حمید امانلو

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding top dress Hydroxy Seleno Methionine (HSM) as organic Selenium and cotton seed bioactive peptide (CSBP) on body condition, health of the reproductive system and subsequent pregnancy of dairy cows. For this purpose, one hundred and eighty multiparous Holstein cows at the day 21 prior to the expected calving date were assigned to one of four experimental treatments in a randomized complete block design in a 2x2 factorial arrangement: 1) Basal diet (containing mineral selenium as per NRC (2001) recommendations without peptide; 2) Basal diet plus 300 g bioactive peptide; 3) Basal diet plus 1.2 mg organic selenium per kg of dry matter without bioactive peptides; 4) Basal diet plus 1.2 mg organic selenium per kg of dry matter plus 300 grams of bioactive peptide. The inclusion of HSM during the prepartum period resulted in a higher BCS in postpartum and smaller increase in BCS during prepartumd (P < 0.01). Additionally, there was a significant interaction effect between HSM and CSBP on BCS (P < 0.02) and its changes (P < 0.01) during the post-partum periods. The presence of ovarian cysts, number of inseminations per pregnancy, the endometrium and uterine regression scores and pregnancy during the first insemination was not influenced by any of the experimental treatments (P > 0.1). However, HSM had a positive effect on pregnancy during the second insemination (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that supplementing HSM could reduce the BCS changes before and after parturition and  subsequent to that, it leads to an enhancement in the pregnancy during the second insemination.

Full fat soybean is commonly used in the diet of ruminant‏ ‏nutrition to meet energy ‎and protein requirements. To eliminate the anti-nutritional substances and increasing bypass ‎protein, soybean seeds are processed, and heat is the most common way used to processing ‎soybeans. Due to the heating of soybeans, unsaturated fatty acids produced by high oxidation, ‎which ultimately bind to amine groups of amino acids, are affected by their release in the rumen. ‎As a result, in addition to not having a negative effect on rumen fermentation, the entry of ‎unsaturated fatty acids into the small intestine can save it in the tissues, thus increasing the ‎amount of fatty acids that are useful for human nutrition. The main objectives of this research ‎were the estimate the effect of dietary replacement of crud, extruded and rousted full-fat ‎soybean with soybean meal on Blood metabolites, Carcass characteristic and Pattern of Carcass ‎fatty acids in Afshari male lambs. ‎

Diets were randomly‎‏ ‏assigned to 7 groups of 6 lambs each in a ‎completely‏ ‏randomized design. Animals received the diets,‎‏ ‏as a total mixed ration, twice daily (at ‎‎08:00 and 16:00‎‏ ‏h) to ensure 10% orts and had free access to fresh water. Fifty-two male Afshari ‎lambs with average BW of 30 ± 2 kg and 3-4 Mo of age were used for this study. Animals were ‎housed in individual pens (1.8 by 1 m) and allowed an adaptation period of 14 d and a data ‎collection period of 60 d. Experimental diets with equal ME and CP concentrations and a forage ‎to-concentrate ratio of 30 to 70 were formulated: Treatment 1: contains 15 percent of soybean ‎meal, treatment 2: Replace of 7.5 percent soybean meal with crud full fat soybean, Treatment 3: ‎Replace of 15 percent soybean meal with crud full fat soybean, treatment 4: Replace of 7.5 ‎percent of soybean meal with extruded full fat soybean, Treatment 5: Replace of 15 percent ‎soybean meal with extruded full fat soybean, Treatment 6: Replace of 7.5 percent soybean meal ‎with roasted full fat soybean, Treatment 7: Replace of 15 percent soybean meal with roasted full ‎fat soybean. Blood samples were collected from all animals on d 20, 40 and 60 of the data ‎collection period. Approximately 10 mL of blood was collected by evacuated heparinized tubes ‎and centrifuged (3000 rpm for 15 min), and plasma was stored at –20°C until analysis. The ‎concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea N, total protein, albumin, AST, ALT ‎and CK were measured by a spectrophotometer. Muscle thickness, loin muscle area and back fat ‎thickness, between 12th and 13th ribs were measured on d 20, 40 and 60 by ultrasound. At the ‎end of the experiment, three animals per treatment were slaughtered according to Halal method. ‎Hot-carcass weight and non-carcass components were weighed at slaughter day. After 24 h of ‎cooling at 4◦C, cold carcass weight was determined and carcass components were weighed. ‎About 50 g of the LD muscle between 12th to 13th ribs were taken for determination of fatty ‎acid profiles. ‎‎

The dietary substitution of soybean Meal with crud, extruded and roasted full-fat ‎soybean had no effects on glucose, triglyceride, protein, albumin and globulin concentration but ‎cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were effected by experimental diets (P ‎‎<0.01). Feeding lambs on diets containing crud, extruded and roasted full-fat soybean instead of ‎soybean Meal had no effects on Ultrasound measurements of back fat thickness, muscle ‎thickness and loin muscle area. Carcass and non-carcass components were not affected by the ‎dietary treatment. Dietary treatments were not effected on short chain and long chain fatty acids. ‎The use of soybean meal significantly increased palmitic acid in comparison with the15% ‎extruded and rousted full fat soybean (P<0.05). Stearic acid concentration was higher for lambs ‎fed the 15% crude full fat soybean compared to the soybean meal‏ ‏‎(P<0.05). Replacing extruded ‎and roasted full-fat soybean increased poly on saturated fatty acids (p<0.01) and conjugated ‎linoleic acid‏ ‏‎(p<0.1). ‎

