حمید کهرام

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a significant viral disease in the aquaculture industry that sometimes leads to widespread mortality in fish despite the lack of clinical signs, so the use of prevention methods including Vaccination is very important in this disease. In this study, the DNA template and template used to amplify the VP2 gene of PCR product from an Iranian IPNV isolate (IR-IPNV). NZ9000 L. lactis strain was also used as host for cloning and as host for expression. The results showed that cloning and gene expression were well done and after the use of lactobacillus containing genes in the patient's fishes, it increased the antibody level and the viral infection decreased significantly. In this study, for the first time, L. lactis has been used to clone a candidate gene from an infectious pathogen of fish for the production of recombinant live vaccine vaccine. It seems that this expression system can be used to deliver an oral vaccine, Potential is considered as a new platform for the development of oral vaccines in fish.

This study was aimed to evaluate whether high ambient temperature (heat stress, HS) can affect sperm quality parameters in Belgian blue bulls. For this purpose, semen samples were collected from three healthy mature Belgian blue bulls which were located in a breeding company under uniform feeding and management conditions. After semen collection, and the primary evaluations, the ejaculates with more than 60 percent total motility were subjected to the freezing process. After thawing the samples were used to assess the motion parameters, morphological abnormalities, acrosome integrity, chromatin condensation, viability, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl ion production. The results indicated that total and progressive motility and straight-line velocity were lower in the HS group compared to the control (P≤0.05), moreover, the generation of H2O2, hydroxyl ions, percentage of aberrant chromatin condensation, total morphological abnormal sperm cells, spermatozoa with bent tails and proximal protoplasmic droplets were higher in the HS compared to the control (P≤0.05) while the percentage pf damaged acrosome was not differ between HS and control (P≥0.05). In conclusion, these findings show that elevated ambient temperature can decrease the quality of frozen-thawed bull spermatozoa may leading to a lower fertility rate.

Effect of short-term feeding high energy diet along with eCG and hCG injection on follicular dynamics, blood metabolites, double ovulation and twinning rates in Naeini ewes was evaluated. For this purpose, 45 Naeini ewes (3-4 years old) were randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups: 1- Maintenance diet + eCG (Me), 2- Short-term high energy diet + eCG (HEe) and 3- Short-term high-energy diet + eCG and hCG (HEeh). All ewes were synchronized by inserting intravaginal progesterone sponges for a period of 12 days during the breeding season. The short-term feeding was started 4 d before until 1 d after sponge removal (for a 6 d period). The eCG injection was done 1 d before sponge removal and hCG injection was done on the day of sponge removal and 1 d later. Results showed that regardless of the kind of hormone injection, feeding high energy diet increased (P<0.05) the medium and large follicles population. The HEe and HEeh groups had higher (P<0.05) serum glucose, cholesterol and insulin, but lower (P<0.05) serum urea nitrogen compared with Me group. In HEe and HEeh groups, (P<0.05) serum oestradiol decreased before sponge removal and increased (P<0.05) after that. The HEeh ewes had highest (P<0.05) twinning rate (42.9%). In general, short-term feeding (6-day) high energy diet along with chorionic gonadotropins injection improved the follicular development, blood parameters and reproductive performance in Naeini ewes.

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus is one of the most important causes of mortality among different species of salmon. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent such an infectious disease. The purpose of this study is to use lactic aci d bacteria as live vaccines . In this study, the DNA template and template used to amplify the VP2 gene of PCR product from an Iranian IPNV isolate (IR - IPNV). NZ9000 L. lactis strain was also used as host for cloning and as host for expression . The results showed that cloning and gene expression were well done and after the use of lactobacillus containing genes in the patient's fishes, it increased the antibody level and the viral infection decreased significantly . In this st udy, for the first time, L. lactis has been used to clone a candidate gene from an infectious pathogen of fish for the production of recombinant live vaccine vaccine. It seems that this expression system can be used to deliver an oral vaccine, Potential is considered as a new platform for the development of oral vaccines in fish .

