حمید عطاران

Applying the rule of "liability for the acts of others" in the handling of medical malpractice lawsuits has many advantages, including improving the level of supervision of managers over employees in the healthcare system, better achieving the goals of restorative justice, facilitating judicial and expert proceedings, and reducing the defensive approaches in employees. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of applying this legal rule in handling medical malpractice lawsuits by looking at the approaches of Mashhad Legal Medicine Organizations and Mashhad Medical Council in applying this rule in issuing expert opinions. After examining the position of liability for the acts of others in jurisprudence, subject law and comparative law, the possibility of generalizing the criteria governing liability for the acts of others to inter-occupational relationships in the medical field was examined and the existing approach of Mashhad Legal Medicine organization and Mashhad Medical Council, Iran were evaluated in this regard by referring to samples of their expert opinions. It was determined that the rule of "liability for the acts of others" has been used in the medical expert opinions of Mashhad in three situations: 1. The ability to attribute the negligence of individuals to the lack of sufficient supervision by superior officials. 2. Assigning the performance of tasks that are within the scope of a person's duties to someone else who does not have the competence to perform that task independently. 3. In a situation where the person in charge of the negligent act is an unknown person among several people, all of whom are employees of the same employer. Applying the rule of "liability for the acts of others" in the medical field, can help the judicial system to improve the level of justice achievement because of its several advantages.

Social health is one of the most basic health indicators of any society, which is affected by the issues that people face, including those applying for gender change. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the social health of people applying for gender reassignment in comparison with transsexuals and normal people.

This comparative causal study was a cross-section research employing the Keyes standardized questionnaire. The research population was conducted in three groups of gender change applicants who referred to the forensic medicine of Mashhad, who were confirmed to have gender identity disorder during 2017, and according to that two groups of gender change and normal people were included in the study. The research data were compared using ANOVA test and Spearman and ETA tests were utilized for the correlation of non-parametric variables.

In the general dimension of social health, no significant difference was observed between the three studied groups (P>0.05), in the two dimensions of social affinity and cohesion, there was a significant difference between the three groups of gender reassignment applicants before the operation, the gender reassigned group, and normal individuals so that in the aspect  of cohesion, the mean of transgendered people is significantly higher than normal people (P=0.03) and also in the facet  of correlation, the mean of people with gender dysphoria before surgery is significantly less than that of normal people. (P=0.03). Meanwhile, a moderate relationship was found between the level of education and that of social health of people (r=0.55).

Before the operation, people suffering from sexual boredom are less interested in their social life and the world around them compared to that of normal people, which is caused by their despair and hopelessness in accepting their desired social identity. It is therefore necessary to identify and treat these people before entering the field of social life.

Growth in jurisprudence and civil law refers to the queen and the psychic states of a person whose possessor has the psychic quality of being able to recognize the benefits and harms. The aim of this study was to compare emotional intelligence and coping skills in adolescents under 18 years of age referred to forensic medicine in Khorasan Razavi in order to evaluate the growth rate with 18-year-olds in 2019.

The present study is a descriptive design. The study population included all persons under 18 years of age who referred to the Khorasan Razavi Forensic Medicine Organization in 1398. Sixty people were selected by convenience sampling method and completed the Bar-On Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire and Lazarus Stress Coping Skills. These questionnaires were also administered to the control group. Data were analyzed using SPSS-21 software and T-test and analysis of covariance.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of adolescents under 18 and 18 years in the variables of emotional intelligence and its subscales (P<0.001). Also, there is a significant difference between the two groups in the variable of coping with stress and its subscales (P<0.001).

Considering the significant difference between emotional intelligence and coping skills between the two groups, it seems that these factors have a significant impact on coping with stress and stressors, poor impulse control and decision making, transactions that lead to self-harm and Or has others who deny them the qualification to grow.

Intentional homicide is one of the crimes committed by resorting to aggression.

The purpose of this study was to investigating the relationship between Personality disorders and intelligence quotient in offenders of intention homicide referred to the Khorasan Razavi Forensic Medicine Organization in 2018-2020.