It is concluded that extruded and roasted full-fat soybean can‏ ‏be fed to fattening ‎Afshari lambs as a total replacement‏ ‏‎(15 percent of diet DM) for soybean meal without negative‏ ‏effects on carcass components, improved blood parameters, reduced saturated fatty acids and ‎increased conjugated linoleic acid, poly unsaturated fatty acids and useful fatty acids of meat in ‎Afshari lambs. ‎

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of removing iron from mineral premix before calving on the productive performance and health status of Holstein dairy cows during transition period. The ninety multiparous Holstein dairy cows entered the experiment -21 days before the expected calving and were randomly assigned to 3 experimental treatments. Treatments included: 1) control treatment: recipient of mineral supplement with iron (to supply iron requirement in the amount of 15 mg/kg; n = 30); 2) treatment without iron: recipient of mineral supplement without iron (n=30); 3) without supplemental iron treatment with cottonseed: recipient of mineral supplement without iron and 4.6% of cottonseed in the diet (n=30). Removing iron from mineral supplements with and without cottonseed had no significant effect on milk production, percentage and amount of milk fat, as well as the amount of milk protein. The somatic cell count (SCC) in the control treatments, without supplemental iron and without supplemental iron with cottonseed, were 471.48, 338.80 and 155.77 (103 per ml), respectively, which significantly decreased in the treatment without supplemental iron with cottonseed. Body weight changes after calving were also affected by experimental treatments. Removing iron from the mineral supplement along with cottonseed reduces the incidence of hypocalcemia. Total birth weight of both male and female calves, body length, hearth girth and days of diarrhea showed a significant difference between the treatments. Overall, the removal of supplemental iron along with cottonseed reduced the SCC and also improved the health status of cows and their calves.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin A injection on reproductive performance in repeat breeder cows. One hundred and sixty-two multiparous Holstein cows with at least three consecutive unsuccessful inseminations were randomly assigned to experimental treatments. Treatments included (1) control: twice intramuscular injection 10 ml placebo30 days apart: 0.9% sodium chloride (n=87) and (2) vitamin A:  twice intramuscular injection 10 ml retinol palmitate 30 days apart (n=75). Animals submitted to double-ovsynch protocol and received their experimental treatments on the tenth day of the protocol (the day of the second injection of GnRH). The injection of retinol palmitate significantly increased the number of ovarian follicles larger than 10 mm compared to the control (P <0.05). Plasma concentration of superoxide dismutase enzyme tended to increase (P = 0.09) and malondialdehyde concentration tended to decrease (P = 0.08) under the influence of vitamin A injection. The conception rate at first artificial insemination was 25.29% and 34.66% for control and vitamin A treatments respectively, this difference was not significant (P = 0.19). The odds ratio of conception in the first service for vitamin A treatment was 1.57 times higher than the control treatment but was not statistically significant (P = 0.19). In conclusion, vitamin A injection improved antioxidant function and ovarian function. The reproductive performance improved, although not statistically significant.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of dietary Mg on reproduction performance and expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 genes in the placenta. 50 cows in each treatments, from 3 weeks to calving were randomly assigned to four experimental treatments. Treatments included control treatment (magnesium at the level of NRC recommendations), magnesium sulfate, magnesium carbonate and magnesium oxide treatments (magnesium 0.6% of DM). Placenta samples were taken after calving and mRNA expression were investigated. Blood samples were collected pre and postpartum and plasma metabolites were measured. Relative mRNA expression of MMP-9 in magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate treatments was higher and the percent of retained placenta in this treatments was lower than control group. Experimental treatments had no significant effect on the expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2. Experimental diets had no effect on uterine involution score, first estrus and AI/conception. Treatments improved plasma Mg and insulin concentrations and reduced NEFA significantly. Magnesium oxide treatment improved pregnancy at first AI and pregnancy by 210 days postpartum. Cows in the experimental diets had fewer open days than the control group. The results showed that increasing dietary Mg compared to NRC (2001) recommendations could reduce retained placenta and improve fertility.

