حمید رضا میرزایی

The primary objective of this research was to analyze the relative importance of working capital management factors in predicting financial distress among companies. The study population consisted of 167 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) from 2019 to 2023. 7 key working capital management indicators were selected based on their potential impacts on financial distress. Using Zavgren’s (1985) financial distress prediction model, the sample companies were classified into distressed and healthy groups. In the first step, a random forest algorithm was employed to assess the predictive power of the seven working capital management indicators in classifying companies as distressed or healthy. The results indicated that these indicators could successfully identify and predict the financial distress status of the companies with up to 85% accuracy. In the second step, the unique feature of the random forest algorithm was leveraged to rank the importance of each working capital component in achieving this 85% classification accuracy. The findings showed that the Average Collection Period (ACP) was significantly more important than the other working capital components in predicting financial distress.Keywords: Financial Distress, Working Capital Management, Average Collection Period (ACP), Random Forest AlgorithmJEL Classification: G01, G30, C38 IntroductionIn recent years, financial distress and bankruptcy have become increasingly prevalent issues for business enterprises. The financial literature offers various definitions to describe the state of financial distress and bankruptcy. While some researchers equate financial distress with bankruptcy, financial distress is more accurately viewed as a precursor to bankruptcy – a stage of financial decline that may or may not ultimately lead to a company's bankruptcy. Simply put, financial distress reflects a business entity's inability or weakness in fulfilling its obligations to creditors (Gerged et al., 2022). Given the rapid growth of joint-stock companies and the emergence of severe financial crises at both micro- and macro-economic scales, it is crucial to identify the key factors that can predict a company's financial health before it reaches the stage of bankruptcy, i.e., during the financial distress phase (Pourheydari et al., 2010). Evidence suggests that working capital management is a significant factor influencing the financial distress of business enterprises (Geng et al., 2015). Companies experiencing financial distress and bankruptcy often exhibit weaknesses in working capital management, particularly in cash control. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive power of working capital management components in forecasting financial distress and rank the importance of each component in this prediction process.Materials & MethodsThe raw financial statement data for this research were extracted from Rahavard Novin Database and the Codal website. These data were then systematically organized in Excel. After applying certain eligibility criteria, a sample of 167 companies was identified as the accessible statistical population. To classify the sample companies into distressed and healthy groups, which served as the target variable (label), Zavgren’s (1985) financial distress prediction model was utilized. Subsequently, the predictive power of 7 key working capital management components in forecasting financial distress was tested using Python software and the random forest algorithm.The random forest method is based on ensemble learning, wherein the data are split into training and testing sets. During the learning phase, the model attempts to identify the inherent pattern or the relationship between the dependent variable (financial distress) and each explanatory variable (working capital management components) with the validity of this learning measured by the testing data. The random forest method employs a bagging approach, creating subsets from the entire dataset and determining the final result based on the average outcomes of these subsets. This approach helps to significantly mitigate the overfitting problem.One notable feature of the random forest algorithm is its ability to rank the importance of the input features in determining the trend of the target variables. This capability was leveraged in this research to answer the second research question, which focused on the relative importance of each working capital component in predicting financial distress. Research FindingsThe model achieved an accuracy of 85%, indicating that it could correctly predict whether a company was in financial distress or not based on what it learned during the training phase. Additionally, the model's F1-Score metric was 0.89 for identifying healthy companies and 0.76 for predicting distressed companies. These scores, being close to 1, suggested that the model's estimations were performed with a high degree of accuracy.The analysis of the relative importance of each working capital management component in achieving this 85% accuracy rate revealed some key insights. The Average Collection Period (ACP) was identified as the most important factor in predicting financial distress. Following the ACP, the Current Ratio (CR) ranked second, the Average Payable Period (APP) ranked third, and the Inventory Turnover In Days (ITID) ranked fourth in importance.These findings suggested that the initial signs of financial trouble for a company often stemmed from its failure to collect receivables in a timely manner, leading to an increased collection period. If the company's management did not effectively address this issue, other problems could likely arise, ultimately pushing the business entity into a state of financial distress. Discussion of Results & ConclusionThe results of the data analysis using the random forest algorithm indicated that working capital management indicators had an 85% predictive power for identifying financial distress in companies. This finding is consistent with those of the previous studies by Habib and Kayani (2022), Morshed (2020), and Li et al. (2018). Regarding the second research objective, which aimed to rank the importance of each working capital management component in predicting financial distress, the analysis revealed that the Average Collection Period (ACP) was the most significant factor. This suggested that a company's inability to collect receivables in a timely manner was a crucial early indicator of impending financial distress.An increase in the ACP could lead to a serious risk of bad debts and liquidity problems for the company. As a result, the company's management might need to secure additional working capital to fund operations, which could potentially increase the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). However, if the company failed to generate adequate returns to cover these elevated financing costs, it might ultimately fall into a state of financial distress (Panigrahi, 2014). Given the notable importance of the ACP compared to other working capital management components, it appeared that many of the underlying issues leading to financial distress stemmed from poor performance in collecting receivables. Therefore, this research underscored the critical need for robust management practices of receivables to maintain liquidity and avoid the escalating costs and risks associated with financial distress.

