حمید علیزاده

Role of governance and political ideas in determining the policy of the principles of criminal law, criminalization and punishment is inevitable. Because its decisive role in the emergence of new criminal laws and institutions is evident. Therefore, with the change of governments, political ideas or strategies leading them have a tangible impact on criminal law. In fact, political ideas as a tool with the networking of the main platforms of governance have increasingly emerged in the space of criminal law. The type of worldview of various political schools causes fluid political ideas to be included from criminalization to types of punishments. Therefore, the political ideas governing the society, which are derived from the two components of freedom and power, rule over criminal law. This article, in a descriptive-analytical way, comes to the conclusion that political ideas are based on the construction of limits and gaps of two components, namely freedom and power, and criminal law seeks to limit and support these two components, and the desired governance. It imagines. Therefore, modern criminal law, with the positive influence of political ideas, tries to use the superiority of these ideas for the benefit of criminal-legal structures.

The present study was conducted with the aim of developing an executive function training program and evaluating its effectiveness on improving response inhibition and working memory in preschool children.

The current research was a semi-experimental type of single case and A-B design with follow-up. The statistical population of this research consisted of normal children aged 5 to 6 years old in preschool centers in Karaj province in 2023, and from this population, three normal children were selected through available sampling and based on the entry criteria. The intervention program developed in 16 sessions was implemented individually. To collect data, the Go/No-Go test was used to evaluate response inhibition, and the N-BACK test was used to evaluate working memory. In order to analyze the data, visual analysis was done with trend indicators, percentage of non-overlapping data, and percentage of overlapping data.

The results based on visual analysis and non-overlapping data showed that the executive functions training program had a significant effect on improving working memory and response inhibition in all three subjects.

The executive function training program can be used from preschool age to improve the level of these functions, and this program can be used by parents, teachers, and child therapists.

West Africa has been the scene of new international developments. With the start of coups against previous governments that were dependent on France since 2010, new developments have taken place in this region. Russia, with the aim of harming French interests in the three countries of Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger, fully supported the military coups in these countries. Finally, with Russia playing a key role in the three African countries, France’s withdrawal from these countries occurred in a domino effect. These events paved the way for cooperation between countries such as Russia, China, Turkey, and Iran with the three West African countries. Therefore, before any direct political, economic, and security cooperation, it is necessary and essential to understand the internal developments of these three countries. Since, geopolitically, the three countries share a common border and all three have had common social, political, economic, and security crises, an attempt has been made to analyze and evaluate all three countries in this study. The West African region, especially the countries of Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger, is like a powder keg that is exploding every day and at any moment. These countries suffer many human losses due to the activities of extremist groups. In a word, it can be said that this region is one of the most unstable regions in the world. Political, economic and social unrest has dimmed the prospects for peace, stability and development in this region. The countries of Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger are facing multiple crises. These countries suffer from poverty and unemployment, a young population, ethnic and tribal conflicts, fragile states, population growth (within 10 years, the population of this region will double) and food shortages. This painful reality has created a favorable environment for terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS in the region. Takfiri terrorist groups have created terrorist networks throughout this region; so that this region has become one of the most turbulent regions of the African continent in recent years.

Some speculations and analyzes after the escalation of the war crisis in Yemen were that this crisis will go in the direction where one of the conflicting parties will defeat the other party or a ceasefire will be concluded between the two parties; In such a way that the difference between them will be resolved and any kind of violent confrontation will end. But now the fire of war in Yemen has subsided and on the other hand the ceasefire period (April 13 to October 10, 2022) has been canceled and the country is in a state of neither war nor peace. The Islamic Republic of Iran, as a supporter of Ansarullah, seeks to identify the positive and negative consequences of the situation of neither war nor peace in Yemen and provide an appropriate strategy to Ansarallah.
Therefore, in this research, we decided to investigate and evaluate the consequences of the continuation of this situation in Yemen, to determine whether the policy of neither war nor peace and the continuation of the existing situation is in favor of Ansarullah or the Transitional Council and its supporters; Because if the continuation of the current procedure does not bring any achievements for Ansarullah, either during the ceasefire period or after, the officials of Ansarallah must decide to change tactics and leave the current situation to change the balance in their favor.