This is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of the study consisted of all intentional homicide offenders referred to the Khorasan Razavi Forensic Medicine Organization in the years 2018-2020, of which 105 people participated in this study as available samples. Data collection tools were the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) and the Ravenchr('39')s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM). The findings were analyzed with SPSS 21 software in two sections: descriptive and inferential statistics.

Correlation coefficients between intelligence quotient and personality disorders showed that among the personality disorders, antisocial personality disorder with intelligence quotient was negative and significant relationship (p = 0.01, r =- 0.24).

Based on the results, it can be said that most of the offenders of intention homicide, male, married, cycle, with antisocial personality disorder and loss of intelligence to the extent of borderline intelligence, these variables can play a decisive role in crime. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to these issues in the development of the provincechr('39')s criminal policy, along with providing psychological services.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the demographic factors and self-esteem among women victims of spouse abuse and its necessity to review it legally.

  The statistical population of the study was all women who suffered from spouse abuse in Mashhad in 1395. The sample consisted of 200 women suffering from domestic violence that via convenience sampling and volunteers were selected. To collect information from the checklist of demographic factors, a questionnaire measuring violence against Haj Yahya women and Cooper Smith's self-esteem was used. Data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation and multiple hierarchical regressions by SPSS software version 19. The data were analyzed using SPSS software.

The results showed that there was a significant relationship between demographic indicators and spousal abuse, so that variables such as low level of education in the couple and the number of children in the negative direction and addiction in the couple in the positive direction predicted spousal abuse, but self-esteem was not able to predict spouse abuse.

identifying the effective factors in the occurrence of spousal abuse with government intervention and formulating policies for coping can help to design more targeted programs to reduce and prevent this phenomenon by taking measures to reduce spouse abuse, which is the same as primary prevention.

Intentional homicide is one of the most violent crimes against humanity. The aim of this study was to investigate the demographic, psychological factors and motives for murder in intentional homicide prisoners referred to Khorasan Razavi province forensic medicine organization.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on intentional homicide prisoners referred to Khorasan Razavi province forensic medicine organization during 2018-2020, that among them 105 people participated in the study by available sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with an interview. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software and descriptive statistics methods and Chi-square test.

Most of intentional homicide prisoners were men, married, aged 21-30 years, with the educational level of cycle, self-employed, and the middle child of the family and born and lived in the city of Mashhad. Most of the motives for the killings were related to the killings that followed the fight and revenge. The most commonly used means of murder were sharp objects that hit the chest. Most of the murders took place in public places and the victims were mostly friends. The most common way to remove a corpse was to burn it. There was a significant relationship between gender, age category, marital status and birth rank with committing murder (p<0.001).

Mental health officials must take steps to prevent homicide by addressing material and spiritual deficiencies, training life skills, and dealing effectively with problems.

Background and Many clients who seek abortion therapy (due to fetal abnormality) fail to obtain permission due to late diagnosis of fetal abnormality and subsequently encounter numerous problems. The aim of this study was to find out the factors affecting this late diagnosis following a solution to prevent it. This study was performed by descriptive-analytical on all clients for abortion therapy in Legal Medicine Center of Mashhad during 2014 and data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and EXCEL& SPSS software using descriptive statistics including average, mean, percentage and frequency of description by t-student test if parametric and non-parametric of variables using U Mann Whitney and chi-square tests were analyzed. Out of 600 distributed questionnaires, 558 items were completed and included in the study. Findings showed that 558 items of 13.1% of clients did not receive the permission of abortion therapy and received 85.1%. Also 13.3% after the nineteenth week and 86.7% before nineteenth week have been visited. The comparison of these two groups showed that in the dimension of individual variables, family size (p value = 0.01) and type of abnormality (p value = 0.01), in the dimension of individual empowerment variables, education (p value = 0.017), husband’s education (p value = 0.05), mother’s education (p value = 0.05) and father’s education (p value = 0.002), husband’s job (p value = 0.02) and income (p value = 0.03) and in the dimension of structural variables in the area of residence (p value = 0.02), use of care 1 and 2 during pregnancy (p value = 0.00), use of health home (p value = 0.01), problem access to the treatment center (p value = 0.02) had a significant difference in the two groups. The couples, who have low socioeconomic status and consequently less awareness than other groups of society, need advice and information concerning how to follow their health of during pregnancy. Guidance of mothers timely with fetal abnormality requires timely detection of abnormalities following regular visits and timely diagnosis by the clinician. This is completed by compiling a schedule for pregnancy and providing the necessary education and awareness to the health authorities at health centers, especially for health care homes and families, is achievable. However, abnormalities that occur during late pregnancy and cause late referrals require fundamental and specialized studies to shorten the diagnosis time.