Pair formation is an important step in pair trading that has only been examined manually or through numerical instructions. These methods fail in the multivariate mode and do not consider conflicting goals in the problem structure. In this research, a method is presented to create multivariate pair combinations by considering contradictory multiple goals in stock pair trading.

In this study, the statistical sample is limited to the top 30 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange due to the need for high-frequency transactions. The problem is developed in the form of a Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) model, and due to non-convex constraints and exponential solution space, a multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to obtain multivariate pair combinations. To achieve multiple goals, the developed type of genetic algorithm, namely, The Chaotic Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (CNSGA-II), was used. In this method, chaos theory is used to create the initial population of the genetic algorithm in order to obtain appropriate and high-precision solutions.

The results showed that the use of chaos theory could increase the degree of convergence in evolutionary algorithms. In addition, these results indicate the superiority of the multi-objective pair trading strategy based on the distance approach over the traditional single-objective model.

Originality/Value: 

In order to optimize pair trading, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm was used. Also, the initial population of individuals was created in a multi-objective genetic algorithm based on chaos theory.

Water is one of the important basic resources for the development of the country and the most important factor of production in agriculture. Today, the international community is aware of the importance of water in order to have sustainable economic growth now and in the future. This study has investigated the effect of reducing water resources on production and employment of economic sectors. The results are presented in the form of absolute and relative effects. The effects and consequences of reducing 10 and 40% of water resources have led to a decrease in production of 8896617 and 35586469 million rials for various economic sectors. In terms of absolute effects, the vulnerability of urban households due to reduced water resources has been higher than rural households. In terms of relative effects, the greatest impact of income reduction is on low-income urban households. The relative reduction of water resources from the supplier perspective has a greater impact on the labor factor than the capital factor.

Pair trading strategy is one of the oldest and most common statistical arbitrage strategies. Pair formation is an important step in pair trading that examined manually and this method fails in the multivariate mode and does not consider conflicting goals in the problem structure. The main problem in this study is to present a method that creates multivariate pair combinations with multiple contradictory goals and focusing on the integration approach. Therefore, a combination of stocks optimized for two opposite objectives risk (mean-reversion) and return (spread variance) to form a set of profitable multivariate pair trading opportunities. The statistical population is companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical sample limited by the need for high-frequency transactions from the top 50 companies. The problem developed in the form of a mixed integer-programming model (MIP), and due to non-convex constraints and exponential space, a multi-objective genetic algorithm used to obtain pair combinations. To achieve multiple goals, an advanced type of genetic algorithm; The Chaotic Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (CNSGA-II) was used. The Chaos theory used to create the initial population of the genetic algorithm in order to obtain appropriate and high-precision solutions. Research has shown that the use of chaos theory can increase the degree of convergence in evolutionary algorithms. The results of the experiments of this study show that multi-objective pair trading strategies focusing on the integration approach have a significant advantage over the traditional single-objective model.