The theory of mind is underdeveloped in children with intellectual disabilities, leading to significant impairment in their overall functioning. Children with intellectual disabilities often struggle in social interactions due to difficulties in understanding the thoughts, emotions, and intentions of others. It is important to remember that low social skills can have a lasting negative impact on children. To help children with intellectual disabilities develop their understanding of others and improve their social skills, it is important to create activities that focus on social interactions, expressing thoughts and feelings, and role-playing. These activities provide valuable opportunities for children to learn how thoughts and behaviors are connected, as well as how to express their thoughts, feelings, and intentions. Furthermore, gaining a better understanding of one's mind and that of others contributes to successful social behavior. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop an educational program centered around group activities and assess its impact on the theory of mind and social skills of children with mild intellectual disabilities.

This study was semi-experimental, using a pretest-posttest design, and included a two-month follow-up with a control group. The study focused on all students with mild intellectual disabilities in Tehran's second elementary school attending exceptional schools during the 2022-23 school year. The sample included 28 male students, selected using convenience sampling, and then randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Inclusion criteria were: Informed consent of the parents; IQ greater than 50; Studying in the second elementary level (4th to 6th grades); Not having received a similar educational program in the past or during the research and Exclusion criteria were: Incomplete response to questionnaires; Absence of more than three sessions. The instruments used in the study were the Theory of Mind Questionnaire (Stirenman, 1994) and the Social Competence Scale (Fellner et al., 1990). The intervention program was carried out with the experimental group over 24 sessions, each lasting 90 minutes (3 sessions per week for 2 months) between the pre-test and post-test. Additionally, a follow-up was conducted two months after the sessions. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (α=0.05).

The results of a repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance showed that the educational program in this study has a significant effect on the combination of theory of mind and social adequacy in children with mild intellectual disabilities. The program was able to explain 63% of the variance of these variables (p<0.001). Time has a significant effect on the linear combination of theory of mind and social adequacy, explaining 82% of the variance of these variables (p<0.001). In addition, the interactive effect of group and time on the combination of theory of mind and social adequacy is significant. This interaction explains 79% of the variance of these variables (p<0.001). In the repeated measures analysis of variance, it was found that time had a significant effect on both theory of mind and social adequacy (p<0.001), indicating that the scores for these variables changed over time, independent of group membership effects. Additionally, the interaction between time and group had a significant effect on both theory of mind and social adequacy (p<0.001). There is a notable difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of changes in these variables over time. In other words, both theory of mind and social adequacy have shown improvement over time in the experimental group. Additionally, the results of Bonferroni’s post hoc test indicated a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores (p<0.001) and pre-test and follow-up scores (p<0.001) of the experimental group about the theory of mind and social adequacy. However, there was no significant difference between post-test and follow-up scores (p<0.05), indicating that the effects of the educational program remained stable after two months.

According to the results parents, teachers, psychologists, and rehabilitation centers can utilize the plays in this study's educational program to enhance the theory of mind and social skills of children with mild intellectual disabilities.