Among the various viral diseases in fish, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) could be mentioned as the most significant viral infection which has now been identified for its worldwide devastating effects on trout. In the present investigation, the influence of the miR-731 on eye damage with exophthalmos (pop-eye) of VHSV in rainbow trout (O. mykiss) was examined. In current clinical trials, fishes (20± 1) g were examined to determine the possibility of pretreatment VHS disease by miR-731 in four main groups, including negative control without any injection, vehicle that received saline, positive control that were infected by VHSV (IP), and experimental group that were received miR-731 48 hour pre viral injection. Each main group subdivided into three subgroups. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity plays an important role in controlling aqueous production in the eye and in regulating intraocular pressure. The rate of carbonic anhydrase on trout eye was assessed in each group. Our results revealed that all animals in the positive control showed pop-eye, whereas in the negative control, the vehicle and the experimental groups were not observed any exophthalmos and there is significant difference between the rate of carbonic anhydrase in the positive control group and other groups. Although more studies are needed to verify the exact mechanisms of miR-731 viral inhibition pathway, present results partly proved that miR-731 pretreatment could decrease the sign of VHS disease eye damage.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition of three different permeable (Glycerol, Dimethyl formamide and Dimethyl acetamid) and two different non-permeable cryoprotectant (Trehalose and sucrose) to the extender on freezing capacity of Turkmen stallions’ sperm. Four healthy mature Turkmen stallions (8-10 years old) were used. Collected semen from stallions were processed and pooled after gel removal and before allocating to treatments [glycerol, dimethyl formamide and dimethyl acetamid (5 or 7 percent) and trehalose or sucrose (50 and 100 mM)]. The prepared treatments were frozen according to a standard method. After thawing viability and motility of all treatments were accessed.The results showed that the viability and motility of spermatozoa treated with extender containing 5 or 7 % dimethyl formamide (68.6 ± 0.93 and 63.2 ± 2.22 respectively) or dimethyl acetamid (68.6 ± 1.69 and 63.6 ± 2.76 respectively) were significantly higher than those which treated with 5 or 7 % glycerol (56.8 ± 3.06 and 55.6 ± 1.03 respectively) (P

Dans l’industrie ovine, l’insémination artificielle (IA) engendre une diminution du taux de grossesse en raison de l’anatomie complexe du col de l’utérus chez la brebis. Ce facteur peut ainsi fortement entraver l’insémination intra-utérine. Durant le cycle œstral des brebis, la relaxation du col de l’utérus survient à différents niveaux et est principalement régie par les changements du taux d’hormones reproductrices. Cette étude avait pour objectif d’évaluer les effets de l’estradiol et de l’injection intraveineuse (IV) ou intramusculaire (IM) d’ocytocine (à différentes doses), sur l’ouverture du col et le taux de grossesse chez les brebis Zel iraniennes lors de la saison de reproduction. A cet effet, 3 expériences ont été menées sur 120 brebis âgées de 3 à 4 ans et pesant 47 ± 2,5 kg. Dans un premier temps, les brebis ont été reparties équitablement entre deux groupes avant de recevoir chacune 100 à 200 µg d’estradiol. Après 12 heures, chaque groupe a été divisé en 3 groupes de 20 brebis afin d’évaluer l’effet de l’injection IV ou IM d’ocytocine à 3 doses différentes (50, 100 et 150 IU). Le niveau d’ouverture du col de l’utérus a été mesuré avant l’injection ainsi que 15 mn et 12 h après l’injection d’ocytocine. Dans la deuxième expérience, l’effet d’une administration exclusive d’ocytocine sur l’ouverture du col de l’utérus a été évalué. Enfin, pour la troisième expérience, uneméthode de libération contrôlée de médicament (controlled internal drug release ou CIDR) a été utilisée sur 12 jours afin de synchroniser le cycle œstral. Ensuite, les brebis ont reçu 550 IU de gonadotrophine chorionique équine en injection intra-utérine durant la suppression du CIDR. Avant l’IA, les brebis ont été réparties équitablement entre 3 groupes (n=40), un groupe témoin et deux groupes d’essai recevant 100 IU d’ocytocine par injection IM ou IV. Les brebis ont reçu une insémination transcervicale avec une dilution de sperme frais 54 h après la suppression du CIDR. Afin de détecter les grossesses, des ultrasons ont été utilisés 50 jours après insémination les taux d’agnelage et de de naissance gémellaire ont été mesurés après parturition. Les résultats des deux premières expériences montrent que l’injection estradiol n’a pas d’effet sur l’ouverture du col de l’utérus (P>0,05), alors que l’administration de 100 et 150 IU d’ocytocine peut induire la dilatation du col avec ou sans estradiol (P>0,05). De plus, l’administration de 100 IU d’ocytocine (IV ou IM) lors de la troisième expérience, augmente les taux de grossesse et d’agnelage comparativement au groupe témoin (P>0,05). Cependant le taux de naissance gémellaire restait inchangé chez les brebis traitées (P>0,05). En résumé, nos résultats indiquent qu’une injection IV ou IM d’ocytocine peut améliorer le taux de naissance des brebis Zel iraniennes en provoquant la dilatation du canal cervical. L’application de cette méthode est donc recommandée pour augmenter le taux de grossesse des brebis lors de la saison de reproduction.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of artificial insemination methods on reproduction efficiency of Zandi ewes inseminated with fresh and frozen semen. Two hundred and forty Zandi ewes (three- to four-years old, 55 kg weight) received CIDR for 12 days and at the time of CIDR removal, received 400 IU of eCG and were artificially inseminated 54 h after CIDR removal. Groups one to three included 120 ewes that were assigned into three equal groups and inseminated vaginally, by laparoscopy and transcervically, respectively with fresh semen. Groups four to six included 120 ewes that were assigned into four equal groups and inseminated vaginally, by laparoscopy and transcervically, respectively with frozen semen. The results showed that during using fresh semen, differences between artificial insemination methods were not significant, but during using frozen semen, the fertility rate was higher in laparoscopy method than other methods (P

