فهرست مطالب حمید علوی مجد

One of the reproductive health challenges in breast cancer survivors is desire to childbearing that is influenced by many medical and non-medical factors. The social determinants of health are non-medical factors that affect fertility and breast cancer. This study was performed with aim to investigate mediating determinants of childbearing in breast cancer surviving women.

This systematic review study was conducted based on the PRISMA checklist by searching four databases of Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus using the Mesh and Emtree standardized keywords including breast neoplasm, survivorship, social determinants of health, reproductive behavior, fertility intention, and their Persian equivalents and their possible combinations in the period of 2008-2023.

In total, among the 4542 retrieved articles, 10 studies were included. Among the included studies, 7 were cross-sectional and 3 were cohort studies. Most of the studies used easy and accessible sampling method. The intermediating determinants of health that were examined in a larger number of studies were behavioral factors, biological factors, and psychological factors that were significantly associated with challenges such as increasing the desire and value of motherhood after treatment, the intention to get pregnant, feeling need to have children.

The mediating factors that determine childbearing issues of survived breast cancer women include: biological factors, behavioral factors, and psychosocial factors. Considering the limited number of studies conducted in this field, it is recommended to carry out more relational studies in order to accurately diagnose these components with regard to their impact on the general health of this group of women.

The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of maternal blouse in the postpartum period based on social determinants of health of the World Health Organization (WHO) model.

This cohort study was conducted on 449 postpartum women who were referred to healthcare centers of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The sampling method was a multi-stage random method. The tools used in this research were demographic and gynecological characteristics questionnaire, socio-economic status questionnaire, depression anxiety and stress scale-21 (DASS-21), multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) (multidimensional scale of perceived social support [MSPSS]), domestic violence questionnaire (DVQ), unhealthy behavior questionnaire. Postpartum blouse was also measured based on the Stein’s questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 24.

The information of 449 pregnant women participating in the study was examined. The mean age of women was 26.96±4.46 years and their husbands’ mean age was 32.17±5.6 years. The path analysis results demonstrated that among the variables related to maternal blouse (one-path test), in the indirect path analysis, socio-economic status had the most negative effect on the maternal blouse and also in the direct path analysis, DASS21 showed the most negative effect on the maternal blouse (B=-0.19) and the unfortunate event had the most positive effect (B=0.18). Violence had the most positive effect on the maternal blouse (two-path test) (B=0).

Considering the importance of the role and the high prevalence of maternal blouse in the mental health of women after childbirth, it seems necessary to pay attention to these factors for prevention and screening in terms of timely diagnosis and necessary measures.

Osteoarthritis of the knee is the most prevalent type of arthritis that causes persistent pain and reduces the quality of life. However, no treatment alleviates symptoms or stops the disease from progressing. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies can provide information on neural mechanisms of pain by assessing correlation patterns among the different regions of the brain. This study aimed to determine brain connectivity patterns in patients with knee osteoarthritis compared to healthy individuals using advanced statistical models.

The data of this study were downloaded from https://openneuro.org/. These data included fMRI imaging of 36 knee osteoarthritis patients with a range age between 45-70 years old and 12 healthy individuals with a range age between 48-78 years old. Graph-based models were used to examine the brain functional alterations in knee osteoarthritis patients.

The results showed a disease-related cluster of eight regions in the brain, including the right Rolandic operculum, right amygdala, left caudate nucleus, left putamen, right putamen, left pallidum, and right pallidum. According to correlation comparisons in the cluster, the connectivity of 18 pair regions revealed a significant difference between the two groups. In comparison to the other regions, the right Rolandic and right amygdala had more communication.

Interestingly, in patients with knee osteoarthritis, the effect of chronic pain can cause functional alterations in the brain.

The production of functional foods to prevent and manage diet-related chronic diseases is rising worldwide, including in Iran. It is essential to understand factors affecting the acceptance of functional foods. The present study was conducted to design a valid reliable questionnaire for assessing determinants of functional dairy product consumption and preferences in adults in Tehran, the capital city of Iran.