In the current study, the effect of source and level of copper in the diet on production and health of dairy cows using 105 multiparous pregnant Holstein cows from -21 until +15 days relative to calving in randomized complete block design with 3 treatments and 35 replications were investigated. The experimental treatments include: 1) diet containing copper at the NRC recommended levels from copper sulfate source (NRC-S), 2) diet containing copper at twice the NRC recommended levels from copper glycinate source (2NRC-Gly) and 3) diet containing copper at twice the NRC recommended levels from copper sulfate source (2NRC-S). Milk yield and composition were not affected by experimental treatments, but treatment by time interaction showed that cows fed by 2NRC-Gly had more milk than NRC-S group (P<0.05) at 60, 90,120 DIM and cow in 2NRC-Gly produced more milk at 90 and 120 days in milk compared to NRC-S (P<0.05). The somatic cells count for 2NRC-Gly cows was lower compared to NRC-S cows (P 0.05). The incidence of subclinical mastitis at 15 DIM in 2NRC-Gly was lower compared to the other two treatments (P = 0.05). No difference in body weight and body condition score changes were observed across treatments. Blood metabolites and liver enzymes were not affected by adding different Cu sources, but serum albumin postpartum was increased in 2NRC-Gly group relative to the other two groups (P 0.05). Based on the results, adding copper especially by copper glycinate source at twice the NRC recommended levels led to an increase in the serum albumin concentration, a decrease in milk somatic cells count and lower incidence of subclinical mastitis, which could indicate an improvement in health of cows during transition period.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing close-up diets with rumen undegradable protein on serum metabolites and the incidence of health disorders of Holstein dairy cows, during the hot season. Eighty-eight multiparous Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups: low crude protein (14.3% CP; 14CP) and high crude protein (17.1% CP; 17CP) diets. Blood samples were collected weekly from d -30 up to calving and then at 0, 5, 14, and 21 days after calving, for serum metabolites determination.  Cows fed the 17CP diet had higher serum concentrations of albumin, blood urea nitogen, and Mg than 14CP cows during the close-up period. In postpartum, the 17CP cows had higher serum albumin and creatinine and lower free fatty acid, BHB, and glucose concentrations than the 14CP cows. The risk to developing subclinical ketosis (SCK), metritis and endometritis were higher for the 14CP cows than the 17CP cows. Overall, feeding high rumen undegradable protein diet to close-up cows during the hot season increased serum creatinine concentrations and lowered the incidence of SCK and metritis and endometritis postpartum.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing close-up diets of Holstein dairy cows with rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on milk yield, calf birth weight and colostrum composition during the hot season. Eighty-eight multiparous Holstein dairy cows were enrolled in the study 30 d before expected calving and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments groups: low crude protein (14.3% CP with 4.0% RUP based on DM) and high crude protein (17.1% CP with 6.0% RUP based on DM). Diets were fed for ad libitum intake during the close-up and fresh period. After calving, all cows received the same diet from calving to 21 days of milk. Milk production of all cows was recorded daily from the day of calving to 21 days after calving. The milk samples of each cow were collected twice a week to measure milk composition. The evaluation of body condition score (BCS) was performed at -30, -3, 0, and 21 d relative to calving. The production of milk and the amount of milk protein and lactose were greater and milk fat content was lower in cows fed high protein diet than cows fed low protein diet (P<0.05). The BCS changes were not different between cows of two treatments in pre- and post-partum periods. According to the results, feeding a diet containing high RUP content to close-up cows during the hot season increases milk yield and decreases milk fat percentage in fresh cows.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of CLA supplementation in diets with different levels of forage NDF on performance, serum metabolites and liver functionality in Holstein fresh cows. Forty Cows were blocked based on their body condition score at calving and 305-d mature-equivalent milk yield, and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 experimental diets from calving to 21 days in milk (DIM). Treatments were used in a 2×2 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of fNDF and 2 doses of CLA supplement; Treatments were formulated to contain 18.0 or 23.0% fNDF without or with CLA supplement for diets 18fNDF-CLA, 18fNDF+CLA, 23fNDF-CLA and 23fNDF+ CLA. There was no effect of fNDF by CLA interaction on investigated items. Dry matter intake increased up to 1.5 kg with 18fNDF diet compared to 23FNDF (P<0.01), while the addition of CLA reduced the dry matter intake to 1.15 kg/d compared to diets without CLA supplementation (P<0.01). Cows fed 23fNDF diet lost more body weight than those fed 18fNDF. Milk yield was higher for cows fed 18fNDF than 23fNDF (P<0.01). Cows fed diets containing CLA produced more milk, lower milk fat percentage, and higher lactose content. (P<0.05). Serum glucose was higher in cows fed CLA-containing diets (P<0.01). Cows fed 18fNDF had lower serum concentrations of NEFA and BHBA compared to those fed 23fNDF (P<0.05), but CLA supplementation did not affect serum NEFA and BHBA (P>0.05). (P<0.05). In general, the reduction of forage NDF in the diet of fresh cows led to improved feed intake and production performance. Addition of CLA to the diet of fresh cows led to glucose savings by reducing fat synthesis, increasing lactose content and milk production.

Human demand for goat milk and its products has been growing mainly because of their exclusive nutritional properties. Goat milk is rich in functional and healthy compounds such as bioactive peptides, conjugated linoleic acids and oligosaccharides. These nutritionally important compounds offer advantages for consumers of goat dairy products. Altered climatic conditions and decreased precipitations in many regions have led goat farmers to intensify and industrialize their production systems. For goat nutrition under intensive production systems, physical form of ration would be of productive and economic significance. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding various physical forms of concentrate (mash, pelleted and textured) on milk production, nutritional behaviors, and blood parameteres of Murciano_Granadina dairy goats in Iran.

This experiment was conducted in Magsal Commercial Dairy Goat Farm (4000 dairy goats; Qazvin, Iran) from January through March 2020. Thirty second parity goats in mid lactation (Murciano_Granadina) assigned to 3 treatments (10 goats per treatment). Treatments containing concentrate with form of 1) mash, 2) pelleted, or 3) textured. Feed and milk samples (from a.m. and p.m. milkings) were collected weekly for later analytical measurements. Feed was analyzed for NDF, crude protein, ether extract, and ash. Goats were weighed weekly just before the morning feed delivery. Milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, total solids, solids-nonfat, urea nitrogen, and total fatty acids . The data were analyzed using mixed models of SAS program.

