فهرست مطالب حمیدرضا توحیدی مقدم

In order to evaluate the effect of boron and jasmonic acid foliar application on maize, under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted as split-split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications in the summer of 2021 in the Varamin. In this experiment, irrigation was arranged in four levels (as the main factor): complete irrigation, stopping irrigation at the 8-leaf stage, stopping irrigation at the stage of cob emergence, and stopping irrigation at the stages of 8 leaves and cob emergence. Boron foliar application at three levels, including spraying with pure water, spraying with 0.5% boron, spraying with a solution with 1% boron, and spraying with jasmonic acid solution in three levels, including spraying with pure water, spraying with a concentration of 50 µM jasmonic acid, and spraying with a concentration of 100 µM jasmonic acid, were considered in sub-plots. The results showed that stopping irrigation at different stages of growth caused a decrease in all tested traits. Also, the results show that the spraying of 1% boron increases grain yield (5.5%), 1000 seed weight (2.9%), biological yield (2.8%), carotenoid content (11.2%), and decreases 4.4% of leaf malondialdehyde. On the other hand, the use of 100 µM jasmonic acid increases leaf chlorophyll content (2.69%), leaf carotenoid content (2.94%), 1000-seed weight (1.29%), seed yield (2.67%), and biological yield (2.95%). Indeed, the use of jasmonic acid also reduced the damage caused by oxidative stress by increasing the amount of the superoxide dismutase enzyme.

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of bacterial herbicides and aqueous extracts of plants on the morphological characteristics and starch of barnyard grass weed and rice.

This experiment was conducted as split factorial based on a randomized complete block design cityAmol with three replications in the two cropping years of 2018 and 2019. Factors included the foliar application of aqueous extracts plants and surfactant of sorghum, broccoli, nettle, eucalyptus, elder-berry, Streptomyces sp-albos containing thaxtomin, Xanthomonas campestris bacteria and control as the main factor, the concentration of the extract was zero, 5, 10 and 15 per thousand as a subfactor and the plant species of rice were Tarom cultivar and barnyard grass weed as a sub-sub factor.

By extracts foliar application, barnyard grass seed yield and biological yield decreased and the seed starch percent increased. Rice seed yield in the use of 5 per thousand broccoli extract and 5 per thousand Streptomyces sp-albos was not significantly different from the control. By increasing the concentration of the extract, seed yield and biological yield of rice and barnyard grass showed a further decrease. The lowest seed yield in rice at 3.16 tons/ha was related to elder-berry extract and in barnyard grass 0.68 and 0.61 tons/ha was related to nettle and elder-berry extract.

According to the obtained results, Allelopathy and plant pathogens can be one of the basic ways to control weeds in a sustainable agricultural system.

In order to investigate the effect of silica and calcium content and harvest dates on yield and yield components of rapeseed as a factorial split in a randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental farms in Aftab region of Tehran province in two cropping years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 were implemented. Experimental factors include harvest date in three levels one week after the start of yellowing of pods, two weeks after the beginning of yellowing of pods and time of complete yellowing of pods, silica in three levels of zero (control), 3 and 6% of the source was sodium and calcium silicate at three levels of 2, 4 and 6% of the source of calcium sulfate. The results showed that the effect of year on plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and anthocyanin was significant and the second year had the highest amount of these traits. It was observed that the best grain yield of 2477.02 kg / ha and harvest index of 24.83% was related to harvest one week after the start of yellowing of pods and with delay in harvest, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, Biological yield and harvest index decreased and anthocyanins increased. According to the results, silica foliar application with 32.81% increase in plant height, 11.8% number of pods per plant, 31.48% number of seeds per pod, 17.2% weight per thousand seeds, 24.31% grain yield, Biological yield and harvest index and reduction of anthocyanin and electrolyte leakage were associated. The most positive effect on physiological characteristics and yield and yield components was obtained in 6% silica spray. With increasing calcium concentration, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased and anthocyanin and electrolyte leakage decreased, the maximum positive effect on these traits in foliar application 6% calcium was observed. The results showed that silica and calcium had an additive effect on yield and yield components and the best grain yield was obtained by consuming 6% silica with 6% calcium and harvesting one week after the start of yellowing of pods.

