treatment was significant on mean germination time and germination coefficient. The minimum mean germination time (3.79 days) obtained at combination of bacteria and fungi treatment that shows this treatment was most effective in compared with other biological treatments. With increasing of salinity, mean germination time increased. Salinity reduced radicle, plumule and seedling length. The means related to radicle length at the different levels of salinity at biological treatment of fungi was highest amount in compared with other biological treatments. Interaction effect of salinity and biological treatment was significant on chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll. With increasing of salinity, reduced pigments. Maximum amount of chlorophyll a (16.52 µm.ml1-) was obtained at the control treatment of biological treatment and zero salinity. The result of this research showed that using of microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria in salinity stress, can reduce the negative effects of salinity on germination and growth of this plant.

 Climatic and geographical conditions of Iran and some factors such as climate change, water limitation and the existence of soils with salinity limitation, the cultivation of medicinal plants compatible with such conditions is one of the most important strategies. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a valuable medicinal plant and will also contribute to community health. Quinoa has been cultivated in the Andes for about 5,000 years. The largest area under quinoa cultivation in Bolivia is 100,000 ha. In this review, the botany, traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of quinoa are discussed.

In the current review keywords including quinoa and medicinal properties were searched in scientific websites such as Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar to compile the botanical and medicinal properties of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.).

 According to the literature review, quinoa protein is 8-22% with proper quality and balance of essential amino acids (lysine, methionine and thyronine). The amount of essential amino acids in quinoa is higher than the daily requirement set by the World Food Organization and the World Health Organization for each person. Compared to other grains, quinoa is high in alpha tocopherols (vitamin E), riboflavin, thiamine and vitamin C, and has 10 times more folic acid. Quinoa seeds are a safe, gluten-free alternative to cereal grains among celiac patients.

industries: Quinoa with a high amount of biochemical components and pharmacological effects can be used as a valuable herbal drug. It also provides a gluten-free diet, which is beneficial for celiac patients. Its cultivation for industrial and pharmaceutical purposes can help to improve the production of anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-celiac and anti-cancer drugs in Iran.

Identification and development of salinity cultivation cultivars, one of the ways to improve performance. The development of salt-tolerant cultivars is a potentially effective approach for minimizing yield losses.In order to investigate the effects of salinity on the qualitative and quantitative traits of rainfed and irrigated barley cultivars, this experiment was conducted in Crop Physiology Laboratory of Shahed University in 2019. Experimental factors included barley cultivars (Reyhan, Jolgeh, Khorram and Izeh) in response to four salinity levels (no salinity as control and salinity of 5, 10, 15 and 20 ds/m with Qom lake salt).The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The measured traits included germination indices, photosynthetic pigments, soluble compounds and two antioxidant enzymes. Results showed that the highest germination components such as germination percentage (79.71%), germination rate (5.18 seeds per day), root length (6.55 cm), stem length (8.46 cm), longitudinal index (70.1) and the weight of the seedlings (165.17) in the absence of salinity stress.. With increasing salinity levels, RWC, membrane stability index and protein content of cultivars decreased and the content of carotenoid, proline, MDA and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were highest in salinity. Among the studied barley cultivars, Khorram had the highest percentage and rate of germination as well as soluble compounds at the highest salinity level. This cultivar appears to have significant germination and growth under salinity stress conditions. In the later stages it is possible to recommend flat and Izeh cultivars.

Salt tolerance at the germination stage is important, because salinity is usually severeat the soil surface.Especially in cases where the groundwater level is high.In order to investigate the effect of primingand salinity stress on the quantitative and qualitative traits of P. oleracea, this experiment was conducted in the Seed Technology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of Shahed University in 2019.Experimental agents included pretreatments (control (distilled water), hydro-priming, potassium nitrate and salicylic acid) in response to 6 salinity levels (no salinity as control and salinity of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 200 mM with Sodium Chloride).This experiment was studied as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. The measured traits included germination indices, photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanin content, proline and soluble sugars.The results showed that the highest amount of germination components such as germination percentage (97%), germination rate (2.16 seeds per day), plantletlength (6.69 cm), plantletfresh weight (4 g), plantletlength index (324.69) and RWC (75.25%) were obtained in non-salinity stress and application of hydro-priming pretreatment.At salinity levels of 60 mM, the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in the hydropriming treatment increased and the highest content of proline, soluble sugars and anthocyanin was obtained at the highest salinity level.Among the studied priming levels, hydropriming at salinity stress of 200 mM had the highest percentage and seed germination rate, chlorophyll content, anthocyanin and proline.