Oppositional defiant disorder is a persistent pattern of hostile, negative, and deviant behavior associated with extensive psychosocial problems. Parental behaviors and inappropriate parenting styles can predict adverse outcomes, such as substance abuse, risky behaviors, depression, and suicide risk in children. Parenting interventions, particularly using the Adlerian approach, can be effective in reducing signs of oppositional defiant disorder. Adler's approach emphasizes that humans try to achieve their goals and have a place in society. If obstacles arise in achieving a goal, discouragement leads to behavioral problems. A sense of belonging means social interest. A decrease in social interest can lead to behavioral problems. Given the negative consequences of oppositional defiant disorder and its widespread prevalence, necessary actions to treat these children and reduce their psychological problems are crucial. Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a democratic parenting education program on social interest and signs of oppositional defiant disorder in children.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and follow–up design with the control group. The statistical population comprised all students with oppositional defiant disorder in Esfarayen Cirt, Iran, in 2023. Among these children, a sample of 30 volunteers was selected by purposive sampling based on the inclusion criteria. Then, they were placed in two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The inclusion criteria for the study were having oppositional defiant disorder, being aged 7 to 12 years, willingness to participate in the research, lacking other acute and chronic psychological disorders, and having parents at least a primary education level. For the experimental group, 10 democratic parenting training sessions were held in groups for five weeks, two 90–minute sessions per week. During this period, the control group did not receive any intervention. To devise the program, the qualitative research synthesis method was first used among the selected sample of 97 articles from 2010 to 2023. The themes were extracted, and the democratic parenting program was developed. For data collection, we utilized the Child Symptom Inventory (Gadow & Sprafkin, 1994) and the Social Interest Scale for Iranian Children (Alizadeh et al., 2015). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to describe the data and examine the research hypotheses. Descriptive statistics included mean and standard deviation. In inferential statistics, variance analysis with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to compare the means between the stages of the research. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 26. The significance level of the tests (α=0.05) was considered.

Results showed that the effect of time, group, and the interaction of time and group on the scores of social interest and symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder were significant (p<0.001). There was a significant difference between the scores of variables of social interest and the signs of oppositional defiant disorder in the pretest and posttest stages, as well as pretest and follow–up (p<0.05). While in the variables of social interest (p=0.098) and symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (p=0.510), no significant difference was observed between the posttest and follow–up stages.  

The democratic parenting training program leads to an increase in social interest and a reduction in the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder in children. Therefore, it is recommended that the mentioned program be considered in the design of psychological treatments and prevention and training of parents.

The poor theory of mind is one of the basic defects of children with intellectual disability, which causes a major dysfunction in most of their functions.

This study aimed to design the educational plays based on theory of mind and determine its effectiveness on social adequacy and self-esteem in children with mild intellectual disability.

This study was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and a two-month follow-up with a control group. The population was all students with mild intellectual disability in Tehran in second elementary school who were studying in exceptional schools for the 2022-2023 school year. The sample consisted of 28 male students who were included in the study using convenience sampling and randomly divided into the experimental and control group. The instruments included Theory of Mind test of Steerneman (1999), Social Competence Scale of Felner (1990), and Self-Esteem Scale of Rosenberg (1965). The intervention program was implemented on the experimental group in 24 sessions of 90 minutes. Moreover, a follow-up was performed two month after the sessions. The data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that the educational program of this study has good validity and reliability. Moreover, it has a significant effect on improving theory of mind, social adequacy and self-esteem (p< 0.001), and this effect was sustainable after two month.

Parents, teachers, psychologists and rehabilitation centers can use the plays of this educational program to improve theory of mind, social adequacy and self-esteem of children with mild intellectual disability.

In today's world, the ability to adapt and manage changes is the main element of the success and survival of any organization, and acquiring these abilities requires the organization to pay attention to innovation. Successful organizations are those whose creativity and innovation form the tip of their movement. The purpose of this research was the effect of knowledge management components on company innovation through the mediating role of knowledge application. The research was applied in terms of its purpose and descriptivesurvey in terms of correlation type. For this purpose, this research was conducted in a descriptive manner among social security workers as a statistical population, and 212 people were selected as a sample. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The collected questionnaires were analyzed using spss and Smart Pls software. The results showed that knowledge management has an effect on innovation and application of knowledge, in addition, the results showed that the components of knowledge management have a significant effect on company innovation through the mediating role of knowledge application.

In this study, an attempt has been made to assess the impact of neuromarketing on customer decision-making through the role of brand experience. The current research is a survey research in terms of its method and an applied research in terms of its purpose. The statistical population of this research is the customers of Kerman Motor Company. The sampling method was based on simple random sampling. A standard questionnaire was used to collect the required information. This research is based on structural equations and partial least squares method and Smart PLS software were used for data analysis. The results of this research indicate that neuromarketing has had a significant impact on customer decision making. Also, the results showed that the impact of neuromarketing on brand experience has become significant. In addition, the results showed that the impact variable of neuromarketing on customer decision-making has become significant through the role of brand experience.