To investigate the effects of foliar application of glycine betaine and micronutrients of zinc and manganese on morpho-physiological traits of red bean plant under salinity stress conditions, an experiment as a factorial form in randomized complete design with three replications in the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch in 2019 was contacted. Experimental factors included salinity at control, 3, and 6 dS.m-1 levels, glycine betaine at application (50 mg/Lit) and non-application levels and micronutrients included zinc (50 mg/Lit), manganese (50 mg/Lit), and the combined usage (25+25 mg/Lit). The obtained results indicated that salinity stress reduced the plant height (30.31 percent), number of pods per plant (48.05 percent), number of seeds per plant (37.85 percent), seed total weight per plant (25.08 percent), SPAD index (42.98 percent), and seed protein percent (31.2 percent) and increased proline amount (43.37 percent). In general, the most effect in 6 dS.m-1 salinity was observed. The application of glycine betaine was associated with improved yield and yield components and increased SPAD index (17.28 percent), seed protein percent (6.78 percent), and proline (37.71 percent). Micronutrient foliar application showed the increasing of yield and yield components of red beans, SPAD index (29.7 percent), seed protein percent (20.67 percent), and proline (55.31 percent). In general, the most effect was obtained in the application of zinc with manganese. The results showed that the use of glycine betaine along with zinc and manganese increased proline and SPAD index increased salinity stress tolerance in red beans. It was also observed that the effect of micronutrients was greater than glycine betaine on red beans under salinity stress.

 Satureja hortensis L. is an annual herbaceous plant of the mint family that has numerous raised or creeping stems or arched stems with a height of 10 to 30 cm. The height of this plant reaches a maximum of 60 cm. The stems and branches are usually covered with hairs. The leaves are opposite, have short or almost no petioles. The leaves are opposite, the petioles are short or almost without petioles, there are many small spots on the surface of the leaf called the tuber, which contains the essential oil. Knowledge of environmental, plant and agro-factors play an important role in the success of medicinal plants. One of the factors affecting the growth and development and production of active ingredients of medicinal and aromatic plants is water, the lack of which has a greater effect on reducing production than other inputs. Drought stress is an important global constraint on agricultural production and food security. Recently, there has been a growing interest in reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and exploring alternative methods for producing high-quality crops. This is particularly important in arid and semi-arid regions like most parts of Iran, where soil nutrient levels are often low. The use of biofertilizers can help strengthen plants and promote sustainable crop production. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of salicylic acid foliar application, Mycorrhiza-Azotobacter bio-fertilizers, and drought stress on the morphological and physiological characteristics of summer savory, a medicinal plant.
This experiment was conducted to evaluate some traits of summer savory in response to biological fertilizers, salicylic acid and drought stress in Zamanabad village of Rey city (Tehran province) during 2018 and 2017. This experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications, as a factorial split plot. The main factor was irrigation, with three levels including soil moisture potential (as a control), potential of -5.5 atmospheres as medium stress, and potential of -10 atmospheres as severe stress. Sub-factors included four levels of biological fertilizers: No inoculation, seed inoculation with Azotobacter strain, seed inoculation with Mycorrhiza, and concomitant use of Azotobacter + Mycorrhiza. Salicylic acid was also considered at two levels: no foliar application and foliar application with a concentration of 0.6 mM. The following plant characteristics were studied: plant height, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, total chlorophyll content, proline content, percentage, and essential oil yield. At full flowering stage, the plants were harvested and placed in an oven at 75 ° C for 24 hours to measure the dry weight of roots and shoots. 10 g of leaves and flowering twigs from each replicate were transferred to the laboratory to measure physiological traits. SAS 9.4 software was used to perform a two-year combined analysis of variance for the recorded traits. To ensure the uniformity of variance of errors, the Bartlett uniformity test of variance was performed based on the mean squares and the degree of error freedom in two years. Mean traits were also compared using the least significant difference test (LSD) at the 5% probability level.
The results showed that the effect of drought stress, fertilizer and salicylic acid treatments on the studied traits of plant height and shoot and root dry weight, chlorophyll content, percentage and yield of essential oil and proline content were significant. Salicylic acid and the combined application of Azotobacter + mycorrhiza increased plant height, plant dry weight and root, as well as increased chlorophyll content, proline, percentage and yield of safflower essential oil under drought stress. According to the results of this experiment, it can be argued that the response of plant height, plant dry weight and essential oil yield to the increase in drought stress levels was negative, but the root dry weight, total chlorophyll, proline and essential oil percentage were the opposite response. The highest amount of these traits was observed in severe stress conditions and the combined application of bio-fertilizers (Azotobacter + Mycorrhiza) and salicylic acid 0.6 mM had a positive and increasing effect compared to other levels of bio-fertilizer and salicylic acid in The studied traits of the present study were observed.
According to the results of this experiment, the application of bio-fertilizers and foliar application of salicylic acid causes dehydration and dehydration, as well as the presence of essential oils, nutrients, and the quality of summer safflower under drought stress.