In this paper, the plasma of a 2.45 GHz permanent magnet miniature ECR ion source has been simulated and discussed. The source with a cylindrical plasma chamber of 50 mm in radius, 50 mm in length, and a maximum input power of 1kW generates a 10 mA, 50 kV proton beam. Considering the long wavelength of the microwave generator (λ0 = 122.4 mm) and the miniature size of the plasma chamber, an alumina window with a relative permittivity of 9 is hired at the entrance of the plasma chamber. Microwave power is injected into the chamber through the window. Microwave power transfer and coupling to the miniaturized plasma chamber of the ion source is the focus of this study. In this way, the strength of the magnetic field, microwave electric field, and spatial and temporal variations of the essential parameters like the density of the microwave power absorption, the Upper Hybrid Resonance (UHR) layer, density, and temperature of the plasma at the starting time of the microwave injection to the ion source chamber are investigated.

One of the important factors affecting the participation of investors in the stock market is the existence of information about the trends and price volatility of this market. In the past years, the economic sanctions and the Covid-19 epidemic have affected the Iran stock market. The continuous decrease of the stock market index is one of the consequences of volatility persistence waves caused by these events. Some financial theories have shown that the decline in stock prices can be caused by the existence of a unit root in the volatility of the market's price returns. In this research, the hypothesis of the drop in stock prices due to the presence of a unit root in the volatility was investigated with the data of the Tehran Stock Exchange index between 2016.September.21 to 2022.March.19 and using the stochastic volatility model introduced by Su and Lee (1999). The findings of this paper indicate that the posterior estimate of the coefficient of ϕ in the Stochastic volatility model is equal to one, therefore, it is not possible to reject the inappropriate performance of the market and the hypothesis of the fall of the Tehran Stock Exchange index as a result of the volatility persistence.

In this paper the heating effects was investigated with SAMI2 model. An external Gaussian heating source was considered in electron temperature equation that models the radio frequency heating. The effects of the heating were investigated as a function of the heating period, intensity of the heating source, height of the heating center and different latitude of the heating in Iran coordinates.  Results of the simulations show that height of the heating and intensity of the source have main role in the distribution function of the electron density and temperature. This distribution in heating zone and conjugate point was shown. In early time of heating, by increasing the height, the electron temperature was increased dramatically. At low intensity of the heating source, the electron temperature wasn’t increased. However, the electron temperature was increased in heating zone after 30 minutes. Also, the heating distributes the electron density counter which represents the reduction of the electron density and the formation of the duct in heating zone and the growth of the electron density at conjugate point. The results show that at low latitude, electron temperature at heating zone and conjugate point was increased more.

Modern investment management began with Markowitz's theory on how to select an optimal portfolio based on the mean-variance model, and then continued with various optimization methods such as conditional value at risk model, half-variance model, and the mean-absolute deviation model. One of the most important weaknesses of these models is not paying attention to investors' views and relying on past information. The Black Literman model has largely eliminated this weakness by combining a matrix of investor views and past returns. In this research, using fundamental analysis, the matrix of investor views is formed and then the performance of the optimal portfolio of the Black Literman model is compared with existing models. The research period is between 2016 to 2021 and MATLAB software has been used to obtain the optimal portfolio. The results show that using different evaluation criteria, the fundamental Black Literman model performs better than other existing optimization models.

This survey has been done to illuminate and explain Sadra’s ontological viewpoint on the entity of the inborn and innate love in the existence of non-human animals using the analytic and descriptive method (library documentary). In the sight of Sadra, in the whole universe, from the lowest beings to the highest ones, love permeates through the entire world of existence. From Sadraii's wisdom viewpoint, animals are one of the creatures in the essence of existence that possesses their own perfect attributes. Animals have souls, the effects of which are life, perception, free choice, and love. Love is one of the hallmarks and perfections of existence in animals. Animals have an order for their existence, and they are attributed with perfection to the extent of their intensity and weakness. That is to say, all animals are not at the same level. Their perfection is also the same as their existence. There are life, perception, and love in animals, but depends on their proportion of existence. All animals are in love, but every animal having the highest share of its rank enjoys more love. Mullah Sadra's ontological principles in proving the existence and flow of love in animals are that the existence is “original”, “non-composite”, “equivocal” and “coextensive” with life, conception, and love, and “God, the Almighty, is the true Beloved of all beings including animals’ souls.” Evolutionally, animals can only move to the point where the humanity of human beings.