The problems of children with oppositional defiant disorder are largely related to the parent-child relationship, therefore in the current research, based on the research synthesis method, a comprehensive implementation model for parent education is presented. The aim of the research is to identify the components and elements of positive parenting for the families of children with oppositional defiant disorder, develop the program and evaluate its content validity.

The research method is qualitative and research synthesis type. The statistical population included all articles and research related to positive parenting. The sample size was 92 articles that were published between 2010 and 2023. Using the CASP checklist and Based on the entry and exit criteria, first 27 and then after studying the abstract of the documents, the quality of the articles and the degree of relevance, 12 cases were selected as the research sample. Petticrew & Roberts(2006) six- stage model was used for data analysis, and Content Validity Index method was used for content validity.

According to the findings of the research, positive parenting is based on six main theme including: mutual respect and equality, use of natural and logical consequences, psychological autonomy, inductive discipline, parental warmth, acceptance, and sensitivity. The content validity was based on the content validity index of 0. 86, which indicates the acceptable content validity of the program.

Considering that oppositional defiant disorder is more influenced by the interaction of the individual with the social environment, especially the family, and the parenting style is effective in the occurrence of the disorder, the designed program can be used to improve existing interventions and design new interventions.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the effective of the training program of executive functions on improving levels of theory of mind in children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. The research method was semi-experimental with post-test pre-test with control group. The study population included all 6- to 8-year-old children in Tabriz, of whom 30 were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to experimental (15) and control (15) groups.Then the Theory of Mind Questionnaire (Hutchins, Perlock , Bonazinga , 2012) was completed by parents of both groups. After performing the pre-test, the experimental group was trained in the executive functions program. The program was designed by researchers and consisted of 24 sessions in which 4 skills (working memory, inhibition, flexibility and attention training) were taught, At this stage, the children in the control group did not receive any training. The post-test was performed again and the data obtained from the pre-test and post-test were analyzed using analysis of covariance.The data showed a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in the post-test of variable theory of mind scores after adjusting for the effect of pre-test of theory of mind(P<01). Based on this study, it can be suggested that improving the executive functions can increase the levels of theory of mind.

Cancer has extensive effects on children’s mental health and well-being. One of the problems of children with cancer is social interest. Due to the constant reduction of social interests and their association with quality of life, effective intervention programs are very important. On the other hand, helping childhood cancer survivors and children with cancer to maintain physical, mental and social well-being is one of the most important responsibilities of health professionals and psychologists. It should be noted that the intervention was tailored to the condition of children with cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an Adlerian play therapy on enhancing social interest in children with cancer. It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest–posttest with control group. The statistical population consisted of all children with cancer of Yazd City, Iran. Using the convenience sampling method, 30 children were selected as a sample based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=15/group). The inclusion criteria for children included age 8-12, definitive diagnosis of cancer, at least one course of chemotherapy, not being treated with psychotropic drugs, the child living with both parents, not having any disease other than cancer, not having neuropsychological problems such as mental retardation, hyperactivity, moderate socio-family status and hospitalized for at least one month. The inclusion criteria included reluctance to continue cooperation, not cooperating in completing questionnaire at each of stages or more than two absences in training sessions. In pretest and posttest stage, participants completed the Social Interest Scale for Iranian Children (Alizadeh, 2015(, which included responsibility-task doing, relationship with people-empathy, confidence -assertive, equality vs inferiority-superiority. The weekly sessions of play therapy program included eighteen 45–minute for children. To describe the obtained data, central and dispersion indices, including mean and standard deviation and multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance were used in SPSS 24 at the significance level of 0.05. The results of the multivariate covariance analysis for the subscales of the social interest scale show that the experimental group shows a significant positive change in the subscales after participating in the training program compared to the control group (p <0.05). Adlerian play therapy is effective on social interest in children with cancer and should be offered as a complementary treatment along with other medical and psychological therapies to these children.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of social-emotional skills training on self-regulation and emotional recognition of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included all male students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the fifth and sixth grades of Tehran in the academic year of 2020-2021. The sample size of the research included 30 male children who were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups (15 people in each group). The research tool included the self-regulation questionnaire (SRQ) of Bouffard et al. (1995) and the Facial Affect Recognition Task (FART) of Ekman (1976). The control group did not receive any intervention, but the research experimental group received social-emotional skills intervention during 12 sessions. Multivariate covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that with pre-test control, there was a significant difference between the post-test average of cognitive self-regulation, meta-cognitive self-regulation, and emotion recognition in the two experimental and control groups at the level of 0.01. The results showed that social-emotional skill training is probably an effective treatment for self-regulation and emotion recognition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Determining the effectiveness of the joint attention program on expressive, receptive and spoken language components of children with autism spectrum disorder 3 to 5 years has been implemented.