Raw and 3.5% fat-corrected milk yields were greater (P < 0.01) for T or textured (1653 and 2074 g/d) than for P or pelleted (1372 and 1752 g/d) and M or mashed (1089 and 1439 g/d), respectively. Because of unchanged milk composition (P > 0.10), daily yields of milk fat, protein, lactose, SNF and total solids were also greater (P < 0.01) for T than for other treatments. As a result of increased total milk fat, protein, and solids yields, cheese yield estimates were greater (P < 0.01) for T than for other forms of concentrate. For example, milk fat yield was 17% and 36% greater for T than for P and M, respectively. These results demonstrated that goats fed T had better energy and nutrient balance than goats fed other treatments (Sanz Sampelayo et al., 1998). These data alongside feed sorting results suggest that feeding M (and likely P) might have adversely affected rumen conditions. Pelleting concentrate may increase the likelihood of subacute ruminal acidosis (Ebrahimi et al., 2020), and thus reduce nutrient intake and microbial protein synthesis. The present data for the first time reports that physical form of concentrate affects milk production of lactating dairy goats and that textured concentrate is superior to both pelleted and mashed concentrates.
Feeding P instead of M improved yields of fat-corrected milk and milk protein, lactose, and total solids as well as feed efficiency (P < 0.05). In addition, orts were finer containing more concentrate for M than for P (P < 0.05). These data suggest that feeding P instead of M concentrate resulted in decreased feed sorting and improved nutrient assimilation by lactating dairy goats. Notable, dry matter intake was similar between M and P (P > 0.10), emphasizing the increased orts fineness and improved feed efficiency for P vs. M. It is obvious that because of more sorting, less concentrate (than predicted) was consumed for M than for P. It is also likely that M was degraded more rapidly in the rumen, suggesting induced ruminal acidosis. This cascade could reduce nutrient efficiency in M-fed goats than in other goats.In dairy cows, feeding steam-flaked corn grains instead of ground or dry-rolled grains have improved (Cooke et al., 2008; Yu et al., 1988), tended to improve (Zhong et al., 2008), or not affected (Shen et al., 2015; Dhiman et al., 2002) milk production. Steam-flaking and texturizing are to some extent similar, as they both produce feeds with larger and more uniform particles, when compared to grinding or dry-rolling. The improved milk production of goats fed T in the current study is consistent with the above-mentioned increases in milk production of cows fed steam-flaked corn grains. Feed efficiency or FCM to DMI ratio was improved by feeding T and P instead of M, which was due to the much improved milk yield in the T and P groups than in the M group. Milk urea N was similar among the treatments, probably suggesting that rumen ammonia and splanchnic urea outputs were not significantly affected by the treatments.Blood patameters (glucose, albumin, and NEFA) were not affected by treatments.Murciano-Granadina goats separation less in textured treatment than other treatments. Under the conditions of this experiment, the use of textured concentrate in the diet of Murciano-Granadina lactating goats has more advantages for consumption of mash and pelleted concentrate and leads to increased milk production and composition and improved feed efficiency.

The commercial dairy goat production is expanding worldwide. Improving feed efficiency and farm economics is, thus, a major goal. Findings provided new information that feeding lactating Murciano-Granadina dairy goats TMR with textured concentrates instead of pelleted and mashed concentrates minimized feed sorting, increased dry matter intake and milk production, and improved cheese yield estimates and feed efficiency. Feeding pelleted vs. mashed concentrate improved milk production and feed efficiency. Blood concentrations of glucose, NEFA, albumin and total protein were not affected by the physical form of concentrate. Results confirmed that feeding textured concentrate vs. both pelleted and mashed concentrates can significantly benefit feed efficiency, milk production, and cheese yield in lactating Murciano-Granadina dairy goats. Future studies on optimizing physical form of concentrate in relation to dietary forage source are warranted.

Global demand for goat milk and its products has been growing. The decreased pasture quality has led goat producers to use intensive production systems with economical fodder resources. Goat milk contains functional compounds that enhance human immune system and overall health. Goat milk is enriched with functional peptides, conjugated linoleic acid, and healthy oligosaccharides that can immensely benefit human immunity and health. Goats are usually capable in utilizing lower quality forages. In few recent studies, alfalfa hay was compared with different by-products and local feeds with no significant effects found on rumen fermentation and milk production or composition. Murciano-Granadina goats were capable to utilize low quality fiber sources towards milk production.The objective of this study was to determine effects of feeding various forage sources on milk production, nutritional behaviors, and blood parameters of Murciano-Granadina dairy goats in Iran.

  Thirty second-parity Murciano-Granadina goats (190 ± 3 days in milk; 2 ± 0.03 kg/d milk yield) were used in a completely randomized design study with three treatments (10 goats per treatment). Treatments were diets containing 1) wheat straw (WS), 2) alfalfa hay (AH), or 3) corn silage (CS). To enable sound comparisons among forage sources, treatment diets were balanced to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The concentrate portion of the rations was similarly ground for all treatments. Feed and milk (from a.m. and p.m. milking) samples were collected weekly for later analytical measurements. To determine goat behavior time; eating, ruminating, and resting times were observed and recorded by technical individuals on days 30 and 50 of the experiment in two 24-h period. Blood samples were taken at 0800 h on d 1, 30, and 56. The data were analyzed using mixed models of SAS program.

 The dry matter intake (DMI) was significantly affected by treatments (P <0.001). Body weight and its changes were similar among treatments, suggesting that nutrient partitioning towards tissue accretion or depletion was not different among treatments during the study, since goats were in late lactation. However, DMI was 228 g higher for goats received diet containing corn silage than for those received AH (P < 0.05). Decreased DMI for diets with wheat straw and alfalfa hay compared with corn silage could at least partially be related to increased dietary fat and indigestible cell wall in the former diets. Ruminating, standing, and resting times were not different among treatments (P > 0.10). These data would suggest that despite the differences in forage nutritional characteristics, digestibility, and intake, ruminating time was similar among treatments.Goats fed CS had higher milk production than the other two groups (P <0.001). The percentage of milk fat in the alfalfa hay treatment was higher than in the other treatments (p> 0.05). Similar to milk volume, daily yields of milk protein, lactose, and total solids were also higher for corn silage than for other treatments. This could be a result of increased milk volume and unchanged milk contents of protein and lactose for corn silage. Milk fat content was higher (P < 0.01) for AH treatment but milk fat yield tended (P < 0.10) to be greater for CS treatments than for other treatments.Serum concentration of glucose, albumin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were not significant among experimental treatments. Glucose and NEFA values are usually interpreted as indices for energy status of experimental animals. Similar glucose and NEFE concentrations in blood for the three forage treatments could be evaluated in light of the fact that goats were in mid and late lactation and thus were not in negative energy balance. As a result, they may have not been metabolically sensitive enough to respond to treatments at this stage of lactation. Serum concentrations of total proteins were higher for AH than for other treatments (P < 0.05). Findings  of this study suggest that lactating Murciano-Granadina goats are capable to utilize different forage sources including alfalfa hay, corn silage and wheat straw. However, corn silage leads to higher raw and fat-corrected milk yields, whereas alfalfa hay increases milk fat content. For higher feed efficiency and lower feed cost and where more available, Wheat Straw may be used in Murciano-Granadina goat diets. To improve milk yield and fat content and yield simultaneously, certain combinations of alfalfa hay and corn silage may be required. Determining this will require future experimentation. Future experiments could also investigate forage choice effects on milk fatty acids profile and other functional compounds.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different source of magnesium in prepartum diets on productive performance, blood metabolites, insulin resistance and health disorders in transition cows. Sixty cows from 21 days prepartum were randomly assigned to 4 experimental treatments. Treatments were control treatment (Mg at NRC recommendation), magnesium sulfate treatment, magnesium carbonate treatment and magnesium oxide treatment (Mg was 0.60% of ration DM). Experimental diets increased DM and NDF digestibility (P<0.05). However, Calf and placenta weight, body weight changes and BCS were not affected by treatments. The incidence of retained placenta and hypomagnesemia decreased in experimental treatments (P<0.05). Magnesium oxide and carbonate treatments tended to increase milk yield (P=0.08). Milk fat increased in the control diet (P<0.05). Experimental diets decreased plasma NEFA and cholesterol and improved plasma Mg and Ca (P<0.05). Control treatment had the lowest rate of glucose CR (%) and RQUICKI (P<0.05).