This study was a mixed-method (qualitative and quantitative) study. The questionnaire items were derived from the qualitative study results mixed with items obtained from the literature. Then, psychometric characteristics of the instrument, including content validity, face validity, internal consistency, and stability, were assessed. Cronbach's alpha, intra-class correlation coefficient, and kappa were assessed using SPSS Software v.21.

The primary question pool included 52 questions, which decreased to 33 after assessing the content validity index and ratio. The instrument's overall scale content validity index was 0.96. The internal consistency reliability of the attitude scale was calculated as 0.87. The kappa coefficient values for familiarity/unfamiliarity with functional dairy products and their consumption/non-consumption ranged 0.61–1. Intraclass correlation coefficient values ranged 0.69–1 for the frequency of functional dairy consumption, 0.73–0.86 for the degree of importance of product characteristics in affecting consumer choices, and 0.83–0.92 for the consumer views for the information on functional dairy products. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the attitude towards these products was 0.92, indicating the high test-retest reliability of the instrument.

The questionnaire designed in this study was a valid reliable instrument that could assess various factors affecting the consumption of functional dairy products and consumer preferences concerning these products.

There is little knowledge about the underlying motivations that cause caregivers to care for the patient or not. This study aimed to identify the motivations of providing care in family caregivers of hemodialysis patients

This qualitative study was conducted using the conventional content analysis method. Fifteen family caregivers of hemodialysis patients were enrolled in the study via purposive with a maximum variation sampling method. The setting was hemodialysis wards of Tehran teaching hospitals. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews. The analysis was performed using conventional content analysis with MAXQDA version 10. To ensure the trustworthiness of the data, the criteria of Credibility, Dependability, Transferability, and Confirmability were taken into account

Fifteen participants (eight women and three men) were interviewed. The majority (eight of them) were spouses. Totally 200 codes, 12 subcategories, four generic categories, and two main categories were extracted. The main categories included Social Motivation (including two generic categories: providing care influenced by norms and culture and providing care inspired by social influence) and Internal motivation (including two generic categories: religious-spiritual motivation to provide care and emotional-moral motivation to provide care).

To benefit from the valuable capabilities of family caregivers, must pay attention to their social and internal motivations in providing care.  The findings of this study can be helpful for future planning to strengthen internal motivations and improve and guide the external motivations of caregivers.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common endocrine diseases of adolescents in the world, which has negative effects on fertility issues in adulthood. Since adolescent weight gain increases the risk of symptoms, this study was performed with aim to investigate the relationship between adolescent body mass index and clinical predicting factors of polycystic ovary syndrome.

This descriptive- analytical study was conducted in 2019 on 751 adolescents aged 16 to 18 years at risk of polycystic ovary syndrome in Tehran girls' high school. Body mass index, menstrual cycle, hair loss, acne and hirsutism were examined. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 25) and chi-square and logistic regression tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The results of the showed that there was no significant relationship between body mass index with menstrual cycle order (p = 0.142) and also acne (p = 0.64). But significant positive relationship was found between body mass index with hirsutism (p = 0.02) and also hair loss (p = 0.03).

The increase in body mass index is associated with increase in the severity of clinical symptoms of hyperandrogenism such as hair loss and hirsutism in female adolescents at risk for polycystic ovary syndrome.

Given the importance of sexual issues in women's lives and being affected by various factors such as pregnancy and diabetes, and the existence of limited research on sexual function in women with gestational diabetes, this study was performed with aim to compare sexual function of women with gestational diabetes and low risk pregnant women in third trimester of pregnancy.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 300 women with gestational diabetes  low-risk pregnant women in the clinics affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Demographic data were collected using researcher-made Demographic-Midwifery Questionnaire, and data related to sexual function using Female Sexual Function Index questionnaire  Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 23) and Independent t-test, Mann Whitney, Chi-square and Multiple linear regression. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

In this study, 131 (87.3%) of women with gestational diabetes and 52 (34.67%) of low-risk pregnant women had sexual dysfunction. Gestational diabetes causes a significant decrease in sexual desire score (P< 0.001), lubrication score (p=0.006), satisfaction score (P< 0.001) and a significant increase in pain score (p=0.01).

Most women with gestational diabetes had sexual dysfunction; gestational diabetes predicts sexual function in pregnant women. Therefore, evaluation of sexual function should be a part of the usual assessment of women with gestational diabetes.