The quantity and quality of forage plants are beneficial and useful due to their role in animal husbandry, reproduction and other livestock products. Due to the limitation of water resources, water-deficit as a significant biotic stress is the most severe threat to world food security and is responsible for many yield losses. Plants constantly modify their physiological processes in response to various biotic and abiotic stress to regulate the balance between plant growth and defense response. Many researchers have documented that plant nutrients are involved in biological processes of plants. It has been stated that the use of silicon by increasing the ability to absorb water can be useful to improve drought tolerance of sorghum, sorghum can with the help of silicon extract more water from dry soil and maintain more stomatal conductance.

order to evaluate the effect of silicon fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative yield of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) under water-deficit stress, a split-plot experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design in at the research farm of Varamin, Iran in 2017-2018. The treatments included irrigation in three levels irrigation in field capacity and irrigation at 60% and 45% of field capacity (which were named as full irrigation, moderate and severe water-deficit stress, respectively) as the main plot and silicon fertilizer (Potassium Silicate) in three levels, non-use (control), silicon foliar spraying (three per thousand), and silicon fertigation (10 L ha-1) as the subplot. Silicon spraying with a ratio of three per thousand and silicon irrigation fertilizer at the rate of 10 liters per hectare were considered in three stages.

The highest (4.51) and lowest (2.88) leaf area index were achieved in silicon fertigation treatment under full irrigation and none fertilizer treatment and severe water-deficit conditions, respectively. Based on the obtained results, the highest total chlorophyll content (1.73 mg g-1 FW), relative water content of leave (88.08%), stomatal conductance (2.46 cm s-1) were achieved in fertigation treatment under full irrigation conditions. The results show that the amount of electrolyte leakage increased due to water-deficit stress, but silicon fertilizer decreased the adverse effect of stress conditions. The lowest level of electrolyte leakage (341.3 µS cm-1) was obtained from the full irrigation and fertigation treatment. The highest crude protein (11.41%) which was higher than full irrigation condition by 1.39% related to severe water-deficit stress. Water-deficit stress caused the increase of cyanuric acid in shoot and increased the content of cyanuric acid by 41.8% compared to full irrigation conditions. Silicon fertilizer led to a decrease in digestible dry matter under water stress conditions, but on the other hand, it led to an increase in the amount of crude protein and also a decrease in the amount of toxic cyanide acid in the shoot production. The results of this study show that the use of silicon fertilizer in all irrigation regimes increased the auxin content compared to the non-use of silicon fertilizer. The highest content of auxin was achieved in the conditions of full irrigation and fertigation treatment (131.4 nmol g-1 of protein) followed by foliar fertilizer treatment (128.2 nmol g-1 of protein). The highest sorghum dry matter production was obtained from the full irrigation treatment with an average of 23.7 ton ha-1, which was 20 and 54% higher than the treatment of moderate and severe water-deficit treatment, respectively.

