حلیمه عنایت

Art is a fundamental component of the culture of a society, and its motifs can serve as a reflection of the society’s cultural, social, political, and economic status. In this investigation, the text of Mohammad Yaghoubi’s drama “Drought and Lie” from the 2000s serves as the data for analysis. The purpose of this research is to study the concept of gender in the aforementioned text in order to identify the manner in which this concept is generated or perpetuated within the context of the social conditions of Iran in the 2000s. Ruth Wodak’s discourse-historical approach has been selected in the research methodology section. The research results indicate that the drama “Drought and Lie” presents the definition of gender and gender roles in a state that is between the traditional official dominant discourse and the modern discourse (as the rival discourse), which was established in the 2000s, by employing the historical-social horizons of the era and utilizing Wodak’s fivefold strategies to analyze the linguistic aspects of words, phrases, and key contents of the text. The final conclusion posits that the author of the drama “Drought and Lie” has effectively conveyed the position of Iran's transitional society toward modernity in the 2000s, as well as the repercussions of cultural changes in the private sphere of family and marital relations.

Goal: 

This research aims to conduct a data mining analysis on the mental models of addicted women in Shiraz.

The logic of the research is of an applied type that utilizes a qualitative approach and employs a theoretical foundation. Through theoretical and purposive sampling, 17 participants were selected.

Through the analysis of interviews, 65 codes were identified, which were transformed into 34 concepts and ultimately into 15 categories. Personal factors such as experience, self-awareness, ostracism, and disapproval of addictive behavior have led women towards the quitting process. They have chosen a strategy of rethinking to break free from addiction. However, for women, these concepts have a cyclical effect and have made the quitting process more challenging due to family, societal, and cultural pressures compared to men. The presence of these categories in women's lives has made the quitting experience more difficult, and they have experienced multiple unsuccessful attempts. Consequently, the core category of "failure in quitting" has been considered for women, which reflects their inability to quit. The categories of relapse triggers, fear, personality breakdown, marginalized lives, and depressed minds are the consequences of the quitting process among women. Therefore, the categories have shown that the quitting process is experienced differently by women, and breaking free from addiction is much more challenging for them than for men. Social, familial, and cultural conditions have made it difficult for women to be accepted as addicts, and they have less potential to break free from the addiction cycle.

This qualitative study, employing grounded theory methodology, aimed to analyze the significance of cafés as a “hidden life” for young women in Shiraz. In-depth interviews were conducted with 30 unmarried girls aged 16-35, resulting in 14 main categories, 117 subcategories, and a central category: “the tendency to live in secret.” Findings reveal that societal pressures, family restrictions, cultural violence, extremist beliefs, and economic problems are causal conditions contributing to this phenomenon. These factors align with feminist perspectives, which highlight patriarchal structures and social inequality as root causes of gender-based restrictions and violence. Background conditions such as increased awareness, financial independence, and lifestyle changes also play a role. These factors contribute to women’s agency, empowering them to challenge patriarchal norms and make their own choices. Interventionist conditions, including identity changes, can lead to strategies such as individualism, fashionism, consumerism, and competition. These strategies can result in value transformation and distance from the family center. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the significance of cafés as a refuge for young women seeking to escape societal pressures and explore new identities. It highlights the complex interplay of societal factors, personal agency, and identity formation in shaping women’s experiences in contemporary society.

In various contexts, the scope and boundaries of coverage are influenced by multiple factors at both micro and macro levels of society. Therefore, this study adopts a novel approach to examining the type of coverage for female students, focusing on the impact of two variables: spirituality as a cultural-social variable at the macro level and self-perception as a human cognitive variable at the micro level. The study employs a combination of library research and field surveys, utilizing software such as SPSS, PLS 3, and Excel. The study population consists of 1001 female students, with a sample size of 277. The findings reveal a significant relationship between spirituality and self-perception, as well as between self-perception and type of coverage, as indicated by the Spearman test. The t-test value demonstrates that spirituality directly influences individuals' self-perception, with spirituality accounting for 0.230 of the variance in self-perception based on the coefficient of determination (r2). Similarly, self-perception explains 0.125 of the variance in type of coverage. With a path coefficient of -0.496 and a t-value of 5.456, spirituality significantly impacts self-perception. Likewise, self-perception significantly influences type of coverage, with a path coefficient of -0.379 and a t-value of 3.245. Among the dimensions of spirituality, spiritual needs emerge as the most influential, while among the dimensions of self-perception, social skills are identified as the most significant.