Postpartum period can be considered one of the most sensitive life stages. Special care is provided in different countries. The Aim Of this study is to Survey postpartum care and educational programs in Iran.

Data were collected by searching, Scientific Information Database, IranMedex, Magiran, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus databases were used. To searching articles in Persian sources, the keywords of the postpartum period, Clinical Trial, Program, Education, Care, Intervention, and English equivalent were searched from 2009 to 2019. Then, the titles and abstracts of the articles were evaluated by consort and Jadad Check List, and finally, 49 articles were reviewed.

Interventions in eight areas of home care, postpartum support, health promotion theory, physical training, counseling, e-learning, face-to-face Educations, group Educations. The variables included quality of life, postpartum depression, breastfeeding, the satisfaction of care, fatigue and asleep, and the performance of mothers.

Improving the quality of postpartum care needs to be enriched in the content of country care programs based on successful evidence of existing researches in the country such as visiting at home and by telephone mothers during the sensitive postpartum period in some cases can be seen

Fear and stress caused by COVID-19 increases the feeling of insecurity in children and adolescents, and if not taken timely action, will cause serious mental health problems in them. The aim of this study was to determine the mental health status of girls aged 12-17 years in Aran-Bidgol City, Iran, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: 

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 390 girl students of Aran-Bidgol in 2020-21. Data collection tools were demographic/family information checklist and of child health questionnaire (CHQ), spiritual health, social support, and measuring the long-term effects of the accident on children's mental health, which were completed electronically. Data were analyzed using SPSS software with independent t, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression tests with a significance level of 0.05.

65.10% of girls received a score of 25-50 from the Mental Health Questionnaire, which indicated a mild mental health problem. 34.40% got a score of 50-75 and none of them got a score above 75. The regression model showed that two patterns of family communication (dialogue and compliance) and girls' existential health predicted the girls' mental health score (P < 0.05).

The results showed that the patterns of family communication and existential health in adolescents had effect on adolescents' mental health; so it is suggested to identify the best regulatory model and family function with an emphasis on existential health, to improve their mental health by gaining the ability to positive valuation.

Urinary incontinence is a chronic complication and a social stigma. One of the important and influential factors on the ability of patients to cope with the nature of chronic diseases is social support that affects patients’ behaviors, and changes the quality of life. However, social support can also be a way to improve treatment-seeking help. The aim of this study was to explore the role of social support in treatment seeking among the women with experience of urinary incontinence.

In this qualitative study, 20 women with experience of urinary incontinence referred to teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran, were purposefully selected. Data collection was done through semi-structured and in-depth interviews. MAXQDA software was used for data analysis.

In the data analysis of participants' experiences, two themes were emerged, support deficiency theme including three main categories of “incompetent information support by others”, “lack of spouse support”, and “lack of family support”, and active support theme including two main categories of “informative support by others” and “spouse empathy”.

Effective social support from different sources such as spouse, family, and friends can play a significant positive role in encouraging and creating treatment-seeking behaviors in women with urinary incontinence. While negative and inefficient social support by others can be considered as important obstacles in pursuing the treatment of the disease.

Episiotomy is the most common surgery in obstetrics that like any other wound can cause infection or delay in wound healing. Hypericum perforatum has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to determine the effects of Hypericum perforatum on episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women.
This double blind randomized clinical trial was performed on 100 eligible women referred to Shahid Noorani hospital of Talesh in 2014. The subjects were randomly allocated into two groups of Hypericum cream (group A) and placebo (group B). After delivery, two groups used 2 cm Hypericum or placebo cream at scar site twice a day for 10 days. Wound healing was measured before the intervention, first 12 hours and 5 and 10 days after delivery by RIDDA scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 19) and Mann-Whitney and independent t test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant
The mean of wound healing score before the intervention was not significant in two groups (p>0.05). The mean of RIDDA score significantly decreased at 12 hours and 5 days and 10 days after delivery in hypericum perforatum cream group (p<0.05).
Hypericum perforatum cream is effective on perineal wound healing.