general, it can be concluded that silicon fertilizer in the form of foliar spraying should be considered by farmers to maintain the natural growth and development of sorghum plant, especially in areas arid and semi-arid. However, its widespread use in other farm crops needs to be investigated.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorins L.) is an annual oil plant from the chicory family (Asteraceae) which, due to its high oil (30-40%) high quality (having more than 90% of unsaturated acids, especially linoleic acid and oleic acid), has played an important role in expanding the cultivated area of oil plants and providing oil seeds. The global cultivated area of safflower in 2019 was about one million and 140 thousand hectares and the average global production of its seeds was about 590 thousand and 869 tons. Water shortage stress, as one of the most important non-living stresses, has a destructive effect on most stages of crop plant growth, such as germination, seedling establishment, the structure of organs and their activity, and makes it difficult to achieve the desired result. Priming is one of the methods that after placing the seeds in their bed and facing the ecological conditions of the environment, physiologically and biochemically, they get ready for germination, and it can be used to reduce the negative effect of dehydration stress in many from plants. There are several different methods for seed priming, including osmopriming, hydropriming, matrix priming, hormonal priming, and biopriming. Plant hormones (growth regulators) are useful agrochemical tools that help plants to consume nutrients more efficiently and demonstrate their genetic and physiological potentials.

In order to investigate the effect of priming and foliar spraying of growth regulators on the morphophysiological changes and the yield of safflower oil seeds of the cultivar Pandeh under drought stress, An experiment was carried out in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University as an autumn crop during the agricultural year of 2017-2018 in the form of one-time divided plots based on the design of randomized complete blocks with three replications. The experimental factors include three levels of irrigation (optimal irrigation (cessation of irrigation until the discharge of 25% of usable water), medium water stress (cessation of irrigation until the discharge of 45% of usable water), severe water stress (cessation of irrigation until the discharge of 65% of usable water)) in the flowering stage until The end of the growth period in the main plots and five levels of seed priming and foliar application of plants (pure water, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, ascorbic acid, humic acid) along with a control treatment (without priming and foliar appication) as sub-plots were considered.

The results showed that with the reduction of irrigation to the level of severe water stress, the yield and seed oil decreased by 41.31 and 43.46%, respectively, and significantly (P<0.01) compared to optimal irrigation. Also, with the reduction of irrigation water to the level of medium water stress, the amount of malondialdehyde increased by 15.92% and was significant compared to the optimal irrigation. With priming and foliar application of growth regulators, height, total chlorophyll, yield, and seed oil increased and malondialdehyde decreased significantly (P<0.01).

Based on the overall results, drought stress had a negative effect on the morphological characteristics and yield and oil percentage of safflower seeds. With priming by pure water, although the physiological traits and yield were improved, it was not significantly different from the control treatment. Foliar application of growth regulators by increasing the amount of total chlorophyll and improving growth had an important role in increasing yield. Due to the lack of water in the flowering and seeding stage of safflower in most regions of Iran, foliar application by growth regulators such as humic acid, salicylic acid and gibberellic acid can play an effective role in improving yield under medium water stress by increasing biochemical traits such as proline.

Drought is one of the most important factors limiting growth and production in crops and therefore use of management methods to reduce the effects of drought is very important. Water deficit stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and survival of plants in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Water is a major component of the fresh produce and significantly effects on weight and quality of plants. Also, water deficit may cause significant changes in the component yield and yield in plants. Iran with an average annual rainfall of 240 mm is included among arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Of the million hectares of cultivated region, only five millions are under irrigation because of intense water limitations. However, Iran is one of the world’s cowpea producers. Cowpea has been cultivated for many years in different parts of Iran. Therefore, high production and development of cowpea is important in coriander. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliar application of glycine betaine (GB) and gibberellic acid (GA) on physiological characteristics, yield and yield components under drought stress conditions in cowpea.

To evaluate the effects of foliar application of glycine betaine (GB) and gibberellic acid (GA) on physiological characteristics, yield and yield components under drought stress conditions, a factorial split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted during the 2018 crop year. Experimental factors included irrigation regimes (50, 70 and 90 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) in main plots and glycine betaine (no foliar application, 50 and 100 mM) and gibberellic acid (no foliar application, 60 and 120 ppm) were in factorial form in sub plots. Data were collected on relative water content, ion leakage, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, hundred seed weight, seed yield and biological yield.