In this research, the study of gender in Iranian women's international migrations has been studied in the interpretive paradigm and the qualitative methodology of Grounded Theory. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with independent immigrant Iranian women living in Western developed countries, using snowball sampling. Theoretical saturation was reached after 15 interviews. The core category was 'femininity and closure' and the causal conditions governing the core category were 'patriarchy, women and feelings of insecurity, gender restrictions, gender stereotypes and social exclusion of women'. The participants' strategy against the core category was "liberation from institutionalized patriarchy". The findings show that the social context and the intervening factors, shaped the confrontation between female agency with male structures in Iran, which influenced women’s migration strategy. The women migrated to seek more opportunities for their femininity and self-realization. The research findings indicate that gender as a social and cultural construct is closely linked to women's migration process. 

Iran has witnessed a significant increase in the share of women migrants since 2015. However, migration studies in Iran, have largely overlooked the growing and independent participation of women in these movements. This research aims to answer the following question: what are the conditions and platforms that enable independent international migration among Iranian women? 

This study used a qualitative approach and collected data through in-depth interview technique and grounded theory technique. The study participants were Iranian women who migrated independently and resided in developed western countries. The data collection was done using semi-structured in-depth interview and non-probability purposive sampling based on snowball method. 

Through continuous comparison of the data, 523 quotations were extracted. 106 concepts or open codes emerged from these quotations in the open coding stage. After reviewing the data and comparing the concepts repeatedly, 14 categories were extracted. These categories were categorized as causal conditions, intervening factors, background factors, strategy and consequence in the central and selective coding stages. The main categories of the research are shown in Table 1.Table 1: The categories extracted from qualitative data analysisThe Nature of categoriesThe main categoriesCore category Casual condition  Patriarchy     Femininity and closure Woman and insecurityGender stereotypesGender-based deprivationsSocial exclusion of women Contextual conditionthe instability of Iran's general situationideological hegemonylack of meritocracyacademic inefficiencyIntervening conditionsimmigration networkUniversity as launch padStrategyliberation from institutionalized patriarchyConsequencedisembedded and migration 

The findings indicate that female gender, along with economic, political and ideological categories, as well as dissatisfaction with the administrative system and the academic institution, influenced the migration and disembedding process of these women.In their narratives, most of these independent women migrants to Western industrialized countries have talked about the prominent role of categories associated with female gender in shaping their migration. These categories have been identified under the headings of patriarchy, women and the sense of insecurity, gender-related stereotypes, gender-based deprivation and social exclusion of women, which, together with economic and political instability, ideological hegemony, lack of meritocracy and dissatisfaction with the institution of the university, motivated these women to migrate to Western developed countries.The migration network, as the communication links with abroad, and the university platform as an environment that introduces people to the outside world and its facilities and opportunities, also facilitated their migration. In other words, the confrontation of female agency with male structures under the influence of background conditions and intervening factors led to the migration of the participants, which can be called "emergency-based selection" or "forced selection".Based on the results of this study, to reduce the outflow of women's migration, it is recommended that the political institutions should try to weaken the patriarchal system that dominates the various domains of women's lives. They should also create the conditions for the participation and recognition of more women in different sectors of society and reduce the gender gap in the country. AcknowledgmentsThis article is based on the doctoral dissertation of the first author in the field of sociology, completed at the Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences of Shiraz University. The authors appreciate the participants in the interviews of the research and the anonymous reviewers of the present paper for their constructive feedbacks.

The purpose of the current research is to qualitatively analyze the early child marriage experiences of married teenage students in secondary school in Maimand city. This study is part of the interpretive paradigm and its nature is qualitative, and it was conducted with the method of grounded theory with the approach of Strauss and Corbin. First, through purposive sampling and then theoretical sampling, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 students of the first and second high schools who got married at the age of less than eighteen years. Simultaneously with data collection, coding and analysis of findings were done. The findings include: 62 sub themes; The 12 main themes and central theme are under the title of early child marriage as "lack of voice and agency" of female students. The results of this research showed that in the traditional and tribal context where girls live and under the intervening conditions of identity crisis during adolescence, early child marriage occurs at school ages. The causal conditions that play a role in the occurrence of this phenomenon are: patriarchy, economic problems and poverty, and the chaotic environment of the girl's family. The actions that were presented in response to the phenomenon of early child marriage include: sexual experience, academic challenges, mother's child, domestic violence, and psychological effects. The consequences of early child marriage have also occurred in the form of disordered married life and divorce at teenage ages.