Pregnancy and childbirth is one of the most important events in the life of every woman that can be a memorable experience with positive consequences for the mother and the baby, under support of others, especially the spouse. Numerous interventions to promote men's participation have been conducted during this period. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of a systematic review of men's participation in prenatal care.

  This study is a systematic review of published articles on strategies to promote male participation, during pregnancy, childbirth and after childbirth (from 2000 to 2019), based on PRISMA guidelines, and the search was conducted by two scholars on the valid databases. Experimental and quasi-experimental studies, published on strategies for increasing male participation during perinatal period, published in national and international journals, were included in the study. Qualitative assessment of the articles was done using the Jadad and CONSORT checklist and the data extraction was based on the researcher's checklist.

In this systematic review, 4808 articles were identified. After reviewing the titles, and considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 articles were included in the study. The promotion strategies were categorized into four groups: female-centered, couple-centered, community-centered, and facility-centered.

According to the results of the study, in order to promote the participation of men in perinatal care, it should be planned on four areas of female-centered, couple-centered, community-centered and facility-centered.

Quality assessment of newborn care is essential to achie desirable and affecting future health outcomes. This study aimed to review the criteria used to evaluate the quality of healthy newborn care in different studies systematically based on the Donabedeian model.

PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, Iranmedex, Magiran, and Scientific Information Database (SID) databases were searched oncerning relevant studies with the keyword of "healthy newborn" and "quality of care" and "quality assessment" and their equivalent in Mesh and Persian synonyms. All quantitative, qualitative, English, and Persian-language articles ranging from the beginning of 1998 to the end of September 2019, which examined quality in healthy neonatal care, were included in the study. Of the 2219 articles obtained, 25 were finally included.

After reviewing the studies, the criteria for quality assessment of healthy newborn care were divided into three groups according to the Donabedian model: structure (physical infrastructure, essential drugs and equipment, competent human resources, policies, and clinical guidelines), processes (immediate newborn care and first two hours of birth, delayed newborn care, and neonatal resuscitation), and outcomes (maternal satisfaction, reduction of newborn mortality and complications).

The results of these systematic review showed that currently, there is not a defined comprehensive quality assessment method to take care of a healthy newborn. The development of a comprehensive and reliable tool to assess the quality of these care, which encompasses all the criteria extracted from this study, is essential as a health system requirement to improve the quality of care for healthy newborns.

Sexual problems are prevalent in women with multiple sclerosis (MS), and sexual self-efficacy as an effective variable plays an important role in sexual health and sexual quality of life of these women. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of sexual self-efficacy in women with multiple sclerosis. This descriptive analytical study was conducted in Tehran, Iran, with participation of 200 women with MS, who referred to the Iranian MS society, had Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≥ 7, and met the inclusion criteria in year 2019; they were selected using convenience sampling method. For data collection and assess the predictor factors of sexual self-efficacy in women with MS, related standard questionnaires were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression model via SPSS software. The mean age of participants was 36.33 ± 5.22 years, and the mean score of sexual self-efficacy was 16.54 ± 7.27. After entering the significant variables derived from measuring the relationship between each variable individually with the score of sexual self-efficacy in multiple linear regression model for controlling confounders, sexual dysfunction (P = 0.001), anxiety (P = 0.024), stress (P = 0.006), and the number of sexual intercourse (P < 0.013) were significantly predictor factors of sexual self-efficacy in women with MS. The sexual dysfunction, anxiety, stress, and the number of sexual intercourse significantly predicted sexual self-efficacy in women with MS. Therefore, considering these factors in the treatment process of these patients can help to promote sexual self-efficacy and empower them in sexual life.

Episiotomy involves incising the perineal muscles in the secondary stage of labor to facilitate one .Hypericum have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties due containing flavonoid and Hypericin and Hyprfuryn. The principal part of maternal inactivity is due to pain and inflammation of episiotomy. The present study was performed with aim to investigate hypericum on postpartum motility.