Since the energy consumption has increased globally, many countries are searching to conduct a procedure for balancing between the energy consumption and its environmental impact. Therefore, there has been plenty of research to discover new strategies for decreasing carbon emission and highlighting the influential factors. This study has analyzed the carbon emission measures in several different sectors using the input-output approach. Also, the study has measured the effect of carbon emission on the total intensity by calculating the structural intensity and domestic energy consumption. The data is extracted from social matrix of Iran`s economy in 2011 and 2014. The findings indicate that the gas emission rate differs in different sectors and as a result the emission intensity is also different. In general, the emission intensity from 2014 has increased compared to 2011 though the emission intensity in agriculture sector has surged. Also, the total national AEI has increased as a result of structural effect and final demand for it. In other words, structural effect and final demand has influenced in the surge of carbon emission.

The stock market is especially important as a capital investment instrument both for the investor and for the investor. Stock markets are affected not only by large parameters but also by thousands of other factors. The high number and unknown factors affecting stock prices, as well as the complexity of the relationship between these factors and the stock price, have caused uncertainty in the field of investment. One of the tools to reduce uncertainty and the most important discussion of investing in the stock exchange is the selection of the stock portfolio optimally. In this study, through interviewing experts and reviewing existing documents, 6 main criteria for identifying the optimal stock portfolio selection were identified. Using logistic fuzzy preferential programming, weighing these criteria and, finally, weighting the indexes related to We defined each criterion. The results show that the criteria for profitability, efficiency and risk are the most important criteria in choosing stock portfolios

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of yeast and monensin in high concentrate diets on the ruminal fermentation parameters by in vitro gas production method and protein degradability by in situ nylon bag technique. Experimental treatments included control diet (75% concentrate and 25% alfalfa) and supplemented control with three levels of yeast (2.5, 5, and 7.5 g per kg dry matter of diet) and three levels of monensin (15, 30, and 45 mg per kg dry matter of diet). The results showed that the addition of yeast in contrast to monensin resulted in a significant increase in cumulative gas production and the potential of gas production (b) (P<0.05). Ammonia nitrogen content was significantly decreased by adding different levels of monensin compared with the control treatment (P<0.05). Also, the average of short-chain fatty acids was significantly increased by adding yeast compared with the control treatment and different levels of monensin (P<0.05). The rumen degradable protein and its fractional degradation rate were significantly reduced by monensin supplementation (P<0.05). Based on the results of this study it can be suggested that the addition of 5 g yeast and 30 mg monensin (per kg DM) in high concentrate diets can improve ruminal fermentability and organic matter digestibility of feed and increase the accessibility of animal to diet energy.

This paper investigates carbon mitigation policies and economic growth in Iran using the input-output analysis approach. The input-output table was first updated for 2015. Using the data in the Iranian Energy Balance Sheet and the Iranian Statistics of Industrial workshops, the CO2 consumption and its emission were calculated. We have then examined the policies for carbon reduction and economic growth in Iran. The results show that food products, base metals and residential buildings are ranked, respectively, as the first, second and third contributors in energy consumption increase as well as the increase in CO2 emission towards enhancing the rate of economic growth. The results also indicate that in the sectors of marine transport services, wholesale and retail services, and public services energy consumption should be reduced for the 10% increase in economic growth. It is concluded that alongside economic growth the fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions will increase, hence necessitating the use of alternative substitutable energies in order to reduce the pollution.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of human death in worldwide and imposes a huge economic burden on the health providing systems in countries. So today, researchers are looking for new anti-cancer drugs with more potency and fewer side effects. Worldwide, the development of anti-cancer drugs from natural resources is on the rise. Animal venom is one of the most important and valuable biological resources, and some scientists believe that it is one of the future hopes of humans to cure some incurable diseases, including cancer. These biological compounds include a variety of neurotoxins, enzymes, peptides, carbohydrates, minerals, and proteins with specific biological and chemical activities that have effective peptides such as hyaluronidases, phospholipases, sphingomyelinazes, cholinesterase, and alkaline phosphatase and so on. In fact, these biologic features make them an attractive issue in developing anti-cancer agents. In this study, animals who their venom have these biological characteristics have been studied.