The statistical population includes all children with autism spectrum disorder aged 3 to 5 years who had visited special preschools for children with autism spectrum disorders and clinics in Tehran. The research sample was accessible, which included 5 children who were randomly selected. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of Nyusha's growth assessment tools program, Gilliam's Autism Spectrum Disorder scoring scale (GARS 3) and the set of false belief tasks were used. Descriptive statistics, observational analysis, effect size and recovery percentage methods were used to analyze the data.

After the analysis, the results of the research also showed the average scores in the expressive and receptive language components after the implementation of the joint attention training program compared to the baseline, the trend of relative growth and overall improvement.

The results of this research indicate the effectiveness of the joint attention training program on improving the expressive, receptive and spoken language components of children with autism spectrum disorder. Therefore, it is suggested to use this educational program to improve the language skills of these children.

The approach to incarceration is as old as history itself. However, as societies have developed, fundamental ambiguities have emerged in this approach. Consequently, following the knowledge of criminology, custodial sentences have been seen as inadequate in reducing crimes, preventing recidivism, and addressing the growing number of individuals in the criminal population. These factors have given rise to the de-incarceration movement, which has gained strength in response to the disadvantages of imprisonment; mainly its effects after individuals are released from prison. Thus, the use of alternatives to imprisonment has been embraced in the Islamic Criminal Law approved in 2013, where its scope, types, and formal rules were outlined in the Criminal Procedure Law of the same year. Subsequently, sub-legislative measures were formulated and communicated to the judicial authorities to implement this punishment.Nevertheless, the success of the de-incarceration movement in reducing the number of incarcerated individuals and addressing issues such as the severity of punishment has been a significant obstacle to the release of prisoners. In response to this problem, the de-incarceration movement approved the law on reducing prison sentences in 2020. Since enacting such substantive laws can have a crucial impact on issues raised in criminal proceedings, the effect of their approval in the judicial process cannot be ignored.This article has been written descriptively to study the significant changes this law has brought to the preliminary investigation process. The effectiveness of this law in achieving criminal security orders for the accused, in line with the principle of proportionality and the principle of criminal law as the last and least resort, remains ambiguous. In this regard, the question arises as to whether the principle of criminal law as the last and least resort should be incorporated in obtaining the order of criminal security or not. Furthermore, considering the development of forgivable crimes, which indicates a move towards the privatization of criminal justice, the issue arises as follows: According to Article 106 of the Islamic Penal Code, in the case of forgivable crimes, the victim has the right to file a complaint within one year from the date of crime notification. Therefore, after one year, the victim's right will expire. Given the wide range of crimes categorized as forgivable crimes in the law on reducing the punishment of imprisonment, in a situation where the victim has not yet filed a complaint due to the crime being non-forgivable, the question arises as to whether the judge should issue a suspension of prosecution according to Article 11 of the Islamic Criminal Law or consider the plaintiff's acquired rights and allow the continuation of the prosecution process.Determining the jurisdiction of judicial authorities or institutes is another challenge this law presents. For instance, in cases of criminal damage, the property's value plays a role in determining the authorities' jurisdiction. This means that when the property damage is up to ten million Rials, according to Article 9 of the Conflict Resolution Counsel Act, it falls within the jurisdiction of the Council. If the damage exceeds ten million Rials but is less than twenty million Rials, it directly falls under the jurisdiction of the Criminal Court. If the damage is less than 100 million Rials, the prosecutor's office has the authority over the preliminary investigation. Therefore, the absence of an authority to accurately determine the extent of the damage causes delays in proceedings and creates uncertainty for the judicial authorities. To prevent divergent judicial opinions and adhere to the principle of the generality of criminal procedure, as specified in Article 2 of the Criminal Procedure Law, it seems necessary to issue unanimous opinions regarding the challenges above. This will end these judicial disputes and establish a unified procedure within the judicial authorities. Consequently, when approving substantive regulations, their effectiveness should be evaluated compared to formal regulations to prevent the division of judicial opinions.