Rational action towards the peace and comfort of people's lives is closely related to sports; As an important sports factor, aerobics can make an important contribution in expanding and strengthening rational action. This research has investigated the effect of aerobic exercise with the rational action of women present in sports clubs in Tehran. Rational action has been investigated based on the theory of rational action by Eisen and Fishbein (1986) and aerobic exercise based on the theory of athletic motivation by Leiter et al. (2008). This research has a quantitative approach and descriptive-correlation strategy. The studied population was women between the ages of 25 and 40, active in sports clubs in Tehran. The researcher selected 60 women using the purposeful sampling method. The reliability coefficient for the variables of aerobic exercise and rational action were determined as 0.89 and 0.74 respectively, and convergent validity was determined as 0.52 and 0.44 respectively. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the hypotheses using SPSS software. The findings showed that lack of motivation has no significant effect on the rational action of women in Tehran. The internal motivation variable of rational interaction has a significant effect. The external regulator has a significant effect on the rational action of women in Tehran. Mixed regulation does not have a significant effect on the rational action of women in Tehran. Self-accepting regulation has a significant effect on the rational action of women in Tehran. The internalized regulation has a significant effect on the rational action of women in Tehran. By creating internal motivation, external regulator, mixed regulation, self-sustaining regulation, introjected regulation, the rational action of women can be strengthened.

Suicide and attempted suicide have been declared significant public health and an antisocial behavioral issue at the World Health Organization (WHO) Summit in 1996. In addition to personal and family losses, this phenomenon is also considered a social loss. Suicide attempts aim to consciously harm oneself when he/she becomes more anxious, aggressive, and incapable of communicating socially. According to the definition provided by WHO, suicide attempt is an activity, in which a person intentionally and without the intervention of others performs an unusual behavior, such as doing self-harm or eating a substance more than the amount prescribed for treatment and aims to achieve the changes he/she expects. The rate of suicide attempts is 10-40 times higher than suicide that leads to death, while this rate is increasing due to the complexity of interactions and communications in all human societies. Although suicide attempt is as old as human life, what has made it a problem today is a significant increase in suicide statistics, which has turned it from a personal anomaly into a social problem. Due to the condemnation of suicide in some societies, access to accurate statistics is complex and the actual number of suicide cases is not usually reported in official statistics. However, in most countries where information is available, suicide is among the top 10 causes of death in all years of life. In some countries, suicide is one of the first 3 causes of death between the ages of 15 and 34 (Hosseini, 1999: 138). The published statistics suggest that suicide is more than an individual anomaly and has become a complex social problem. If we consider any social harm as a social germ, it can be said that each embryo occurs only in an environment where it is possible to grow and grow. Therefore, it seems that this damage is also in a society where It can manifest and grow in family, social, and economic contexts, etc.. Consequently, it is necessary to process research in this field to accurately and comprehensively understand this problem and provide practical and valuable solutions and treatments.

This study aimed to identify the causes and consequences of suicide in the semantic system of suicidal women. The method used to achieve the above goal was based on the grounded theory. The statistical population consisted of 18 self-immolated women, who were hospitalized in Imam Musa Kazem Burn Hospital in Isfahan selected by purposeful and theoretical sampling. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed by the triple coding technique. The results comprised 16 concepts, based on which 6 main categories emerged: violence, incompatibility and marital conflict, lack of socioeconomic capital, disagreement in the kinship network, drug abuse, and social isolation. By combining the mentioned types, "women's inability" was identified as the main category.