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of freezing medium and artificial insemination method on reproduction efficiency of Zandi ewes inseminated with frozen semen. One hundred and sixty Zandi ewes (3-4-years old, 55 kg weight) received CIDR for 12 days and at the time of CIDR removal received 400 IU of eCG and were artificially inseminated 54 h after CIDR removal. The ewes divided into two insemination groups of vaginal and trans-cervical, then, each group was inseminated with frozen sperms in extenders containing egg yolk or soybean lecithin. The results showed that the extender didn’t have any effect on sperm viability, semen lipid peroxidation and reproductive performance (P>0.05), but the artificial insemination method had a significant (P

This experiment was conducted to determin the effect of 25(H)D3 and K3 vitamins on immune system of Ross 308 broiler chicken in a completely randomized design with a 3×4 factorial arrangement with four replicates and 16 observation per replicate. Treatments included vitamine D3 (0, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 μg) and vitamin K3 (0, 2 and 6 μg). On day 180 g incubation 0.5 ml of treatment solution was injucted in fertile eggs. Male chicken were reared in experiment cages for a period of 42 days. To evaluate humoral immune system reaction 0.5 ml SRBC (10%) was injected on chickens’ breast muscle at the 28th and 35th day, thereafter chicken blood samples were taken on the 35th and 42nd day. In order to evaluate the cellular immune system reaction, Phyto-hemagglutinin (PHA) was injected in the curtain chickens toe on day 24 of rearing period and skin response were studied on 1 and 5 days after injection. The results showed that with increasing levels of vitamin K3, antibody titers against Newcastle were increased (P

The aim of the present research was to study the effect of different concentrations of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract, (0, 10, 12.5, 16.6, 25 and 50) mg/L added to semen extender, on sperm qualitative and quantitative parameters after freezing-thawing process of rooster sperm. 10 Ross strain rooster were used. Semen samples were collected, 2 times a week. After adding the samples of semen based on the lecithin extender, they were placed and preserved at 5 ° C. The treatments of 10 and 12.5 mg/L of Rosemary significantly improved the mobility, in addition, treatments of 10, 12.5 and 16.6 mg/L improved progressive motility and viability before freezing (p≤ 0.05). The lowest and highest motility rates were respectively found in treatments of 0 and 10 mg/L of essential oil of rosemary (p≤ 0.05). Functional integrity of the sperm plasma membrane increased with treatment of 10 mg/L of essential oil of rosemary in comparison to other groups, except 12.5 mg/L. Also treatments of 10, 12.5 and 16.6 mg/L significantly decreased the apoptosis. According to these results, it seems that adding the levels of 10 and 12.5 mg/L rosemary extract’ in semen, based on lecithin extender can improve rooster’s sperm quality after thawing.