Nowadays, cancer is one of the major public health problems in the worldwide. Ras is an oncoprotein that is mainly active in types of human cancers. A mutation has been observed in  Ras gene among the more 90% of cancers including  pancreatic, lung, and colon cancers. Ras proteins (N-Ras, H-Ras, and K-Ras) act as molecular switches and are activated via GTP binding and signaling cascades to control cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, apoptosis, migration, and division. Conversion of GTP to GDP (inactive state) is achieved through the internal GTPase activity of the Ras gene.

This review article has been performed by searching Cancer, Ras, Pancreatic, Lung, and Colon keywords in various data bases such as NCBI, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar.

Mutation in the Ras results in loss of internal GTPase activity and permanently activates the protein. In this scenario, a continuous signaling is achieved by Ras  leading to cell-free growth, avoidance of cell death mechanisms, and resistance to treatment. RASSF family of effectors or Ras inhibitors are involved in many of these pathways. Thus, RASSF proteins may act as Ras death effectors. It′s inactivation may also progress the development of Ras-dependent tumors.
Discussion and

In general, RASSF proteins represent an interesting and contradictory part of Ras that  can be used as a useful tool for targeting a large set of Ras-derived tumors.

The rate of recurrence and mortality in high-risk prostate cancer remains high. On the other hand, the use of chemotherapy in metastatic prostate cancer has improved overall survival of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone on increasing survival of patients with high risk localized prostate cancer

This is a systematic review study. Databases including Scopus, Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Embase were searched. The terms used include prostate cancer, adenocarcinoma, neoadjuvant, chemotherapy, chemotherapy alone, systemic therapy. Of the various types of articles, only oiginal research studies that specifically focused on neoadjuvant chemotherapy (not chemotherapy with target therapy, immunotherapy, or hormone therapy) were identified. Inclusion criteria included study type (original research studies) and sample type (high-risk localized prostate cancer patients) and outcome type (patient survival).

A total of 17 original research studies were identified. All of these studies were phase one or phase two. Docetaxel was the most commonly used chemotherapy drug. Also, the most common regimen used was the use of docetaxel alone. The rate of decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (>50%) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was reported in 24 to 58% of patients. PSA declines of less than 50% after neoadjuvant chemotherapy occurred in 40 to 100% of patients. No studies reported a complete pathologic response following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. However, the relative pathologic response and reduced tumor volume were seen in the majority of patients. All of these studies showed that neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone, in high-risk prostate cancer patients, was almost well tolerated and that the complications were mostly mild (grade 1 and 2). Grade 3 and 4 complications were negligible. A 2-year recurrence-free survival of up to 68.5% and a 5-year recurrence-free survival of up to 49% were reported. The overall 5-year survival also ranged from 35 to 48%.

The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone has not clearly increased the survival of patients with high-risk localized prostate cancer, and there is controversy in studies.

This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of fennel and cumin seed powder in high-concentrate diets on some in vitro rumen fermentation and gas production characteristics. The treatments were repeated: 1- control (75% concentrate and 25% alfalfa), 2- control diet supplemented with three different levels of cumin and fennel powder (8, 12 and 16 g / kg dry matter feed), at each level of the ratio Different types of fennel and cumin (25% fennel + 75% cumin, 50% fennel + 50% cumin, 75% fennel + 25% cumin). Addition of cumin and fennel powder significantly increased the digestibility cumulative gas and gas production potential (b) (P <0.05), but there was no significant effect on the average gas production rate on different treatments (P <0.05). Ammonia nitrogen was measured by adding different levels and ratios of cumin and fennel powder Significant decrease was observed in control treatment (P <0.05). The mean short chain fatty acids at 8 grams of cumin and fennel powder had a significant increase (P <0.05), However, no significant increase was observed with higher levels of cumin and fennel powder. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that adding cumin and fennel powder to high concentrate ration can improve rumen fermentation, digestibility and increase the production of volatile fatty acids, using 8 g of cumin and fennel powder With the ratio of 50% fennel and 50% cumin per kilogram of dry matter, the most significant effects were shown.