Introduction& The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among murderers who were referred to the Psychiatric Commission of the Legal Medicine Office of Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, for evaluation of their mental status from March 2013 to March 2015.
The research is a descriptive – retrospective one. The studied population in this research were the murderers referred to the Legal Medicine Office of Khorasan Razavi from March 2013 to March 2015. A check-list was designed on the basis of the content of their records and the results declared by the Psychiatric Commision, and the needed quantitative and qualitative data were gathered and recorded, and finally the findings were analyzed using SPSS software and chi2 test.
In this study, a total of 90 cases were investigated that 44 (49.4%) belonged to the first year and 45 (50.6%) to the second year. Fifty five point two percent of them had a history of addiction or continued drug abuse. Among these murderers 17.2 % had a record of psychiatric disease diagnosed by a psychiatrist. 31.8% had a history of taking psychiatric drugs, 17% had a history of psychiatric hospitalization 70.1% were cases of self injury and 28.7% had a history of suicide attempts, while 31.8% had some form of mental disorder and 12.8% were diagnosed as not responsible for his actions.
According to the results of this study 61.7 % of murderers had no major psychiatric disorders but this does not mean that these people are mentally healthy, since they are not sufficiently skilled in communication skills and problem solving, anger control and overall judgment. This points to the need for planning community mental health promotion, life skills training (stress management, anger management, etc.) and prevention of violent crimes such as murder.

According to several studies, most couples with infertility problems, in the form of a deep and fundamental intertwined. Infertility has vast psychological effects on people (e.g. frustration, conflict and helplessness) and can affect the choice of parenting style. This study compared the indicators of mental health and parenting practices in infertile women applying for adoptions and fertile women.
The study has a descriptive design. The study population consisted of all infertile women applying for adoptions admitted to the Forensic Medicine Organization of Khorasan Razavi during a year (2013). The subjects (43) were selected through available sample method and completed a mental health and a parenting style questionnaire, which were also applied to the control group. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (v.19) and independent t test and analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).
There is a significant difference (P In the present study on indicators of mental health and parenting practices, there was a significant difference between infertile women applying for adoptions and fertile ones, that may be the result of the stress of infertility and the impact of these factors on parenting practices. Hence appropriate psychological interventions and active presence of the husband beside his wife during the course of treatment and the presence of experts in psychology and counseling is very important to solve emotional problems and compulsory education of parenting skills should be considered.

The purpose of this study is to compare the stress, anxiety, depression and sexual role subjects involved gender dysphoria with normal subjects. These variables can be examined in raising awareness for people with families and community attitudes towards these subjects will be useful.
The study design is descriptive. The study population included all patients who had a sex change candidate in 2013, which have been referred to Khorasan Razavi Legal Medicine Center. 35 cases selected in simple ways and completed DASS-21 questionnaire and sex role Sandrabem. The questionnaires were administered to the control group. Data using SPSS-nineteenth-and two-factor analysis of variance, multivariate analysis was performed.
Findings: Between the study and control groups in terms of stress, anxiety, depression and sexual function, there are significant difference. (p This study shows that people with gender dysphoria, the scale of stress, anxiety, depression and sexual function gained higher scores than that of control group. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the factors to be addressed to parents and other family members who are suffering from this problem, and more information to be given in this regard for those who for cultural and social reasons and aspects of prejudice do not allow themselves to take action to address these clinical problems . The use of appropriate psychotherapy (individual, group therapy, family therapy and social counseling) for this clinical population (subjects involved gender dysphoria) has always felt.