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of fish meal supplementation on productive and reproduction performance in repeat breeder Holstein cows. Two hundred and sixty-one multiparous Holstein cows with at least three consecutive unsuccessful inseminations, without clinically detectable reproductive disorders, were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were control, 2.5 or 5% fish meal, that replaced soybean meal. Cows were timed inseminated following the Double-Ovsynch protocol. Milk yield was (38.49, 39.92, and 41.42 kg/d, for cows fed the control, 2.5 and 5% FM diets respectively) of which the difference (P<0.01) between the control and 5% FM diets was significant. Likewise, 4% FCM was higher for treatment 5% FM relative to control (P<0.05). Milk fat, protein and lactose content (%) were not different among treatment (P>0.05) but milk protein yield was higher (P<0.05) for cows fed the 5% FM than control and 2.5% FM diets was significant. Plasma and milk urea nitrogen concentrations decreased significantly (P<0.05) affected fish meal by consumption. Plasma cholesterol concentration was higher for cows fed 5% FM compared to the control diet (P<0.01). Plasma progesterone concentration at 16 d post artificial insemination was greater for treatment 5% FM relative to control treatment (P<0.05). Pregnancy at the first service and cumulative (1st and 2nd service) for cows fed 5% FM content higher than control diet (P<0.05). These results indicated that supplementation the diet with 5% fish meal improved fertility and productive performance in repeat breeding cows.

The objective of this study was to compare solvent soybean meal with extruded soybean meal at 135°C on performance and metabolic status of fresh Holstein cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows (BW± SD; 614.45± 28.33) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 experimental treatments from caving until 21 days in milk: 1- control (containing solvent soybean meal; SSBM) and 2- experimental (containing extruded soybean meal; ESBM). Cows were housed in individual stalls, fed with total mixed ration, and feed offered and ort were recorded daily. Milk yield was recorded daily and milk sampls were taken weekly to determine its composition. Body weight and body condition score of cows were determined at immediately after calving and 21 DIM. Dry matter intake in ESBM cows was greater than SSBM cows (P˂ 0.01). Cows fed ESBM produced 3.71 kg/d more milk than SSBM cows (P< 0.05). Milk fat content in ESBM cows was lower than SSBM cows (P<0.05). The ESBM cows had lower serum glucose concentration (P<0.01) and higher cholesterol (P<0.01) than SSBM cows. Rectal temperature, BCS and BW changes, and feed efficiency were not different between treatments (P>0.1). Overall, the results of this study showed that replacing solvent soybean meal with extruded soybean meal increased DMI and milk yield of fresh cows.

The study objective was to evaluate the effects of reducing dietary starch content in fresh cow diets while maintaining NDF levels by substituting barley grain (BG), corn silage (CS), or both with beet pulp (BP) on DMI, lactation performance, serum mineral and metabolites concentrations, liver enzymes and liver functionality index (LFI), serum insulin and revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI). Thirty-six multiparous cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental diets from calving to 21 days in lactation. Experimental diets were a high-starch diet with ground BG (CO; 24.9% starch; 0% BP) and 3 low-starch diets where BP substituted for either BG (BB; 19.6% starch; 7% BP), CS (BC; 20.6% starch; 12% BP) or CS and BG (BCB; 20.3% starch; 12% BP). Relative to CO cows (16.50 kg/d), DMI was greater for BC (17.70 kg/d) and BCB (17.50 kg/d) cows, but it was lesser in BB (15.60 kg/d) cows. Similar to DMI results, milk yields tended to be greater for BC (37.89 kg/d) and BCB cows (37.81 kg/d) compared to CO cows (35.41 kg/d), but BB cows (33.05 kg/d) tended to produce less milk than CO cows. Relative to CO, cows fed BB had lower serum glucose concentrations, whereas cows fed BC and BCB had higher serum glucose. Serum insulin concentrations were lower for BB cows than for other exprimental groups. Relative to CO, serum NEFA and BHB concentrations were lower for BC and BCB, but was similar between BB and CO. The RQUICKI was lower for CO, BC cows than BB cows, and cows in BCB tended to have less RQUICKI compared to BB during postpartum. The concentrations of gamma glutamyl transferase were lower in BC and BCB cows relative to CO and BB cows. The cows fed CO and BB had higher serum bilirubin relative to cows fed BC and BCB diets. Although, LFI for CO cows was similar to cows on BB, BC and BCB, BC cows had higher LFI than BB cows and tended to have greater LFI than CO cows. Overall, reducing dietary starch by replacing CS (BC) or a mix of CS and BG (BCB) with BP positively affected DMI and milk yield and indicated improved energy metabolism and liver function during the first 21 d of lactation compared to when BP was fed instead of BG to reduce starch (BB).