The results of ANOVA indicated that the effects of irrigation regime, glycine betaine and gibberellic acid were significant for relative water content, ion leakage, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, hundred seed weight, seed yield and biological yield. The results of comparison of means showed that by increasing drought stress the traits of relative water content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, hundred seed weight, seed yield and biological yield decreased but the ion leakage significantly increased. Nonetheless, exogenous application of glycine betaine and gibberellic acid increased relative water content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, hundred seed weight, seed yield and biological yield but the ion leakage significantly decreased. It seems that glycine betaine and gibberellic acid improved the growth indices of cowpea by reducing the adverse effects of drought stress. Therefore, exogenous application of glycine betaine and gibberellic acid can be used as a useful method for improving drought tolerance in cowpea.

Generally, the results indicated that glycine betaine and gibberellic acid improved the growth indices of cowpea by reducing the adverse effects of drought stress. Therefore, exogenous application of glycine betaine and gibberellic acid can be used as a useful method for improving drought tolerance in cowpea. Also, the results showed that concentrations of 100 mM glycine betaine and 120 ppm gibberellic acid were more effective than other levels and induces more water stress tolerance in cowpea

Due to increasing population and increasing demand for food, chemical fertilizers as a tool for the desire for maximum production per unit area, have been used indiscriminately, which has caused irreparable damage to the body of the environment. On the other hand, today is the global approach to organic farming. One of the ways to increase plant resistance to environmental stress is to increase the level of substrates of antioxidant enzymes and intracellular antioxidants such as ascorbic acid. This experiment is a split factorial In the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications and in two cropping years 2018-2019 in Ghamsar village located in Shahreri city. In this experiment, drought stress as the main factor in three levels: 40-170-100 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan of class A and biofertilizer including growth-promoting bacteria (azospirillium) and mycorrhiza fungus in four levels including: a) no consumption b ) Seed of growth-promoting bacterium (Azospirillium) c) Consumption of mycorrhizal fungus in the form of seed d) Concomitant use of growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillium with mycorrhizal fungus in the form of seed and ascorbic acid in two levels of foliar application, including a) no ascorbic acid and B) Application of ascorbic acid (two days after irrigation treatment) was considered as a factorial as a sub-factor.

In order to study effect of mycorrhiza fungi application to reduced adverse effects of arsenic on wheat, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in Varamin, Tehran, Iran in a completely randomized design with three replication in 2018. The treatments included four levels of arsenic (0, 40, 80 and 120 mg.kg-1 of soil) and two levels mycorrhiza fungi application (with and with out mycorrhiza fungi application). The results showed that intraction effect of arsenic and mycorrhiza treatment was significant for all experimental traits. The increasing in arsenic levels caused a significant decreased in leaf area index, chlorophyll content, grain weight and total dry weight per plant. Whereas, increased proline content, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activity. Also the results showed that mycorrhiza fungi application reduced adverse effects of arsenic and led to increas in yield components and decreased proline content, antioxidant activity in leaves. The highest leaf area index (6.88), total chlorophyll content (1.89 mg.g-1 FW), thousand grain weight (42.3 g) and total dry weight per plant (31.5 g) were achieved in without arsenic + mycorrhiza application. The highest malondialdehyde (13.77 µmol.g FW-1), prolin (4.06 mg.g-1 FW), superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase enzyme activity (510.2, 182.2 and 14.18 unit activity,) were observed in 120 mg per kg of soil+ none application mycorrhiza. According results of the present study mycorrhiza fungi application reduces the harmful effects of arsenic stress and symbiosis with wheat plant results in higher yield components of wheat and concentration of phosphorous in the shoot of the plant.