In recent years the use of bicycle as a light and healthy vehicle is more welcomed.
Unfortunately, less attention to the safety terms of this vehicle Leads to high number of deaths among bicyclists. In current study high-risk situations and vulnerable areas during cycling is studied to provide appropriate solution to reduce cycling related accidents.
In this descriptive and analytic study statistics and information on the legal medicine organization of Iran with SPSS software version 20 by t-test and Chi-square test during 2010-2013 were analyzed.
Findings: The statistics represents the 526 cycling related deaths during the aforementioned period. On average 188 people have been killed in the bike accident per year .93.5 % of deaths are caused by bicycle collisions with motor vehicles and the main cause of death (91.3%) was head trauma .
Current study and the data obtained from similar studies in some other countries shows head area in the cyclists is very susceptible to strike .No doubt the number and severity of injuries decreases by wearing a helmet . Likewise, planning on creating rules and improving cycling related facilities Such as assigning of transportation routes for cycling will be effective in reducing the incidents of cycling.

Today, due to increased infertility in couples and a lack of guardianship of orphan children, much attention has been drawn on adoption. This study aimed to compare mental health and parenting practices in infertile couples seeking adoption by childless couples and test the following hypotheses:The parental style (aggressive, authoritarian, permissive) adoption by infertile couples seeking couples without children there is a significant difference.The indicators of mental health (physical symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction, depression) adoption by infertile couples seeking couples without children there is a significant difference.

The study design is descriptive. The study population included all couples applying for adoption in 2013, which have been referred to Legal Medicine Center of Khorasan-e-razavi. 51 couples to the research criteria were selected by convenience sampling method and completed a questionnaire on mental health and parenting practices. The questionnaire was administered to the control group. Data by SPSS version19 nineteenth and using independent t-test and covariance (Mankova) were analyzed.

Between the study and control group in terms of mental health and parenting practices, there are significant differences (p<0.05). So that somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and depression in couples seeking couples without children were more children and authoritarian parenting style and child applicant couples were less conclusive and permissive parenting style involves a significant difference between the two groups.

Results showed that there are significant differences in mental health and parenting practices with children, couples seeking couples without children. To justify this conclusion, we can say that the stress of infertility and lack of adequate training in parenting can lead to mental health issues, psychological interventions to be appropriate, therefore, parenting skills training for groups can be scheduled by the relevant authorities.

Tracheo–innominate artery fistula (TIF) is a rare but fatal complication of tracheostomy with an incidence of one out of every 150 tracheostomies, which almost always results in death without immediate surgical intervention. In such cases forensic pathologist may be called for an autopsy to determine cause of death and any probable medical or surgical negligence. So their familiarity with this complication of tracheostomy is necessary. Case report: In this article we present three fatalities due to hemorrhage from the tracheostomy site, which were referred to Mashad Legal Medicine Center two for autopsy and one for determining any probable medical negligence. A clinical review article is followed. pressure necrosis from high cuff pressure, mucosal trauma from malpositioned cannula tip, low tracheal incision, radiotherapy, prolonged intubation, excessive head and neck movements, and innominate artery anomalies are all implicated in TIF formation. Massive hemorrhage occurring 3 days to 6 weeks after tracheostomy is a result of TIF until proven otherwise. When this happens, one must tampon the bleeding vessel by overinflating tracheostomy tube cuff or by digital compression of vessel against sternum via tracheostomy stoma, while transferring the patient to the operating room. The mainstay of surgical treatment is to terminate flow within the innominate artery by debriding and transecting it. As a result of their small size, post-mortem diagnosis of TIF can be difficult until specifically searched for by forensic pathologist.