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of decreasing dietary protein content with supplementing protected methionine (pMet) andlysine (pLys) on intake, milk yield, metabolic status, and apparent digestibility of nutrients in Holstein fresh cows. Immediately after calving, 16 cowswith the similar BCS and parity were randomly assigned to two treatments. Experimental diets provided equal amounts of lysine (132 to 133 g/d) andmethionine (40 to 43 g/d). The treatments were: a diet containing 18.35 % CP without supplementing pMet and pLys (HP); and a diet containing16.45 % CP with supplementing rumen-protected amino acids (LPML). Individual dry matter intake and milk yield were recorded daily during freshperiod. Blood samples were collected at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 d after calving to determine the serum concentrations of mineral and metabolites. Feedintake was not affected by experimental diets but milk yield was higher for HP cows than cows in LPML (P < 0.01). The yield of milk protein,lactose, fat and concentration of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) were higher in HP cows compared to LPML (P < 0.05). Compared to HP cows, cows inLPML had lower blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and higher serum concentrations of total protein and globulin (P < 0.01). Based on the results of thepresent study, reducing dietary protein content while maintaining the supply of limiting amino acids decreased lactational performance and feedefficiency of Holstein fresh cows.

The effect yeast on performance and blood metabolites of cows with paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of yeast SCAY-3PLUS on health and productivity of dairy cows infected by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). Multiparous Holstein dairy cows (129±24 DIM) with clinical Johne's disease assigned equally into control and yeast group. Cows in yeast group (n=10) received yeast in the diet for 20 days, while cows in the control group (n=10) did not receive the yeast. Dry matter intake and changes in BCS as well as milk production and composition were not affected by the experimental diets (P> 0.05). Rectal temperature and serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides and β- Hydroxy butyrate were not affected by the treatment (P> 0.05). Dietary supplementation of the yeast increased significantly the manure score in infected cows (p < 0.05). The average antibody titer changes (ELISA) for the control and yeast group were -19/74 and - 53/6 respectively, and the yeast treatment reduced the antibody titer of Johne's disease in infected cows. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of the yeast, used as a probiotic, was therapeutic for adult paratuberculosis cows, and is useful to improve manure score and antibody titer changes in cows with paratuberculosis.

The effect of using whole safflower seed and flaxseed in the during transition period on performance, digestibility, production and composition of colostrum and blood parameters of Afshari ewes using three treatments and 27 pregnant ewes with average age of three years, weight of 85 ± 1.28 kg and range 6 weeks before expected lambing in a completely randomized design was investigated. Experimental treatments included; 1- control diet (base), 2- diet containing 8% safflower seed, 3- diet containing 8% flaxseed. The effect of treatments was not significant on functional traits of ewes pre-lambing but their dry matter intake and weight change post lambing were affected bysafflower seed and flaxseed treatment (P < 0.05). The experimental treatments were not significant on pre-lambing digestibility coefficients, composition and amount of colostrum and milk as well as lamb performance. The triglyceride, cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein levels in blood plasma of flaxseed-fed ewes were higher than safflower and control treatments in pre-lambing. The results demonstrated that using safflower seed and flaxseed in the period close to lambing did not have negative effects on the performance of gestation ewes but increasedtheir dry matter and improved the health of lactating ewes and lambs by preventing severe weight loss in post lambing.

We used 263 Holstein repeat breeder dairy cows (193±58 DIM) based on randomized complete design. Animals in control group (no supplementation), groups 2 and 3 supplemented with 2,244 mg of zinc, 295.5 mg copper and 480 mg manganese either inorganic trace minerals (ITM) and chelated (glycinates) trace minerals (CTM) sources, respectively. Supplemental minerals were fed daily as a top dress. All cows were inseminated according to Double-Ovsynch protocol. Super oxide dismutase concentration tended to have higher in CTM and ITM treatments than in control group (P=0.09). Progesterone concentration at day 11 after artificial insemination was higher in CTM and ITM treatments than in control group (P<0.05). Cows in CTM and ITM treatments tended to have greater odds of becoming pregnant at first and cumulative (first and second service) than cows in control group (P=0.1 and P=0.13 respectively). According to the results of this study, diets supplemented above National Research Council (NRC, 2001) requirments for zinc, copper and manganese in repeat breeding cows, improved fertility.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding different trace minerals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Se and Co) sources from 4 weeks pre- lambing until 5 week post-lambing on performance and health of Afshari ewes and lambs. Thirty six pregnant Afshari ewes were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments at 32.5±5 d before expected lambing date. Experimental treatments were basal diet without supplemental trace minerals (Control, n=12), basal diet plus sulfate sources of trace minerals (Sulfate, n=12) and basal diet plus organic sources of trace minerals chelating to Glycine (Glycinate, n=12). In each treatment, ewes were balanced for fetal number, body weight (BW), Body condition score (BCS) and expected lambing date. Dry matter intake, BW, BCS and their changes, colostrum and milk yield and milk composition were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). There was no effect of treatments on serum metabolites concentrations, except a tendency (P=0.07) to increase in serum glucose concentrations pre-lambing for ewes receiving sulfate sources of trace minerals compared to those in Glycinate group. Birth weight of lambs was similar among treatments, but lambs BW from ewes fed glycinate source of trace minerals at 35 d was greatest among treatments (P= 0.05). Likewise, average daily gain (ADG) of lambs from Glycinate ewes tended to be greater at 35 and 70 d compared to control and sulfate groups (P=0.07). Overall, feeding chelated trace minerals per- and post-lambing Ashari ewes improved growth performance of lambs until 70d.