The current research investigated parameters affecting cyclic behaviour of perforated core buckling restrained braces (PCBRB) (e.g. section thickness, materials and geometry of core holes). In the current research, modelling and numerical analysis of 8 specimens of PCBRBs were performed using ABAQUS software under cyclic load. A reference specimen with a thickness of 10 mm modelled and validated exactly based on laboratory specimen, 4 specimens by changing core thickness, 2 specimens by changing core geometry and 1 specimen by changing core material used. Results indicate that by increasing thickness, an increase will be seen in bearing capacity. Due to more hardness, the model with thickness of 15 mm bears a greater force, but for having less ductility, it has a higher resistance drop at tensile region. The model with circular holes performs the best. In comparison to models with elliptic and rectangular holes, this model buckles very later in the pressure zone and it has a higher bearing capacity and energy dissipation. The model with rectangular holes in the core has a low performance; in a way that in the pressure zone of hysteresis curve its performance does not even reach to half of the bearing capacity and ultimate strength of the model with circular core geometry. Aluminium core brace bears less force during loading in contrast to steel core brace, but this shortage is compensated for by later local buckling in the pressure zone.

Animal enjoy knowledge and perception according to the Islamic philosophy. In order to study the question of knowledge and perception of animals, this survey has been done from the view point of philosophy of transcendental wisdom transcendental wisdom is of the philosophy of cognitive being (entity). This reflective system bestows and then entity in existence upon being (entity). In light of this outlook, what – so – ever covers the arena of the existence in begin and quiddity are mentally posited (related). The existence is the Divine Action. Existence is equivocal. Each level and stage includes the whole perfections of its own inferior level and exempted from the limits of the inferior existence. This very level and stage is also comprehended by the superior level to this own level. Inanimate bodies, animals, and human being enjoy perfection of being of its own level. Both perfection and existence are one reality, and they are in such a position that the more intensified the being is, the more evident the perfection is. Animals enjoy as much the perfection as that of its own level. One of the perfections is knowledge, became it perfections being, it self. equivocality of being in any level and stage is streaming, so the perfection in any level of existence are equivocal. Animals are the possessors of knowledge. Knowledge in animals is however equivocal. Animals can be subjected to the education, but animals′ knowledge is imaginary and sensory. Animals are able to be in the course of education with imaginary and sensory methods and develop the level of their own knowledge

Excessive withdrawal of groundwater resources in recent decades has led to many negative externalities that one of its consequences is decreased welfare of farmers. In the present study, to survey the effect of the declined groundwater level on the welfare of farmers, first, wheat production function was estimated using generalized quadratic function and then marginal production of each input, including water input, was calculated. Then, the welfare function caused by reduced water level was calculated by estimating extraction cost function. Finally, using the envelop theorem and differentiation of welfare function with respect to groundwater levels, welfare changes due to water level decline was measured. The results showed that for every one meter groundwater level decline due to excessive withdrawals, welfare of farmers reduces 124546820 Rials and the total decreased welfare caused by the Orzuiyeh plain reservoir deficit is 129 billion Rials which is considerable. In addition, reduction of welfare per cubic meter of water is equal to 209.7 Rials. According to the results, reduced welfare of farmers is due to excessive consumption of groundwater resources which must be prevented by taking policies such as forced shutdown of motor pumps, reducing the acreage, determination of cropping pattern, culture of consumption, and increasing the farmer participation in the management of natural resources.