This double blind randomized clinical trial was performed on 100 women eligible for study referred To Talesh Noorani hospital in 2014. The samples were randomly allocated in two groups of placebo and Hypericum cream. The studies samples used 2 cm Hypericum cream at scars 2 hours after episiotomy. The first postpartum motility (getting out of the delivery bed without pain) was asked for hours. Data were analyzed by SPSS /19, and Mann-Whitney, Independent t test. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

The mean time of first postpartum mobility in two groups was significant (p <0.001)

The use of a Hypericum perforatum cream reduces pain causing faster postpartum motility.

Urinary incontinence is one of the priorities in the field of health because it has a significant impact on quality of life. Women with incontinence problem usually live in silence. Awareness of the precise prevalence rate will help to perform the proper interventions at the right time. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence in Iranian women. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the articles were searched in databases of Pubmed, Scopus, Magiran, SID, Cochran, and Google Scholar by the keywords of urinary incontinence, prevalence, frequency, women, stress urinary incontinence, urge urinary incontinence, Mixed incontinence, and all the possible combinations with OR, AND. Chi-square and I2 indices were used to calculate heterogeneity of studies. Egger and Begg tests were used to evaluate the release bias. Data were analyzed by Stata software (version 11). A total of 10 studies entered to the study which had 5008 participants. The estimation of the overall prevalence of urinary incontinence was 46% (confidence interval of 95%: 30-62), stress urinary incontinence was 34% (confidence interval of 95%: 27-42), urge urinary incontinence was 19% (confidence interval of 95%: 12-26), and mixed urinary incontinence was 24% (confidence interval of 95%: 11-37). The overall incidence of urinary incontinence in Iranian women is 46%, which indicates the urgent need for attention to this problem.

Evidence suggests that despite the increasing inclination of nursing students to engage in work during studying, many of the issues associated with it remain unknown. The purpose of this study is to review of work during studying in nursing students. This study was conducted in 2017 with reviewing available literature and articles related to work during studying in nursing students and searching in databases such as Pubmed, Scopus, Proquest, Elsevier, Google Scholar, SID and IDML. English and Persian articles published in 1999 to 2017 were selected. The work experience also influences the socialization of nursing students to enter the profession and it has benefits such as a relative decline in financial problems, increasing nursing skills, clinical experiences, self-esteem and independence, and reducing stress. Work during studying can have negative effects such as loss of concentration, fatigue, burnout, decreasing academic achievement and stress. Factors such as financial incentives, having welfare and proper social life, individual satisfaction, enhance experience and functional skills and having new friends can attract students to work. Work during studying and its positive and negative consequences are important issues in nursing education and can easily affect academic performance of students and even their physical and mental status. Positive effects are acceptable, but negative effects should be evaluated and eliminated as far as possible.

Futile care is defined as the medical care with therapeutic effects that is futile and useless for the patient. Nurses play a key role in futile care or its prevention. We aimed to identify the reasons for providing the futile care at the end of life patients from the viewpoints of nurses working in intensive care units.
This study was a descriptive research including 210 nurses working in intensive care units of private, governmental, and educational hospitals in Qazvin province, 2014. All nurses were studied by census method. Data were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire and a valid and reliable 39-item questionnaire about reasons for providing futile care in ICU. Data analysis was done using SPSS 21 software.
This study results showed that the most effective factor of providing futile care was lack of committee for deciding transfer of patients from ICU to home or general wards (4.58±0.61) and the rarest cause, was the tendency of nurses for perpetuating of patient forcibly drug (3.06±1.4).
According to the results of this study, the lack of a committee to decide on the transfer of end of life patients to the home or general wards was the most common cause of futile care in ICUs. Therefore, the formation of ethical committees with the presence of medical ethics specialists in health centers can have a significant role in reducing futile care.

Carrying out clinical works with nursing students while studying can have positive and negative effects on student's academic achievement and progress in nursing practices in hospital wards. The purpose of this qualitative study is to explain the experiences and viewpoints of night work nurses about student' work.
This research is a qualitative content analysis that night work nurses working in teaching hospitals affiliated to Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences participated in it. Sampling was done purposefully with semi-structured interviews. At the same time with data collection, constant comparison approach and classifying design of Elo and Kynga¨s were used to analyze them.
34 night work nurses participated in this study, of which 70.58% were women. After encoding all the interviews, 1125 initial codes were created which, after several revisions at different stages, reduced the number of codes to 650. These codes were ultimately placed in 28 sub-classes, 10 secondary classes, 4 classes named individual benefits, organizational benefits, negative individual consequences and negative organizational consequences and 2 themes named the benefits of student' work and disadvantages of student' work.
This study showed that although the presence of students in the wards can help to compensate the lack of staff, it also has some problems and disadvantages. After knowing the potential effects of student's work on the individual and professional development of nursing students, it is needed more organized programs to create a coherent approach between colleges and hospitals.