The objective of present study was to investigate the effect of different levels of sesame meal in early lactation cow's ration on dry matter intake, milk yield and composition, apparent digestibility of nutrients and blood metabolites. Six dairy lactating Holstein cows with average DIM 26± 3 (n=3 primiparous and n=3 multiparous cows) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental treatments (different levels of sesame meal) in repeated 3×3 Latin square design. Experimental treatments were control (without sesame meal), 4.33% sesame meal and 8.66% sesame meal (DM basis). The experimental periods consisted of 21 d with the first 14 days as adaptation and the last 7 days as sampling days. Increasing level of sesame meal in early lactation rations did not affect dry matter intake, milk yield and composition (fat, protein and lactose), feed utilization efficiency, apparent digestibility of nutrients and blood metabolites (P  0.05), while milk urea nitrogen decreased with increasing the level of sesame meal (P<0.05). Blood urea nitrogen concentrations also tended (P = 0.1) to decrease with increasing levels of sesame oil. In general, the lack of response in feed intake and milk yield with increasing the levels of sesame meal in early lactation cow's ration showed that sesame meal could be a proper protein source in early lactation cow's ration.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of single nutritional grouping (TMR1) compared to multinutritional grouping (TMR4) on productive performance and milk composition during a complete lactation period. Four hundred and eighty-four lactating Holstein cows were blocked based on parity (158 first, 134 second, and 192 third lactation or higher) and were randomly assigned one of two TMR1 and TMR4. Cows in 1TMR produced 4.04 kg more milk than those in 4TMR group (P<0.01). Likewise, 4% FCM yield was higher for 1TMR relative to 4TMR (37.46 vs. 33.1 kg, respectively). The content of milk compositions were not affected by experimental treatments (P> 0.05). According to the results of milk production, fat (P<0.01) and protein milk yields (P<0.01) were higher for TMR1 compared to TMR4. Cows in 4TMR were culled 1.58 times compared to those in 1TMR during lactating period. (CI95%= 1.01-2.46; P= 0.04).

Lamb fatteners receive less benefit due to unawareness regarding the suitable methods of fattenering. As it is conventional in broiler breeding, the diet of pre-starter contains high levels of protein and energy, which is specified to freshly hatched chicks and it decreases the number of days between hatching and slaughter day every year. Therefore, the same method can be tested in newborn lambs, meaning that the lamb receives the whole mother's milk and the initial diet, which is referred to creep feeds. The creep feed contains at least 15 percent crude protein and breeding lambs immediately after birth, with receiving a diet either rich in metabolizable protein or low metabolizable protein with a lysine amino acid and a rumen-protected methionine. This may be substituted with the conventional method of feeding lamb via whole mother's milk, alfalfa and Rangeland forage and then, fed in an intensive system under Iranian conditions. The present research was designed and conducted to economically compare the conventional method with creep feeding method in Afshari lambs, and to investigate the possibility of shortening the time from birth to slaughter. Production of meat with high quality and quantity without increasing the number of livestock and gaining an appropriate profit in the short term is one of the main goals of the fattening industry. The cost of livestock feeds supply is about 65-70% of the costs of raising and maintaining. If these costs are reduced in a period of fattening, in addition to producing meat with a good quantity and quality, more income will be also earned by the livestock owner (Farzad 1996; Talebi and Edriss 1999; Mousavi et al. 2005, 2011). Improving human living standards, reducing physical activity and changing food habits have led to a reduction in tail fat consumption and a rise in demand for meat. Also, if low-fat and low-fat sheep are produced, improving the nutritional efficiency will increase the economic efficiency of fattening units (Talebi 1998), so that the livestock fed in the lower ages will have better food efficiency (Hasanpour 1965; Mousavi et al. 2005, 2011). Choosing the appropriate fattening method will reduce the starting age, longevity and cost of rearing lamb and leaving livestock out of the pasture, which will lead to a rapid return of payments and improvement of investment in the sheep industry, reduced overgrazing and preventing soil erosion and flood damage. Due to the advancement of ruminant nutrition science in recent years, it is possible to start fattenning at a young age. Then, the use of creeping rations is associated with a change in the composition of the diet, especially metabolizable protein; as a result, growth, daily weight gain, and feed efficiency are increased and carcass compositions may have more meat. The goal of this study was to select an appropriate Fattening system that would provide greater economic returns through a higher percentage of meat, less feed, and reduced lamb's longevity. Choosing the appropriate procedure of feedlot and deliver the lambs to slaughter weight in the possible shortest time reduces the cost of livestock and There was an additional livestock departure from the pasture. 51 male lambs of Afshari were used in an unbalanced completely randomized design with 4 treatments included: treatment 1: Milk + alfalfa + pasture (conventional control without fattening as semi-intensive farming or CONT-UF ), treatment 2: Milk + alfalfa + pasture then get a fattening diet ( conventional control with fattening as semi-intensive farming or CONT-F ), treatment 3: milk + creep feeding ( included high protein metabolism as intensive farming or HMP), and treatment 4: milk + creep feeding (including low protein metabolism with lysine and methionine rumen protected as intensive farming or LMP +LMRP). The effect of creep feeding on average daily gain of lambs was significant (p=0.0001), (Table 2) Which was consistent with the results of others (Karim et al. 2001; Moriel and Arthington 2013; Yiakoulaki et al. 2007; Lardy and Maddock 2007). The reason for the increase in daily weight gain at an early age is due to the higher growth rate of the animal early in life, which is justified by growth curves that are consistent with the goal of experimenting with early onset of slaughter and slaughter at an early age. The low daily gain was due to the non-fattening control treatment, but it was fattened in the control treatment because fattening started at 5 months of age and the daily gain was lower at high ages. Reduced protein intake and amino acids intake and no effect on body weight changes were observed in creep diets, whereas in Abdelrahman and Hunaiti (2007), Purchas et al (1998) and Yousefian et al (2013) studies, weight gain was observed but in the experiment, Heydari et al (2014) reduced yield. Dry matter intake among the treatments was statistically significant and the highest rate was found in the fattening control (p=0.0001), (Table 2) Which is consistent with the results of other researchers (Eilami 1995; Eilami 2005; Kianzad 1993). The amount of dry matter consumed depends on the body weight of the animal as the age of the animal increases and consequently body weight increases feed intake in this experiment as slaughter age varies so the amount of consumption depends on the life of the animal and in creep treatments due to nutrient availability. As well as increased feed efficiency at an early age, the amount of dry matter consumed was low, whereas this was not the case for the control treatments because the dry matter consumed before the beginning of the feed was used to maintain low weight gain. FCR in the fattening and non-fattening controls increased significantly and recorded the highest amount in the fattened control (p=0.0001), (Table 2) This is in agreement with the results of other researchers (Eilami 1995; Eilami 2005; Kianzad 1993). The conversion factor is a function of the amount of feed consumed to increase body weight, which is an increase in the feed conversion ratio with increasing age of the animal due to the type of animal body stored so that as the age of the animal increases, the amount of fat stored in the protein increases and the cost of increasing each gram of fat tissue increases. Compared to the cost of increasing every gram of muscle tissue, this increases the conversion factor. Carcass effiency was reduced significantly in the non-fattening control (p=0.0001), (Table 3) While in the creep treatments, even at a young age, carcass yield had a higher number, indicating greater growth of organs, but no significant difference was observed between creep and fattening treatments. The greatest benefit was observed in LMP + LMRP treatment and loss was observed in CONT-F treatment (P = 0.0001), (Table 4) Since the fattened control treatment had a life span of 260 days and the other treatments reached the kill weight in the shortest time. Baesd on the economic calculations, LMP+LMRP treatment was determined as a better method for finishing lambs.