The theoretical and empirical data showed that the issue of women's powerless and critical inability and the attempt to empower themselves was among the essential factors in creating and perpetuating violence in families. Violence against women is more than just a private matter and is rooted in the depths of cultural and social practices. Social, economic, and legal affiliation has historically put women in an inferior position, making them vulnerable to male violence. Therefore, increasing women's power and empowering them in all aspects can be essential for eliminating domestic violence. There are also several factors involved in creating marital conflicts, including imposed marriages and disinterality in spouses, ongoing family disputes, misunderstanding, depression, and mental disorders resulting from family problems and diseases. Of course, it should be noted that depression can be both the cause and effect of incompatibility and family disputes. Also, lack of communication skills, such as effective dialogue, problem-solving, and confrontation skills, should be added to these factors.In addition, economic problems, such as poverty, unemployment, and low incomes, exacerbate and strengthen family disputes. Financial pressures reduce people's resilience and thus increase family conflicts. On the other hand, being deprived of socialcapital as an indicator of family support causes feelings of insecurity, frustration, and incompatibility with the existing conditions during being involved in the problems.Disagreement in the kinship network is another vital factor for differences between couples. The findings showed that most of the subjects not only did not express the role of family positively when their family disputes occurred, but also stated that their families had exacerbated the differences between them with their wrong solutions and suggestions. The cultural and social status of some countries, including Iran, is such that there is a great deal of dependence between the prominent family and thesubordinate family (after children’s marriage). Although the prominent family can effectively support the subordinate family, its misplaced involvement sometimes may lead to family problems.Subculture of drug use was one of the other categories of this study. Women, who have addicted spouses, have many problems both socially and in terms of personality and family. Psychological nature and issues of communication with others, lack of anger management, communication disturbances, revelation of anger and violence, reprehensible and degrading treatment of society family, lack of social support, and uncertainty about legal protection of women with addicted spouses are among the most critical social issues of women with addicted spouses (Mohammadifar et al., 2010). Another major complication of a husband's addiction is women’s suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide. In this study, husband's addiction and behaviors were the essential factors in several women’s suicide attempts. It can be said that living with an addicted spouse as an abnormal social factor provides the ground for several problems, while women's resilience decreases and their suicide attempts increase with the continuation of this situation.Finally, several factors are involved in isolated individuals, especially women. These factors include violence, deprivation of an efficient support network, wife addiction, imposed marriage, family disputes and conflicts, inappropriate patterns of action in the kinship network, etc. With the continuation of these conditions, the person feels helpless and finds himself/herself without a supporter. Instead of solving the problem, he/she tries to remove the face of the problem and finally attempts to commit suicide as the only way of escaping from human suffering.In this study, there was a strong bond between the extracted categories and the lack of empowerment among female victims. Violence, marital incompatibility, imposed marriage, and involvement of those around them were clear signs of the women's inability to manage their lives. These factors stemmed from the women's disability and lack of independence. Lack of agency as an essential element of empowerment had deprived the women from any choices and turned them into biological and unproductive beings, who had to finally embrace destiny. The right to have education, employment, acceptance, and collective support for this situation, which is subject to the first element of equity, i.e. resources, was also evident in some other categories. Being illiterate or not having primary education, as well as housekeeping (non-employment) had no consequence other than lack of awareness, poverty, and lack of support from families. In such a situation, the women were unwittingly possessed and merely transformed into service recipients. In addition, wife addiction and depression were also related to the women's inability. When a person lacks independence, he/she has no choice or has no control over the situation; he/she cannot naturally fall from the trap of high-risk spaces. In such circumstances, the victim inevitably experienced Gautagoni's methods of isolation and depression because he/she did not see a way out of the resulting situation and thus tries to eliminate the problem by inflicting self-harm.In the meantime, there could remain only one way: sacrifice. Suicide was the ultimate choice for the women in such a situation with tpurposes first, escaping the adversity of life and, in a sense, detaching from the world and second, deadly flipping those around for change.

The family, like other social institutions, may experience many problems over time. One of the issues related to this institution is the phenomenon of "work-family conflict". Due to the existence of a suitable background, the main purpose of this study is to review and critique the studies done in the country focusing on this issue. For this purpose, relying on a systematic review method, 20 scientific-research articles published in the period of 2010-2011 were selected from two databases. The results of the research after reviewing the articles on the two axis of methodology showed that most of the researches emphasized the role of social factors at the micro and middle levels as factors affecting this phenomenon. Other results showed that the studies have suffered from inattention to the type of jobs and their mechanism of action, repeated previous indicators and obvious inattention to the use of combined and qualitative approaches in the study of this issue. However, achieving some of the most important causes and factors affecting the creation and continuation of this phenomenon can help those experts in the field of employment and family in planning and adopting optimal policies to solve this issue

Problem-solving is formed as one of the most important branches of life skills in the socialization process and several factors are effective in adopting its types. The purpose of the present study was to explain the sociological factors related to social problem-solving strategies in girls and boys ready for marriage who refer to Baharenko Counseling Center in Shiraz.

The present study was based on the survey method, in which 912 ready-to-marry men and women referring to Baharenko pre-marital Education and Counseling Center were selected as a statistical sample by cluster random sampling. The research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient method. Data were analyzed using t-test, F-statistic, correlation coefficient, and stepwise regression.

There was a positive and significant relationship between logical problem-solving strategy and spiritual health (existential and religious). Also, all dimensions of social well-being (acceptance, adaptation, prosperity, cohesion, and contribution) had a significant and positive relationship with problem-solving. The results of stepwise regression also showed that spiritual health and social well-being can predict 0.21 of the logical problem-solving variable in couples ready for marriage.

The social and spiritual health of individuals was an important explanatory factor in predicting the dependent variable. The more people value themselves and enjoy social and spiritual health, the more likely they are to be part of society and experience a more meaningful life, the more likely they are to use a rational problem-solving strategy.