Salinity is one of the most important environmental tensions and causes a significant reduction in yield in plants. In order to investigate the effect of priming with chitosan and potassium nitrate nanoparticles and salinity tension on the biochemical compounds of quinoa (Giza cultivar 1) in Hoagland growth medium, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Shahed University of Tehran. Priming treatment at two levels including treatment A (solution containing 0/01 percent by weight- volume of chitosan nanoparticles plus 0/5 percent by weight- volume of potassium nitrate) and treatment B (solution containing 0/02 percent by weight- volume of chitosan nanoparticles plus 0/2 percent by weight-volume of potassium nitrate) and salinity tension factor at five levels (Hoagland solution salinity was 2 desi Siemens per meter as control, 8, 12, 16 and 20 desi Siemens per meter). The results showed that the effect of salinity on all studied traits except seedling dry matter and potassium content was significant. Also, the effect of priming treatment on all studied traits except potassium content was positive and significant. Treatment (A) increased seedling dry matter compared to the other treatment by 26/7 percent. Application of treatment (A) compared to treatment (B) at salinity of 20 desi Siemens per meter increased proline (11.8 percent), soluble sugar (20.6 percent) and catalase enzyme content (30.4 percent) and decreased sodium (34.2 percent) and a decrease in the ratio of sodium to potassium (27.8 percent). In general, it can be stated that the use of a solution containing 0.01 percent by weight -volume of chitosan nanoparticles plus 0.5 percent by weight- volume of potassium nitrate in quinoa seed priming can improve the biochemical content of quinoa seedlings under salinity tension conditions.

Wheat is the most important agricultural product in the world and plays an important role in ensuring human food security. According to the fact that Wheat is planted after Quinoa, it is feared that the presence of Quinoa in Wheat cultivation may cause negative allelopathic effects. To investigate the effect of aqueous extract of Quinoa on seed germination and early growth of Wheat seedling, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications was conducted at Seed Technology Laboratory of Shahed University of Agriculture, Tehran, Iran. Experimental factors included organ type (inflorescence, leaf, stem and root) and aqueous extract concentration of Quinoa (0, 5, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). In this experiment traits such as germination percentage, shoot length, root length, plantlet length, plantlet dry weight, relative water content, alpha-amylase activity, soluble sugar content, total phenol and proline of Wheat seedling were studied. The results showed that low concentrations of the extract of Quinoa (5 and 25%) had not only negative effects on germination percentage, plantlet length, dry weight and relative water content of Wheat, but even improved these traits. High concentrations of the extract had negative effects on morphological traits. The negative effects of leaf and inflorescence extracts were more than the effects of stem and root extracts. Application of different extracts of Quinoa reduced the activity of alpha-amylase and increased soluble sugar, total phenol and amino acid proline in wheat plantlet.

To study the effect of bio-priming on germination, growth and physiological indices of pumpkin under salinity a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was conducted in three replications. Experimental treatments were salinity at four levels (zero, 40, 80 and 120 mM) and biological pre-treated at eight levels (control, inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum fungi, Azoto bio-fertilizer, phosphate bio-fertilizer, both bio-fertilizer, combination of fungi and azoto bio-fertilizer, combination of fungi and phosphate bio-fertilizer, fungi and both bio-fertilizer). Phosphate biofertilizer threatment had maximum positive effect on percent germination with increasing the salinity. In combination of fungi and phosphate biofertilizer with increasing the salinity levels reduced fewer the germination coefficient. Low levels of salinity had positive effect on growth indices and caused increase that this indices. Maximum seedling length in different levels of salinity obtained in combination of both biofertilizers treatment. Maximum amount of vigor weighted index obtained in fungi treatment and increasing of salinity level caused that reduced this trait. With increasing of salinity level reduced dry weight of seedling and was maximum amount in fungi treatment. The use of microorganisms caused that reduced the negative effect of salinity. With salinity increasing increased the amount of antioxidant enzymes and the use of biopriming treatments more increased the amount of these enzymes in compared to control which show these treatments was effective in reduction of salinity effect by means of increasing the enzymes. Using of microorganisms with more increasing antioxidant enzymes in compared to control caused reduction of negative effect of salinity stress.