Because Joint attention provides the basis for learning core skills such as language,social communication, playfulness, mind theory, and behavior theory, it has become a target for therapeuticintervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identifyand develop the components of a joint attention education program with a synthesis research approach andbased on the principles of timely intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder.

used in this research is qualitative and Synthesis Research. The statistical community of researchsynthesis in this research includes all articles, theses and studies on joint attention training for children withautism spectrum disorder. that with that with the keywords of joint attention training; Joint attention programand autism spectrum disorder through search engines and English-language scientific resource databasesincluding Pup Med, Embase, PsycINFO, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Springer and the keywordsin addition to the above keywords of joint attention training and joint attention program were searched throughMagiran and SID Persian language databases.. Among these, there are 34 research articles in English andPersian, which were selected from among 60 published articles in the period from 2010 to 2021.

After analysis, coding and classification, the research results showed indicators. The componentsof joint attention training for children with autism in the age range of 3 to 5 years have been extracted basedon the components arising from the study of theoretical foundations and research background in the form ofresearch synthesis. Accordingly, joint attention training based on seven basic categories, including attentionrecognition, initiation of joint attention; Response to shared attention; Initiation of behavioral requests;Response to social interaction; The beginning of social interaction and response to behavioral requests issolid, and joint attention exercises and training activities can be designed, implemented and evaluated basedon these components. The content validity of the program in the Waltz and Basel method is generally equal to0.84, which indicates the appropriate and acceptable content validity for this program.

Students with hearing impairment have difficulty in reading. The reading process in these people is weak due to the fact that they not only lack inner speech, but also cannot automatically use the rules of matching phonemes with letters. Meanwhile, one of the evolutionary factors involved in the reading process is the memory function. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of the rehabilitation program based on working memory on word recognition in children with hearing impairment.

The method of this research was an experiment with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and follow-up. The statistical population of the research included all children aged 8 to 13 with hearing impairment (girls and boys) who had hearing aids in Shiraz city in 2023. After screening, the research sample was selected from Khagani Elementary School in Shiraz according to the entry and exit criteria and randomly assigned to two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The research tool included the reading and dyslexia test. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation were used, and to test the hypotheses, the method of mixed two-way multivariate analysis of variance was used.

The research Results showed that the rehabilitation program based on working memory improved word recognition in children with hearing impairment.

According to the findings of the present study, the rehabilitation program based on working memory is a useful program for improving word recognition in children with hearing impairment.

Children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits form a separate group who exhibit persistent, widespread, and more severe patterns of delinquent, antisocial, and aggressive behaviors and are generally assumed to be resistant to therapeutic interventions and improvement. Accordingly, this study seeks to answer these questions: 1- What interventions have been used for this group so far? 2- Have the interventions effectively reduced this group's problems? 3- What factors have influenced the effectiveness of the interventions?