Four mature stallions were used to study the effect of enzymatic antioxidant catalase on freezability of Turkmen stallion's sperm. Collected semen from stallions were processed and pooled before being divided treatments (200×106 sperm/ml) and diluted with extenders supplemented with different levels of catalase [0 (control), 100 U/ml (CAT100), 150U/ml (CAT150) and 200U/ml (CAT200)]. Extended and supplemented semen's were frozen according to a standard protocol. After thawing, motility, viability, membrane integrity, total abnormality and lipid peroxidation were assessed. Results showed that addition of 200U/ml catalase could improve progressive and total motility, viability, membrane integrity and decreased lipid peroxidation compared to control and other levels of catalase (p0.05). The results showed that different levels of catalase could not decreased total abnormality (p>0.05). We concluded that addition of 200U/ml catalase could improve freezability of Turkmen stallion’s sperm.

Using melatoninin ewes of Iran black breed, this study aimed to compare the reproduction and production performances in lambing program of two and three times per years for duration of two years. A hundred ewes allocated to two parallel groups: Group A (ewes in three lambing managing system using melatonin) and Group B (ewes in two lambing managing system without using melatonin). To induce the estrus synchronization of ewes of Group A, 40 days before their first and second mating, melatonin implant was placed under the ear skin of these animals. Due to the decrease of birth interval in Group A, ewes of this group were dried off two weeks before mating. The nutritional flushing and ram effect were used to improve the ovulation rate in Groups of A and B, before mating. Reproduction and production parameters including estrus, ovulation, pregnancy, lambing rates and lambs weight were compared between two groups during two years. Our results indicated that the reproductive and productive performance of Group A was higher in first mating as compared to their second and third mating. The ovulation, pregnancy, lambing rate and lambs weight during two year was higher in Group A in comparison to Group B. Collectively, our findings indicated that the ewe's production and reproduction performance in three lambing managing system with the use of melatonin were more efficient compared to the ewes in two lambing managing system without using melatonin.

This study was conducted to evaluate the follicular and hormonal changes of Naeini ewes during the estrous cycle in breeding season. For this purpose, eight Naeini ewes were selected from a purebred herd in the fall of 1392. The estrous cycle of all ewes was synchronized with insertion of intravaginal progesterone sponge during a 12 days period. The ewes were checked for estrus signs using 4 intact rams fitted with aprons. Then the ovarian follicles changes were evaluated by ultrasound method during a 16 days period after estrus detection. At the same time, blood samples were collected to determine concentration of serum progesterone and oestradiol. Results showed that six ewes had single ovulation and two ewes had double ovulation. In present study, the right ovary was more active than the left ovary. The small and medium follicles were minimum during the early and late of estrus cycle, while the large follicles were maximum at the end of this cycle (P

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of D-aspartic acid on semen characteristics of Ross 308 roosters. Thirty 60-wk-old Ross 308 roosters were randomly assigned into 6 groups and individually caged. All groups fed the same basal diet and orally administered with different levels of D-aspartic acid: 0(A-0), 40 (A-40), 80 (A-80), 120 (A-120), 160 (A-160), and 200 (A-200) mg/Kg BW per day as a single capsulated dose. Seminal characteristics including ejaculate volume, motility, progressive motility, sperm concentration, abnormality, viability and hypo osmotic swimming test were studied following two weeks of adaptation period, and continued for up to six weeks. Results of the experiment revealed that D-Aspartic acid positively affected rooster sperm parameters with all parameters being significantly improved with increasing the level of D-aspartic acid except for abnormality percentage that was not significantly affected by the treatment (p>0.05). Taking all parameters into account, A-200 treatment exhibited the most optimal response in sperm parameters amongst all treatments. However, further studies including fertility and hatchability tests are needed to ascertain these results.

The aim of this current study was using of a management and feeding program in order to improving of reproductive factors performance in one hundred head ewes with Iran Black bred. Ewes were placed in two A (75 head) and B (25 head) groups. Ewes of A group were milk-cutted and were introduced to rams 80 and 90 days after parturition respectively. Forty days before introduction to rams, melatonin implant was laid under skins of these ewes. 75 ewes of A group were kept separately in three groups of 25th and were fed by high starch diets complemented with saturated fatty (control treatment), extrude cotton seed (omega 3 treatment) and full fat soybean (omega 6 treatment). B group’s ewes were milk-cutted and introduced to rams 120 and 180 days after parturition and were fed the same as control treatment diet. Estrus, ovulation, lambing and twining rates were counted and recorded in various experimental treatment. The weight of lambs were measured in time of birth, 3th and 4th month. Lambing and twining rates was higher in omega 3 and omega 6 treatment than control treatment and B group. Lamb weight average in their 3 and 4 month old was significant higher in B group than all treatment of A group. Generally, results of this study showed that using of management program of A group along with omega 3 and 6 feeding could improve reproductive factor performance.