Spiritual health is a basic dimension of well-being and overall health that coordinates other aspects of health. The present study was conducted to determine the spiritual health and some related factors during pregnancy. The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 pregnant women presenting to health centers in Qazvin, Iran in 2015. A multi-stage sampling was carried out and data were collected in a self-report manner using the Spiritual Well-Being Scale developed by Paloutzian and Ellison and a demographic and midwifery questionnaire. Data were analyzed in IBM-SPSS-20 and using analysis of variance and Tukey's test. High spiritual health was observed in 69.5% of the participants, while 30.5% had moderate spiritual health. The overall mean score of spiritual health was 104.15±10.59, while that for religious health was 51.92±5.65 and for existential health was 57.3±6.36. A significant relationship was observed between spiritual health (Total score and subscales) and education, number of childbirths and family income, also a significant relationship was observed between subscales of spiritual health and grade of pregnancy (P0.05). According to this research, majority of mothers participating in this study had high spiritual health and some personal and prenatal characteristics were related to spiritual health, therefore, it is recommended to pay more attention to the spiritual and psychological dimensions of pregnant women along with other dimensions of health.

The lack of nursing staff in hospitals and the high degree of nursing student's inclination to work, have led to a variety of issues and nursing managers face some challenges.
Aim: Because of many factors affecting clinical competency of novice nurses, this study was designed to explain the nursing manager's viewpoints about the role of student's work in clinical competency of novice nurses.
In this qualitative study, 35 head nurses, Supervisors and metrons working in teaching hospitals affiliated to Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences participated. Individualize in-depth, face-to-face and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. As soon as possible, the text of the interviews was transcript word-to-word. Elo and Kingas Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data.
After encoding all the interviews, 1250 initial codes were created, which ultimately reduced the number of codes to 850, and classified in 18 subclasses, 6 classes and 3 themes named task rearing role (with functional development and professional development classes), personality rearing role (with self-improvement and facilitating communication with others classes) and knowledge rearing role (with Knowledge acquisition and knowledge provision classes).
In the view point of nursing managers, the experience of student's work makes novice nurses have more competent in nursing careers and several roles to be raised in them. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the nature of this work and its role on the competence of future nurses.

Investigations have shown that the emotional stress during the pregnancy period could have sustainable effects on the embryo .In High Risk Pregnant women the risk of babies with health, behavioral, and mood problems will be more. Different investigations have shown that the effect of relaxation training on emotional stress .This study was conducted to investigate the effect of progressive Muscle Relaxation Training on infant's outcome such as Apgar index, weight, height, head circumference, and jaundice in infants after delivery in High Risk pregnant women.
The present study was done as a clinical trial on 150 High Risk Pregnant Women referred to Health and Medical Center in the city of Shahreza on 1392 -1393. High risk pregnant women were randomly divided into two groups. The control group only received routine pregnancy care and case group received routine pregnancy care and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training (Jacobsen). At the time of delivery, infant's outcome including Apgar index, weight and height, head circumference, and jaundice was assessed.
Findings: Intervention and control groups in terms of demographic and obstetric variables were not significant (P>0/05). The results showed a significant difference between the two groups in height, weight, and head circumference (pvalueDiscussion & According to this study, progressive muscle relaxation training is promoting and improving the health of infants in high-risk pregnant women. The progressive muscle relaxation training can be safe and beneficial to pregnant women in order to improve the health of infants.