A systematic review was used in this research. Articles between 2000 and 2021 with the keywords Callous-unemotional traits, intervention, treatment, and therapy were reviewed in PubMed، ProQuest، ،PsycINFo sciencedirect، Google scholar & Springer databases. They were reviewed using the Prisma guidelines and 17 articles were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

The results of this study showed that the interventions that have been carried out so far for the group of children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits are in three categories: interventions based on behavioral approach, based on parent-child interaction therapy. And they are divided based on the training of individual, cognitive, and social skills. Ten studies have reported low effectiveness and seven studies have reported appropriate effectiveness. Among these, the interventions based on behavioral approaches were the least effective, the interventions based on parent-child interaction were the most effective, and skills training was effective only in combination with the parent education program.

In general, the response to treatment of children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits compared to those without callous-unemotional traits was low, and among different interventions, behavioral interventions had a more insufficient improvement. Innovative programs focusing on the warm and emotional relationship between parent and child have responded well.

Measuring the will of the perpetrator at the time of withdrawing from committing a crime in proportion to whether it is voluntary or involuntary is one of the most important topics of attempt of crime since the main core of renunciation is the spiritual element, which cannot be easily understood. Therefore, it is necessary to make a fine distinction between voluntary and involuntary withdrawal by codification. Finally, in this article, by using the descriptive-analytical and library method, it was found that there are two types of withdrawal criteria for the existence of conditions beyond the perpetrator's will. The first category is human obstacles, which are either third parties or victims, and the second category is non-human obstacles, which are either indirect obstacles or direct obstacles related to crime. In the first type, withdrawal is involuntary, and in the second type, indirect obstacles are voluntary withdrawal, and in direct obstacles, involuntary withdrawal. The American Criminal Law has regulated voluntary withdrawal by adding the phrase "full intent to withdraw" and specifying conditions such as the presence of a third party, the severity of the crime or the victim's resistance, or changing the criminal purpose of voluntary withdrawal. In contrast, Iran's approach is only accepting the principle of withdrawal without stating the rules. Therefore, it seems that the American approach in expressing the rules is considered more efficient. However, the attention of the two criminal systems to the development of the circle of renunciation to prevent the crime or sometimes the irreparable damages of the total crime and to encourage the criminals to avoid committing the crime seems to be considered.

The current research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the online shopping experience based on the behavioral characteristics of customers of art products. The research method used is descriptive and survey. The statistical population in the present study was the customers of online stores of artistic products. The sampling method of nonrandom research is accessible or judgmental. The final sample of 384 people was determined, and 250 questionnaires were finally analyzed. Research data has been collected by library and field method. A standard questionnaire was used to collect the required information. The research data was analyzed with the help of SMARTPLS software and using statistical, descriptive and inferential tests. Based on the analysis, the factors affecting The online shopping experience based on customers' behavioral characteristics includes individual characteristics, situational characteristics, motivational characteristics, and product characteristics, and finally, the results show the effect of all the behavioral characteristics of customers in the development of the online shopping experience of art product store customers.

The objective of this this research, making and reliabilityn of technical specifications of the scale For diagnosis specific learning disability(Special form teacher) is According to the DSM-5 . Samplers was by using multi stage randomized cluster sampling. Current study method was descriptive and applied. Sample size for Teacher rating Scale was 304 and consists of 149 male, 155 female students in first through fifth grades of primary school. Of course is necessary to attention to this point that the first grade of primary diagnosis a learning disability can not be And sampling in the base was done purely for more research In the case of children who are likely in the future being at risk Exposed to learning disabilities. Students who were administered the questionnaire Special form of teacher In case they, Except first grade of primary; Already had been diagnosed with learning disabilities in the learning disability centers. With regard to six months traverse the years And the inability of many poorly children first grade in the field of learning performance based on teacher report check list Was implemented for them. For making this questionnaires The following steps were performed:1- Investigated theoretical foundations and Research history2- Providing Source The sentences source according to DSM-5 3- Preparation and implementation of pilot testing, removal of inappropriate phrases4- making a questionnaire with 42 items; Consists of two questionnaires A: Specific learning disability questionnaire contains 10 questions B: Questionnaire Specifire of Reading, Writing and Math includes 32 questions. in the ultimate execution and determine the statistical properties and The content validity of test Reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was calculated. reliability in the preliminary check list of specific learning disability was %72. in the the second check list Reliability Specifires of Reading, Writing and Math was %873 .