Survey of ceftiofur hydrochloride on dairy cow uterine health that had been affected by placenta retention and dystocia had been done and also fertility rate of both group counted. A total of 300 dairy cow has been divided equally in two groups. All cows affected by dystocia and placenta retention randomly have assigned in two groups.in the treatment group ceftiofur hydrochloride injected 2.2mg/kg SC during 5 days and in the control group cows that had placenta retention oxytetracyclin injected intra uterus 24h after parturition and also oxytocin 50 IU before OTC has injected 2times every 8 h after parturition and cows that had dystocia in the control group did not receive anything. ceftiofur hydrochloride in the treatment group decreased rate of infections in comparison of control group significantly. (p<0.01)Also open days in the treatment group was lower than control group significantly. (p<0.05)First service rate was lower in the control group significantly. (p<0.01) The results had shown that preventing of uterine infection and metritis is inevitable part of dairy cow transitional period. ceftiofur hydrochloride injection as a preventing drug can be utilize in the farms that have dystocia and placenta retention abnormally before every control program for reducing these disorders.

Oil seeds are commonly used in the diet of Ruminant nutrition to meet energy and protein requirements. To eliminate the anti-nutritional substances and increasing bypass protein, soybean seeds are processed, and heat is the most common way used to processing soybeans. So using bypass proteins is important, Soybean processing causes rumen un-degradable protein content to be increased, that could increase protein absorption in the small intestine and improve nitrogen utilization efficiency. The main objectives of this research were the estimate the effect of dietary replacement of crud, extruded and rousted full-fat soybean with soybean meal on dry matter intake, growth performance, rumen parameters, diet digestibility and feeding behaviors in Afshari male lambs. Experimental diets were assigned to the 7 groups (n = 6/group) in a completely randomized design for a 74-d period (14 d for adaptation and 60 d for data collection). Experimental diets with equal ME and CP concentrations and a forage to-concentrate ratio of 30 to 70 were formulated: Treatment 1: contains 15 percent of soybean meal, treatment 2: Replace of 7.5 percent soybean meal with crud full fat soybean, Treatment 3: Replace of all soybean meal with crud full fat soybean, treatment 4: Replace of 7.5 percent of soybean meal with extruded full fat soybean, Treatment 5: Replace of all soybean meal with extruded full fat soybean, Treatment 6: Replace of 7.5 percent soybean meal with roasted full fat soybean, Treatment 7: Replace of all soybean meal with roasted full fat soybean. Dry matter intakes was effected by experimental diets (P <0.01). Using 15% rousted full fat soybean with the mean of 1.79 kg per day showed the highest dry matter intake. The use of extruded and rousted full fat soybean significantly increased daily gain in comparison with the crud full fat soybean and soybean meal (P <0.05). The use of extruded and rousted full fat soybean significantly reduced feed conversion ratio (P <0.01). In vivo digestibility of crud protein, dry matter and organic matter was not affected by the dietary treatment but neutral detergent fiber was affected by the dietary treatment (P <0.05). Feeding lambs on diets crud, extruded and rousted instead of soybean meal had no effect on volatile fatty acids and feeding behaviors. The use of extruded and roasted full-fat soybean with improved daily gain, in vivo digestibility and reduce feed conversion ratio, increased the fattening performance of Afshari male lamb.