In this study 43 calves (19 female and 24 male) from pure sistani cattle population were used in order to study the relationship between the calve's temperament at weaning time with performance, body type and some blood parameters. At weaning time, temperament was determined by using Pen Scores, Exit score and Chute Score methods. Calves were divided into three groups: calm, moderate and temperamental. The measured parameters included body temperature, heart rate, hand length, waist length, tail size, round the chest, the diameter of the hand and leg, forehead and the ear size as well as the concentration of glucose, total protein, creatinine, triglyceride, insulin, HDL, LDL, T3 and T4 in the serum. Statistical analysis of the results with R-3.3.2 software showed better growth rate and conversion coefficient in calm calves compared with other moderate and temperamental groups (P

Developing countries are characterized by a large agricultural sector in their economy. So that food prices and consumption are more sensitive in these countries. Shocks in these countries are very costly given the subsistence needs of the population. Applying various monetary and fiscal policies could lead to major changes in food prices and hence food intake. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of monetary, fiscal and oil shocks on food prices and consumption in Iran. To do so, we have developed a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model for a small open oil exporting country. Calibration method was used to determine the Parameters values. The results of the simulation confirmed the validity of the model in explaining economic fluctuations. The findings indicate that the shocks have a positive effect on the food consumption. Furthermore, the results show the monetary shocks have greater influences than other shocks.

Leishmaniasis consisted of a set of parasitic disease with a spectrum of clinical symptoms appear, including coetaneous Leishmaniasis, mucosal and visceral all symptoms. Recently, there has been considerable progress in the use of herbal medicines for the treatment of Leishmaniasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of thyme essential oils of four plant species compared with Amphotericin B on Leishmania Amastigotes in invitro.

Leishmania (Leishmania major) strains were cultured with medium RPMI- 1640 containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and antibiotics and transported at a temperature of 25 ± 2 ° C. The stationary phase of growth were studied in different concentrations of essential oils in comparison with the control drug, Amphotericin B on Leishmania Amastigotes by using colorimetric meth. The absorbance was measured (Optical density) by means of (ELISA reader) and was calculated as the IC 50. The mean absorbance of the groups studied showed no significant difference (P

The results showed that optical absorption and IC 50 species of thyme essential oils affect drug compared with controls.

Our results showed that the herb thyme is effective for the treatment of coetaneous Leishmaniasis. According to these results suggest that the efficacy was evaluated alone or in combination against human coetaneous Leishmaniasis as a randomized clinical trial.

This paper aims to study the effects of energy subsidy on subsectors of agriculture. For this purpose, input – output table of 2013 was used. The effects of Increase in price of energy carriers (gasoline, kerosene, gas oil, fuel oil, liquid gas, electricity and natural gas) in the first (2010) and second (2014) phases of subsidy reform on the growth rate of agriculture sector investigated. The results showed that the average growth rate of farming and horticulture (1.52%), fishing (0.27%) and forestry (0.01%) was increased while the average growth rate of animal husbandry sub-sector decreased (-2.12%). The average increase in prices of farming and horticulture, animal husbandry, fishing and forestry products was by 0.54%, 0.89%, 1.01%, and 0.11% respectively.

Cancer is one of the major health issues in Iran and the world. Due to the nature of the disease¡ many cancer patients need palliative care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life of breast cancer patients referred to Shohada hospital after receiving palliative and support care.
This study had a cross-sectional design. The study population included all patients with metastatic breast cancer¡ who were receiving palliative and support care involving nutrition¡ pain¡ spiritual therapy¡ surgery¡ complementary medicine¡ wound care¡ psychiatric¡ psychological counseling and rehabilitation at Shohada hospital during the period from the beginning of September 2013 to the beginning of September 2014.
The findings showed that 31% of breast cancer patients¡ who received palliative and support care¡ had good quality of life¡ 18% had relatively good quality of life and 51% had poor quality of life. Also¡ 46% of participants in emotional function¡ 42% in physical function¡ 36% in cognitive function¡ 35% in social functioning and 29% in role functioning had unfavorable status.
According to the results¡ palliative and supportive care had no significant effect for improving the quality of life in patients with breast cancer. However¡ in some areas of functional aspects of quality of life such as role function¡ cognitive function and social function¡ there was a reduction in some signs and symptoms such as nausea¡ vomiting and constipation.