The objective of this study was to consider economic consequence of delayed conception of milking cows in large dairy farms in Iran. Optimum open days and milk production at peak were assumed to be 110 days and 45 kg respectively. Price of milk, feed, semen and hormones were calculated based on average prices of autumn, 2013. Results of this study showed that increasing days in milk (DIM) from 110 to 170 has doubled costs of sperm and veterinary hormones. Delaying of each day of conception in cows with 45 kg of milk production at peak, during first; second, third and fourth estrous cycle beyond the optimum days open (110 d) cause economic losses of 308503, 572818, 812689 and 1013331 Rials, respectively. Feed costs compromise 54.7 to 56.6 percent of the loss, and any one percent change in feed price will directly cause 0.55 percent changes of the loss.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a sustained-release multi-trace element ruminal bolus on sex ratio, the reproductive performance and lambs growth of Afshari ewes. Eighty Afshari cycling ewes during breeding season were used in the trial. The animals were synchronized using CIDR for 14 days and assigned into 4 groups including: group 1 (n=20) received a single Ferrobloc bolus four weeks prior to CIDR insertion following 400 IU eCG on CIDR removal, group 2 (n=20) received two boluses four weeks prior to CIDR insertion following 400 IU eCG on CIDR removal, group 3 (n=20) received only 400 IU eCG on CIDR removal and group 4 (n=20; control) received no bolus and no eCG. Growth traits were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS. Number of observations (lambing rate, litter size, barren rate and the male / female lamb rate) in different groups was compared using the Chi-Square test. Results showed that ruminal bolus can play an indirect role in skewing sex ratio toward male offsprings. Given 1 or 2 sustained-release multi-trace element ruminal boluses four weeks before synchronization programme using eCG, causes the pregnancy of all ewes. Of the four treatments tested, the 2 boluses+eCG showed superiority on reproductive performancein terms of lambing rate (150%) and litter size (150%) in Iranian Afshari ewes during breeding season. Also, bolus supplementation enhances lamb body weight at birth up to 60 days of age.

Pioglitazone belongs to the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of antidiabetic agents، with proven efficacy in increasing insulin sensitivity and in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. Pioglitazone has been proposed as a potential feed additive to reduce insulin resistance and consequently some of the metabolic disorders in transition cows. This study was aimed at determining the pharmacokinetic parameters of pioglitazone following oral administration (PO) or intravenous (IV) injection. Six lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned into two groups (n=3 cows per group) in a crossover design، and administered with pioglitazone (8 mg/kg BW) either per-oral (PO) or intravenously (IV)، with an 8-day washout period. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein before and up to 48 h after pioglitazone administration. Plasma pioglitazone concentration was determined by HPLC. The data were analyzed using a non-compartmental model for PO route، and a two-compartmental model for the IV route. The bioavailability of PO-administered pioglitazone was 58% and the highest plasma concentration (Cmax)، the time (tmax) at which the drug reached Cmax، half-life (t1/2)، absorption rate constant (kab) and elimination rate constant (kel) were 11. 57±1. 44 μg/mL، 5. 67±0. 07 h، 7. 10±0. 32 h، 0. 28±0. 09 h-1 and 0. 10±0. 013 h-1، respectively. Elimination half-life (t1/2β)، volume distribution (Vss) and elimination rate constant (kel) after IV injection were 5. 10±0. 62 h، 0. 12±0. 01 L/kg and 0. 47±0. 06 h-1، respectively. Because of the relatively high bioavailability and half-life، pioglitazone may be useful for oral administration as an insulin-sensitizing agent in dairy cows.

Published data on the effects of ruminal bolus on the number of ovulatory follicles in ewes does not exist. The present study determined the effects of a ruminal bolus on trace element status, follicular dynamics and reproductive performance in ewes. Eighty Afshari cycling ewes were synchronized during breeding season using CIDR for 14 days and assigned to 4 groups (n=20); group 1 received a single Ferrobloc bolus four weeks prior to CIDR insertion following 400 IU eCG on CIDR removal, group 2 received two boluses four weeks prior to CIDR insertion following 400 IU eCG on CIDR removal, group 3 received only 400 IU eCG on CIDR removal and group 4 (control) received no bolus and no eCG. Transrectal ultrasonography was done to monitor the ovarian follicles on the day of CIDR removal and a day later. Results showed that boluses increased the status of copper, selenium and iodine on mating day and days 90 to 100 of gestation. Ruminal bolus did not significantly increase the number of different classes of ovarian follicles in ewes fed a diet meeting all trace mineral requirements. All ewes eventually became pregnant with 1 or 2 boluses but the multiple births rate (80%) was higher (P<0.05) after 2 boluses compared to the other groups.