The present study aimed to build, validate, and examine the instrumental psychometric characteristics for diagnosing Specific Learning Disorders (Teacher Form).

Sampling was done using the multistage cluster method. The sample consisted of 304 students from grades one to five of Tehran’s primary schools. Students had already received a diagnosis of learning disorders in learning disability centers. The following steps were taken to make this questionnaire: 1. Reviewal of theoretical foundations. 2. Preparation of the statements repository according to DSM-5. 3.Initial test implementation, 4. Creation of a 42 item questionnaire consisting of two sections (a) SLD Questionnaire ( 9 items) (b) reading, writing, and Math specifier Questionnaire (33 items) 5.Two stages of implementation; concurrently with determining the statistical characteristics and the validity of preliminary implementation on 50 people to determine the initial reliability and subsequent implementation on 304 people, 6.Calculation of the credit coefficient (Cronbach alpha) of the questionnaire.

The results showed that in the primary section, the credit coefficient of the specific learning disorder questionnaire was 72% and the credit coefficient (Cronbach alpha) calculated in the second part (specifiers of reading, writing, and math) was 3/87. The final statistical results led to the removal of 3 items in the specifier section. Eventually, the main questionnaire with 39 items remained intact.

The general results showed that the high average of the components was acceptable due to the implementation of the questionnaire for students with learning disorders, and are capable of initially identifying and diagnosing the disorder.

The tendency of Iran's criminal policy and consequently its criminal policy is to reduce imprisonment and the prison population. In other words, Iran's key priorities are to reduce the dominance of imprisonment. Accordingly, the legislative and judicial approach seeks the release of imprisonment and the use of compassionate and alternative institutions. Hence, the dream of deprivation of liberty has become the main goal of criminal policy today, and the predictions of compassionate institutions and the approach of the law to reduce the punishment of imprisonment confirm this approach. However, despite the move towards deprivation of liberty, it is important to keep this approach in line with the issue of deterrence and impunity or the purpose of punishment. Because with the reduction of punishments, the deterrent power of punishment also decreases. This article concludes that reducing the prison sentence without the development of a culture of legalism and attention to other factors affecting the increase in crime will not be possible to reduce the prison population. Therefore, the result of the law reducing the punishment of imprisonment, approved in 1399, is to reduce the deterrent power of punishment and help impunity for criminals. On the other hand, it has little effect on reducing the prison population. Because the production of crime and imprisonment is not the only result of long punishments that reduce the criminal population to achieve the desired result. Rather, the main components of crime and attention to alternatives to imprisonment should be considered.

Successful performance in mathematics depends on skills that are more basic. The purpose was to determine the effect of basic skills program on quantitative reasoning, math performance, and working memory in preschool children.

In a quasi-experimental study, 38 girls and 42 boys were in convenience selected from five-to six-year-old children of Borujen City in the school year 2020-2021. Then, 30 children (17 girls and 13 boys) identified as children at risk of math disorder with a score on one standard deviation lower than the average in the Stanford Binet Intelligence Test and the Basic Skills Assessment Test and m assigned to the experimental and control group. The experimental group participated in 24 training session. After the last session and five weeks later, the Stanford Binet Intelligence Test and the Basic Skills Assessment Test performed again. 

Relating to Eta coefficients, 88%, 29%, and 83% respectively of the variation in quantitative reasoning, math performance, and working memory of experimental group can explain by participating to the intervention sessions. The results of Bonfroni test showed that there is a significant difference between groups in pretest, posttest and follow-up phases.

Considering the improvement of quantitative reasoning, math performance, and working memory of preschool children, we can conclude that including similar programs in preschool not only leads to improvement of math performance but also prevents academic failures.