Many of  health and sociology scholars believe that a significant portion of health is influenced by social and cultural factors. This approach, especially in the last decade, has become more prominent and has led researchers in the field of sociology to focus on interdisciplinary health studies. Due to the importance of health and its related behaviors, the present study investigated its sociological aspects to behaviors such as healthy eating, sports activities, stress management, avoidance of substance use and tobacco as health-based behaviors with a sociological-approach. This research is a quantitative study using a survey and the study population comprise of all women in the age group of18-29 years and the sample size was 400 people.The findings in the descriptive section show that the  greatest rate of health-related behaviors is related to low and moderate. Inferential findings also confirmed all hypotheses. Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that those behaviors of individuals that can have positive or negative effects on their health,  are associated with social and cultural factors. Hence, it is necessary to examine health beyond its psychological dimension, and especially policymakers need to pay greater attention to this issue.

The present Study examines the socio-psychological factors related to the quality of life (QoL) of female-headed households (FHHs) in Shiraz. Research data derived from a survey study. The sample consisted of 400 FHHs who were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Data has been collected through Questionnaire. Using questionnaire consisted of demographic information, social capital questionnaire, The Rosenberg self-esteem scale and QoL questionnaire. The questionnaire was completed by FHHs attending support agencies in Shiraz. Then, data were analyzed using SPSS Version 21.0. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Mean difference test (T test), analysis of variance (F test), correlation test and multivariate regression were used to analyze the data in the inferential statistics section. The results indicated that QoL of FHHs was significantly associated with the number of individuals under guardianship, number of years being covered by special support agencies, self-esteem, social cohesion, social trust, social participation, social network and economic capital. Regression analysis results, also, showed that self-esteem, social trust, social cohesion, income, number of individuals under guardianship and number of years being covered by special support agencies have determinative effects on QoL of FHHs. Overall, the variables accounted for 53% of the variance in QoL of FHHs.

This study aims to study and understand the contexts and consequences of women's addiction. The method of research is grounded theory and the participants of the research are 25 recovered women of South Khorasan who are in the stage of quitting addiction. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and continued until the stage of theoretical saturation.. The results show that the experience of fundamental challenges such as divorce and remarriage of parents, family breakdown, domestic violence and parental addiction are among the causal conditions of women's tendency to use drugs. Double compulsion and restrictions in the field of choosing a spouse and forced marriages, as well as forced drop-outs from the family, are the underlying causes and conditions of women's addiction. Interfering factors for drug use by women also include addiction rings and traps in which addiction is the result of a family conspiracy and, in addition, includes a long history of drug use in the family and living in a drug-contaminated environment and recreational use. Fun materials with friends and acquaintances. The consequences of addiction for women also include rejection and punishment by family and others, isolation and tendency to an informal, vulgar and baseless economy, which can lead to other types of social deviations.