The purposes of this study were to evaluate of ovarian and insulin dynamics in dairy cows fed omega-3 fatty acid source. Ten Holstein multiparous cows were selected and after adaptation period given diets containing palm oil (control) and fish oil (treatment) from day -40 to 60 after calving. The study carried to show the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on insulin resistance. Glucose tolerance tests were performed on days 14 and 42 after calving. The cows were synchronized using two injections of prostaglandin on days 20 and 34 after calving and consequently، ovarian dynamics were assessed. Blood samples were obtained on days -35، - 21، 0، 21، 42 and 62 days after calving. Experimental diets have not significant effect on the concentration of cholesterol، triglycerides، HDL cholesterol; however، omega-3 treatment significantly decreased LDL cholesterol levels. The results of the glucose tolerance test showed that omega-3 treatment improved insulin sensitivity. The number of small follicles (less than 6 mm) and medium (between 7 and 9 mm) and large (greater than 10 mm)، there were no significant differences between experimental groups. According to results we suggested that feeding omega-3 could improve insulin resistance in Holstein dairy cows.

Recently, new advanced high-throughput sequencing technology as a novel tool has opened the way to study of genomic variants and functional information stored within farm animals. The Caspian horse is one of the valuable horses ever exist in the world. Hence, propose of this study was to investigate genetic variants of single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertion and deletions and copy number variations within the genome of Caspian horse and their involved biological pathways. Using high-throughput sequencing technology, we generated 108 Gb (Average depth of 45.8) of DNA sequence from three Caspian horse mares resulting in an average of 14.41X coverage and 76.4% covered with reference genome. Using a stringent filtering method, we identified 1666717 single nucleotide polymorphisms, 358020 insertion and deletions, and 3109 copy number variations. Functional clustering analysis of genic variants revealed that most of the genetic variants in the Caspian horse’s genome were enriched in nervous system, GTP related signal transduction, cellular morphogenesis, cytoskeleton organization, vascular development and cellular movement. Moreover, we have detected structural variations as like as inversion, intraand inter-chromosomal translocations, large insertion and deletions which could be useful for marker based population genetic investigation.

Specific structure of ewe''s cervix is one of artificial insemination limitation in sheep. Successful insemination in ewes has a close relation with morphology of their cervix. The objective of this experiment was to compare anatomical structure of cervix in Makui، Kurdish and Afshari ewes. In this study، reproductive tract of 300 ewes of aforesaid sheep (100 ewes of each strain) were collected during breeding season in slaughterhouses of Alborz and Tehran provinces. Exterior shape، opening، length and diameter of cervix، measure of penetration، kinds and number of rings were studied. The most frequent exterior shape and length were the shape of papilla and the length of 3 to 4 centimeter respectively. The dominant shape of opening in cervix in Kordi and Afshari ewes was papilla where as in Makui ewes، the dominant shape was flop. The results showed that average cervix diameter in collected respectively was 9. 34±1. 7. The average number of rings for all sheep between these strains was 5. 59±0. 8. The most frequent layout and arrangement of rings in cervical canal was the second type. The correlation between the length of cervix and number of rings، and the length and diameter of cervix were 0. 24 and 0. 25، respectively. There was not a significant correlation between length of cervix with ring’s angle، opening shape and age. Length of cervix، diameter and number of rings were not significantly different among 3 breeds. Average penetration of insemination gun into cervical canal for all data was 3. 92±2. 5 mm and were approximately 4. 24± 2. 2 3. 46±1. 1، 3. 84±2. 5 in Makui، Kordi and Afshari ewes، respectively. The measurement of gun’s penetration into cervix is affected by cervix diameter. Estrus cycle had a significant effect on measurement of penetration، while depth of penetration was lower during luteal phase and higher in non- luteal phase. Also the measurement of penetration was affected by number of rings، while cervixes with more number of rings resulted in less measurement of penetration. Evaluated parameters did not show any differences among breeds except the exterior shape of cervix opening.