Drought is a serious problem for production of crops such as bean which is sensitive to this stress. Therefore use of management methods to reduce the effects of drought is very important. To evaluate the effects of foliar application of glycine betaine (GB) and gibberellic acid (GA) on qualitative and quantitative characteristics under drought stress conditions, a factorial split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted during the 2018 crop year. Experimental factors included irrigation regimes (50, 70 and 90 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) in main plots and glycine betaine (no foliar application, 50 and 100 mM) and gibberellic acid (no foliar application, 60 and 120 ppm) were in factorial form in sub plots. Data were collected on proline, malondialdehyde, catalase, superoxide dismutase, guiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glycine betaine, gebberellic acid, protein content and protein yield. The results of ANOVA indicated that the effects of irrigation regime, glycine betaine and gibberellic acid were significant for all the studied characteristics. The results of comparison of means showed that by increasing drought stress the gebberellic acid value, protein content and protein yield decreased but the proline, malondialdehyde, catalase, superoxide dismutase, guiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glycine betaine significantly increased. The exogenous application of glycine betaine and gebberellic acid at all levels of drought stress decreased malondialdehyde, catalase, superoxide dismutase, guiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and increased the proline, glycine betaine, gebberellic acid, protein content and protein yield. Generally, the results of this study showed that the exogenous application of glycine betaine and gibberellic acid improved the growth of cowpea by reducing the adverse effects of drought stress. Therefore, exogenous application of glycine betaine and gibberellic acid can be used as a useful method for improving drought tolerance in cowpea. Also, the results showed that concentrations of 100 mM glycine betaine and 120 ppm gibberellic acid were more effective than other levels and induces more water stress tolerance in cowpea.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and zinc applications on physiological, growth and menthol properties of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under water stress conditions in 2019 at Varamin as a split plot factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment consisted of three factors, including water stress based on evaporation from Class A evaporation pan (50, 70 and 90 mm evaporation from Class A pan) as main plots and salicylic acid foliar application at two levels of 0 and 1 mM and zinc spraying at 0, 2 and 4 g/L in the sub plots. The highest amount of catalase (1.24 Units/mg proteins) was obtained under the application of 4 g Zn per L with salicylic acid and 50 mm evaporation from evaporation pan at. At all levels of drought stress, salicylic acid and zinc sulfate applications increased the catalase content. The main and interaction effects of all treatments except the interaction effects of salicylic acid on ascorbate peroxidase were significant. The results showed that the highest amount of ascorbate peroxidase (1.63 Units/mg protein) was obtained in the treatment of 4 g Zn/L with salicylic acid and in the 90 ml evaporation treatment the evaporation pan. The lowest value ​​(0.53 Units/mg protein) was obtained in the zero zinc and salicylic acid treatments at 50 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan. Zinc sulfate and salicylic acid consumption can be effective in the enzymes activity enhancement, especially catalase, where the highest catalase activity (1.24 unit / mg protein) was obtained in 4 g zinc per liter with salicylic acid and 50 ml evaporation in the evaporation pan, as well as increasing the amount of menthol, which is highly used in the pharmaceutical industry.

In order to study effect of super absorbent polymer application to mitigate adverse effects of nickel (Ni), a greenhouse experiment was conductedin Varamin, Iran during the growing season of 2016 in wheat. The experiment was installed in a completely randomized design, with treatments arranged in a factorial scheme with three levels of nickel (0, 60 and 120 mg per kg of soil) by three levels super absorbent polymer application (with out super absorbent polymer application (Control), 2 and 4 g per kg of soil), with three replicates. The results showed that nickel treatment significantly for all experimental traits. The nickel contamination caused a significant decreased plant height, total dry weight per plant and root dry weight per plant at by 8.51%, 31.52 and 56.06% respectively to control, Whereas, increased proline content, superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and the accumulation of nickel in leaves. Also the results showed that super absorbent polymer application increased plant height, total dry weight per plant and root dry weight per plant whereas, decreased proline content, superoxide dismutase enzyme activityand the accumulation of nickel in leaves. Generally the results of the present study indicate that super absorbent polymer application reduces the harmful effects of nickel stress and super absorbent polymer application treatment decreased oxidative stress in wheat plant.