The family is usually formed by marriage. Among all social rituals, marriage is very important to meet the emotional and security needs of individuals, and communication with the spouse is a central aspect of emotional and social life (Afra, 2010). Marriage can also be structurally divided into monogamy and polygamy, which have different positions in different societies (Aref Nazari & Mazaheri, 2005). Although monogamy has always been the most common and desirable style of matrimony (Javid, 2010), but polygamy has been common in some societies. The term polygamy does not etymologically refer to the diversity of spouse, but its historical use has always been in the sense of a man marrying more than one wife (Ramazan Nargesi, 2005). In the present research, the term. Islam is not the originator of this phenomenon, but these are the reality and social phenomenon that have linked Islam with polygamy (Shariati, 1981, p 526). In Iran, since the existing laws are in accordance with Islamic standards, this phenomenon has been considered permissible and conditions have been met for it (Zainali, 2008). Although polygamy is not the dominant structure of the family system in Iran, polygamy significantly increased in the country is 1986 due to the critical situation caused by the Iran- Iraq war. Polygamy is very high in some parts of the country such as Sanandaj, North Khorasan, West Azerbaijan, Lamerd, Kahnooj, Bushehr, Khuzestan and Zahedan (Sheikhi & Mohammadi, 2008). In some parts of Iran, especially nomadic and rural communities, due to the influence of custom and social ethics, polygamy phenomenon is considered as a part of the custom and social norms of those communities. In these societies, polygamy phenomenon is a sign of the social status and dignity of men (Rafiei, 2010). Second wives are often identified as looters of feelings and affection in family relationships of the first cohabitation (Taqipour, 2008). However, it should be noted that these women enter into this marriage for reasons that can be common or different for everyone, and their rights should not be ignored. Protecting the family from pollution to chaos and moral degeneration is one of the duties of the Islamic State (Sharif Qoreishi, 2003, p 10). This phenomenon is not considered a problem in Iran due to the Islamic nature of this country, and for this reason, little research has been done in this regard and this issue has not been addressed in detail. As mentioned, the negative effects of this phenomenon on women, children and even men in the family prevent the realization of peace and stability in family relationship and, consequently, by harming the family as an essential element, a healthy and progressive society cannot be expected. The present study seeks to retrieve the reasons for polygamy in the semantic system of the second wife. There is usually a negative view of women who become second wife in society, and this is because everyone believes that they are destroying the warm circle of family by their entering. But they never ask themselves why a women is willing to put herself in this position of accusation, which brings problems for her. In general, the purpose of present research is to discover the problem of polygamy in the semantic system of the second wife and to create a grounded theory in this regard. To achieve this goal, qualitative research method and grounded theory strategy are used. Partial purpose of the research: Understanding the factors that make the second wife accepts this type of marriage. The method of present research is qualitative. Grounded theory method was used to analyze data and present the final theory. The data collection technique in the research was in- depth interview. The participants included 23 women who were second wives and lived in Malekshahi city of Ilam province. In the grounded theory approach, which is the selected strategy of this research to achieve its goal, two types of theoretical and purposeful samplings were used. Grounded theory includes three basic steps of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Of course, the methodological steps of grounded theory are not necessarily sequential, but are based on simultaneous analysis (Kalaki, 2011). Samples of the research were selected from married women in polygamous families in Malekshahi city. Being the second wife and being alive of both wives were the conditions for choosing these people. Based on the conducted analyses, 6 concepts were obtained in the open coding stage, 3 categories were obtained by studying the relationship between the concepts, and finally a core category was obtained. Given that qualitative research is a type of methodology that is based on human interactions and communication, the observance of ethical principles and considerations in qualitative research is of particular importance compared to quantitative research. This arises from the intrinsic feature of qualitative research, which requires close and long- term personal contact with the research field and in- depth interview with the studied subjects and participatory observation (Hariri, 2006, p 29). In the present research, ethical considerations have been observed in relation to the participants. The interviews were conducted by stating the goals and nature of the research for the participants and assuring them about the confidentiality of what they note in the interviews. Confidentiality of the profile of the research participants is also another ethical consideration that needs to be observed (Christian, 2003, p 218). An attempt had been made to keep these people unknown using aliases in the research. The results of research included 6 concepts (being old, coercion, widowhood, destiny, financial poverty and being interested in the man) . Based on these concepts, we achieved three main categories (social contexts, sociability and cultural stereotypes). Finally, patriarchy was identified as the core category. In the patriarchal model, the relationship of power is vertical and the important and fundamental decisions of the family are made by the man. In this model, women have a marginal role and their opinion, even if it is considered important, is only affirmative and not decisive. In a patriarchal system, men have social, political and economic dominance over women, and women in such a system are considered purely sexual beings who must meet the needs of men. Socialization is considered as one of the strengthening levers of this system. A strong lever that well internalizes all its commands and desires in a way that makes them look completely natural. Despite the dominance of patriarchal culture’s values and patterns in Iranian society, especially the family institution, transformations have been made in the dominance of patriarchal ideology due to the confrontation of Iranian society with modernity and the impact of the social and cultural structure of society from the created space. Modernity, especially its cultural forms, has provided opportunities and abilities for women to confront traditional values and present new cultural patterns through which they can protest against the masculine definition of existence. Women’s advocacy associations, non- governmental organizations and at the macro level, the emergence of feminist movements are the achievement of modern discourse that have been organized in response to patriarchal structures (Yazdkhasti & Shiri, 2008).

Infertility is one of the factors affecting the quality of women’s life. Infertility, as a kind of social mark, is more than just a medical diagnosis. The present study focuses on the quality of women’s life in infertile families and examines socio-cultural factors affecting the women’s life quality. In this study, using a survey method and a WHO life quality standard questionnaire, 400 women have been selected from infertile families referring to infertility centers on various reasons (female, male, both unknown and unknown) through simple random sampling method. The results showed that the factors of responsive age, household income, religiosity, general health and expectation were related to women’s life quality in infertile families. An explanation of the dependent variable in terms of the sum of the independent variables indicated that general health, religiosity and expectation were the strongest predictors of infertile women's life quality and accounted for 0.48% of the changes in the variance of the dependent variable.

The aim of this study was to study and understand the life experience of women of a disordered family in the process of addiction.