Futile care is provided many complicated challenges for nursing in intensive care units in Iran.
This study aimed to study prevalence of futile care from the viewpoints of nurses that working ICU.
This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on totally 210 nurses working in all ICU of academic, public, and private hospitals of Qazvin city in 2014. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and Friedman tests.
Findings: The most prevalence of providing futile care was in teaching hospital (51.98±23.2), and the least prevalence was in charity hospital (37.3±12.77). There was significant difference between mean of futile care in different hospitals (P As the key role of nurses in the managing futile care, awareness about prevalence of this kind of care, could be initial step for providing benefit care plans in ICU.

Developmental and behavioral problems are the most prevalent problem in pediatrics after infection and trauma. These problems can be affected by numerous factors. A range of factors is involved in behavior and development problems. Developmental problems have a massive impact on children’s health and eventually have broader scale effect on society. Because of the necessity for more and different follow-ups in children with developmental disorders in the early years of lifetime, determination of effective factors is essential in any society. Therefore, the current study was conducted with a purpose to determine the relationship between gender and developmental status in children.
This is a descriptive design study, performed in 12-month-old children (n=250) who were referred to health services centers affiliated to Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2012. Sampling was performed using a multistage method. The data gathering tool included information form and Age and Stages Questionnaire for measuring developmental status. Once parental consent was obtained, the developmental status of the children was measured in five areas, i.e., motor (gross and fine motor skills), problem-solving, personal-social skills and communication. Age and Stages Questionnaire consists of 19 questionnaires at the age of 4-60 –month old with the aim of separating inactive children from further developmental studies of healthy children. Completion of the questionnaire takes 10 to 15 minutes, and it takes about one minute to score. The validity and reliability of the Age and Stages Questionnaire have been reported in various previous studies. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18. In this study, statistical analyses were performed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Logistic regression model was used to determine the relationship between gender and developmental status. A P value of ˂0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The prevalence of developmental delay was 22.4 % (CI 95%: 17–28) in children and the highest prevalence was in the area of communication (8%; CI 95%: 5–11) and the lowest was in the area of problem-solving (2%; CI 95%; 0–4). 39 boys (69.6%) were in the group of developmental delay, and 102 boys (52.6%) were in normal developmental group. To check the status of development difference between groups were used chi-square test showed a significant difference between the two groups. Therefore, developmental delay is significantly higher in boys (P=0.02). By importing the variable studied in the logistic regression model, the male gender variable (P=0.055, OR=0.52) had a significant relationship with a developmental delay of children. Children with suspected developmental disorders in evolution children with normal development, chance of developmental delay in boys 0.52 times more than girls. The other variables (age, education, and occupation of parents, previous history of abortion, type of delivery, parity, spacing between births, weight and head circumference at birth and 12 months of age) did not show a significant relationship with developmental delay.
The leading causes of developmental disabilities remain unknown. It seems that gender is one of the causes of developmental delay. In this study, male gender was a factor that is associated with developmental delay. According to the incidence of developmental delay and its effect on society, it is essential that health professionals, with family, and community, monitor the development of children. Identifying the children at risk as soon as possible for diagnosis, earlier intervention, and reduced problems is essential in the future. Further studies are required to confirm the results.

Many educators believe that active participation of clinical nurses in education is one of the facilitating factors in educational goals. This study aimed to determine obstacles and facilitators of clinical nurse’s cooperation in clinical education of nursing students in Tehran hospitals in 2014.
In this descriptive-analytical study, 384 samples were selected from wards where nursing students were educating clinically by multilevel random sampling. Data were collected using a demographic characteristic's questionnaire. Then, the data were analyzed by the SPSS software (version 16).
The results showed that individual obstacles including crowded ward and nurses’ fatigue (57.1%), structural obstacles including weak educational planning (26.5%) and administrative obstacles including complains of the patients and their families (16.4%) were ranked as the most important obstacles. Also, nurse's sufficient knowledge and skills (21%), providing a supporting environment and educational planning (57.8%), determining the duties of the students, and identifying the person responsible for performance of the students (21.2%) were mentioned as the most important facilitators of clinical nurses’ cooperation.
Since one of the difficulties and obstacles relates to individual obstacles, it seems that reducing or overcoming this challenge can lead to eliminate nurse’s cooperation barriers. This requires collaboration among educators, clinical nurses, educational supervisors, head nurses, nurse managers and other managerial levels responsible for educational planning and other top managerial levels.