In this study, qualitative methodology and contextual theory method were used. Participants in this study were 25 women from South Khorasan who were in the stage of addiction withdrawal. Sampling was performed based on purposive and theoretical sampling. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and continued until the stage of theoretical saturation.

The results of data analysis were the achievement of five central categories and one core category. The central categories were: the unstable foundation of the family and the production of fundamental challenges, suffocation in the family and entanglement in the grip of all kinds of constraints and algebras, family breakdown and the desire for disintegration, rejection and deprivation in the family as the strategies of family punishment and isolation learning in the family. The core category of the research was: addiction in the context of the disordered family.

Based on the results of the study, it can be said that broken social relationships and social pressures in the family, along with conditions such as dropout and low level of education, compulsion to choose a spouse and experience failure and frustration in family life have multifaceted links with womenchr('39')s addiction.

this paper uses the critical sociology approach to explores how to generate symbolic domination against women at the level of personal, family, and social interactions, and reproductive symbolic domination at the family level, social structures and institutions that provided the basis for women's disabling and gender socialization. In order to achieve this goal, the critical ethnographic method for conducting research activities, the deep and semi-structured interview technique for data collection and its method analysis for analyzing the data has been used. The interviewees included 50 Dehdasht resident women who were selected based on purposeful sampling and according to theoretical Research findings include thematic networks: generating gender stereotypes and reproducing symbolic domination. The results show that symbolic domination of women is based on the social structure of patriarchy and its gendered stereotypes influenced by individual interactions (Women's self-censorship, negative self-concept and and concentrate on body management), family interactions (marital living experience, control, social validity, and domestic work sharing). And social interactions (social exclusion of women and educational and occupational discrimination). Reproduction of domination is achieved at the level of internalization of domination, , domination structural barriers, and cultural marginalization of women. "The role of tribal nervousness and historical patriarchy in the production and reproduction of symbolic domination against women" is the core issue.

Conclusion of prior research and narrative of participant confirmed the incorrect of wife selection in process of divorce. Because the first stage of family is the wife selection, and most of the divorcees for the reason of this incorrect selection of wife, so, this research with qualitative methodology and with approach of grounded theory and conservation with 14 divorced men's in Gachsaran city. Based of narrative of participant men of this research, three category "situation of inconvenient of marriage, heterogeneity, and paradigm of unsuitable of wife selection" as a contexts and reason for in correct wife selection. Men's of this research in situation that in constraint  of social pressure  and limited, and don’t have time for knowing their wife, and in spite of don’t love each others, and don’t have suitable situation for marriage, selected person for marriage that heterogeneity with property of special, familial, and socially of them. Thus, could tell that "if the selection of wife is incorrect, context of divorce in family's increase".

This study aimed to investigate the socio-cultural factors contributing to women’s sports activities.The study adopted a survey design. The data were collected using a questionnaire from a number of 600 women aged 20-65 years in Shiraz. The theoretical principles that have been used in this study a) psychological theories b) feminist theories and c) sociological theories that in the end of Pierre Bourdieu’s capital theory was used to inform the theoretical framework of the research. The data were analyzed using SPSS. In the data analysis has been used, analysis variance and regression and eth for investaging relations or comparison variables. The results showed that 58.3% of women did no exercise training at all. The studied variables included social class, stereotypical thinking, physical capital, social trust and cultural participation. The results of testing the research hypotheses revealed a significant correlation of social class, stereotypical thinking, physical capital, social trust and cultural participation with women’s sports activities. and the more important effective factors were behavior attitude, cultural participation, member of family's sport participation and social trust.

The increasing tendency of women towards the traditional and complementary medicine shows the changes taking place nowadays. The present study has been carried out with the aim of studying the factors related to the women’s use of traditional and complementary medicine.

 This was an analytical and a cross-sectional study in which 464 women who visited six non-conventional medical centers and gave   their consent were studied using complete enumeration method. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed and analyzed through SPSS software. The Andersen Socio-behavioral healthcare utilization model was selected as the theoretical model.

 Based on the theoretical model, the factors related to the use of traditional and complementary medicine were studied in three categories namely predisposing factors, enabling factors, and needs. The results showed that the variables such as job status, attitude toward the traditional and complementary medicine, social networks, and access to traditional and complementary medicine have a positive and significant correlation with the use of traditional and complementary medicine.

 The key factors related to the use of traditional and complementary medicine were predisposing factors like social networks and positive attitude toward the traditional and complementary medicine, and enabling factors like job status and access to traditional and complementary medicine. Since the findings of the present study show no correlation between many demographic factors and the use of traditional and complementary medicine, for future studies it is better to focus on other social and cultural factors related to the use of traditional and complementary medicine.

Official reports show that, in addition to increasing drug use in the country, the trend of addiction goes from single genter to two sex) female and man(. Several factors  are effective in the reasons  of substance abuse and addiction, that in interacting with each other to initiate and then addiction. The purpose of this study is to explain the life experience of women who use industrial drugs in Kermanshah. The research methodology is qualitative in the type of phenomenology, the statistical society of industrial drug abuse women in Kermanshah city. Twenty-five subjects were selected through targeted sampling. The interview method was used to collect data. From the data analysis, four main conceptual categories were obtained. The causes of addiction in the main categories of personal and environmental facilitators, substance abuse sensation as the main category of emotional continuity, social consequences of addiction in the main category of punishment of society and the causes of unsuccessful prevention in the form of the main concept of modification and treatment of low-dose Conceptual categories are constructed from 24 sub categories. Based on the results of the study, considering the complexity of the subject, the current fighting conditions are not as responsive to the supply reduction, and the demand reduction methodology, educational programs, economic plans for change, review of laws and prevention programs, and strengthening of supportive programs for the promotion of women To be placed.

The aim of the present research was An Investigation into Therapists and Managers' mind frame in order to find the causes of drug addiction among women in Kermanshah province, Iran. This is a grounded theoretical qualitative study. Fourteen (8 men and 6women) therapists and managers of Drug Control Headquarters in the province were included in the study by both targeted and theoretical sampling techniques. In-depth unstructured interviews were the main data collection method. By continuously analyzing and comparing the data, three conceptual categories were identified including internal facilitators, communicating facilitators, and external facilitators. These original concepts were determined by 9sub-categories religious beliefs and moral weakness, False pleasure, gain easy profit, lock of awareness of the harms of drugs, subculture of drug use in celebration, Folk beliefs about the medicinal properties of drugs, easy access, debility law and Unemployment. In general, based on the core category, it is implied that it is not effective to reduce the supply instead the current methods of fighting along with the demand reduction, educational programs, economic programs and the existing laws must be reconsidered.

Plastic surgery intended to beautify has emerged along with modernity. It becomes one of the social norms by majority acceptance and it is considered as one of the individual daily concerns, particularly among women. In this research, it is stressed on the necessity of studying the psychological reasons women; tend to cosmetic surgery.
This study is a survey and the data collection tool are standard Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire (SES) and self-image questions based on Schilder theory that are filled by 400 people of women living in Shiraz in 1394. Then collected data was analyzed through SPSS16 software by logistic regression, chi-squared test and phi Cramer. The sampling was geographical cluster multistage. With the help of the urban block map, areas were randomly selected and questionnaires were given to the respondents at their homes.
It is found that there is a meaningful relationship between the studied depended variable and income, age and education. A significant relationship between marital status and the rate of cosmetic surgery has been also confirmed.
The existing meaningful relationship between married status and the rate of trend toward cosmetic surgery is denied. The significant relationship between employment and trend rates toward cosmetic surgery is rejected. By increasing the rate of self-esteem and satisfaction of physical image, trend to cosmetic surgery decreases
Modernity has provided a different conditions from before for everyone. It has given the power of choice and power of change to people including changes in body. In this research, which aims to study psychological factors affecting women tendency to cosmetic surgery, the findings are consistent with theoretical social psychology written in this study. But with the recent changes, some thinkers Considered, being a woman is high-risk in this period and they believe that the female body which is approved by others will be defined in a risky culture.

Bacground And Aim: increase of infidelity in social, had many consequences, that at least its consequence, is dispersion of families. Objective of this study is exploring of the process of forming of infidelity from perspective divorced mens.
researcher for this object used methodology of grounded theory. By using of purposeful sampling, participant of this research is composed of 16 divorced men's in gachcaran city.
result of this research extracted in frame of 3 main category "in adaptation sexual – emotional men whit women, social – cultural structure that preparing sexual dissatisfaction men and women, and incorrect wife selection" and 1 core category : meta coupling relation: latent
according to the narrative of the participants, their wife selection, or was in constraint circumstance or for instrumental using. In the most of their marriage, the men's had high age difference with their womens. so, at the start, they don’t love each other. Thus they don’t abolish their sexual – emotional needs of each other. For the reason of taboo of speaking about the quality of sexual relation in families, the women's couldnt express their real needs about the quality of satisfaction sexual relation with their husband. This circumstance prepared the dissatisfaction contextual in families. Women in this circumstance with the doing of meta couple relation with the latent expressed their apposed to the real circumstance in their families.