In order to study of lead and cadmium effects onseed germination and enzyme activities an experiment was conducted in seed laboratory of department of agronomy in Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran in 2015 on seed corn. The experiment was installed in a completely randomized design, with treatments arranged in a factorial scheme with five levels of lead (0, 10, 40, 700 and 100 μM.Lit-1) by five levels cadmium application (0, 10, 40, 700 and 100 μM.Lit-1), with three replicates. The results showed that lead and cadmium effects treatment significantly for all experimental traits. Also with increased concentrations of heavy metals decreased germination percentage, germination rate , plumule dry weight, radicle dry weight, α-amylase enzyme and phosphatase enzyme activity, by contrast catalase enzyme activity was increased. Also interaction between lead and cadmium effect showed the lowest and greatest germination rate respectively 5.68 and 8.92 (Seed per day), radicle dry weight 0.34 and 0.66 (g), α-amylase enzyme 3.3 and 5.9 (IU. g FW-1) and phosphatase enzyme 0.9 and 4.3 (IU. g FW-1) activity was obtained when seed corn was exposure in 100 μM.Lit-1 to lead and cadmium used together respectively.

In order to investigate the effect of drought stress by application of hormone and nanoparticulate spraying on corn biochemical traits, a split factorial was used in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Agricultural Research Faculty of Islamic Azad University, Varamin. Drought stress in two levels (drought stress and drought stress) and three growth regulators (application of gibberellic acid (200 ppm), application of cytokine (200 ppm) and lack of application of regulator and growth hormone) and three levels of nano Particles (application of silver nanoparticles (0.02%), application of zinc nanoparticles (0.02%) and application of nanoparticles were considered. The results showed that in all drought stress conditions, the traits under study were affected so that the levels of malondialdehyde, proline, superoxide dismutase, catalase increased and leaf protein, alpha-amylase and soluble sugar decreased. The application of gibberellin and cytokinin as well as application of silver and zinc nanoparticles reduced the effects of drought stress. In drought stress conditions, growth regulator application and nanoparticles resulted in increased proline levels. The use of gibberellin hormone with the application of silver and zinc nanoparticles reduced the amount of protein in the leaf. According to the results, the application of growth regulators and nanoparticles can help improve plant performance under drought stress conditions.

In order to study effect of mycorrhiza fungi application to mitigate adverse effects of nickel (Ni), a greenhouse experiment was conducted in Varamin, Iran during 2015 growing season on wheat. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a completely randomized design, with four levels of nickel (0, 60, 120 and 180 mg per kg of soil) and two levels of mycorrhiza fungi application (with and without mycorrhiza fungi application), in three replications. The results showed that the effect of nickel treatment was significant for all measured experimental traits. The increase of nickel contamination caused a significant decrease of plant height, total dry weight per plant, root dry weight per plant and total chlorophyll content whereas, increased catalase enzyme activity and the accumulation of nickel in leaves and roots. Also mycorrhiza fungi application increased plant height, total dry weight per plant, root dry weight per plant, total chlorophyll content and the accumulation of nickel in roots whereas, decreased catalase enzyme activity and the accumulation of nickel in shoots. Generally the results of the present study indicated that mycorrhiza fungi application reduces the harmful effects of nickel stress and decreased oxidative stress damage in wheat plant.

In order to study the effects of water deficit stress and foliar application of ascorbic acid on some agronomic, physiologic and biochemical traits of corn, an experiment was conducted in research field of Agriculture Faculty of Islamic Azad University, Varamin Branch in Iran during 2014 growing season. The experimental design was laid out in a randomized complete block arranged in split plots with three replicates. Irrigation at four levels (normal irrigation according to the region, irrigation withholding at eight leafy stage, irrigation withholding at silking stage and irrigation withholding at eight leaf stage and silking stages) as the main factor and ascorbic acid foliar application at three levels (0, 50 and 100 ppm) as the sub-factor were allocated to main and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that irrigation withholding at different growth stages significantly decreased seed yield and biological yield, harvest index, oil and protein percentage, oil and protein yield, total chlorophyll content, increased proline content and superoxide dismutase activity in the leaves. Foliar application of ascorbic acid could prevent quantitative and qualitative yield loss and chlorophyll degradation. In addition, ascorbic acid foliar application decreased proline accumulation and superoxide dismutase activity in the leaves. In general, considering the qualitative and quantitative improvement in studied traits, it can be concluded that ascorbic acid application can scavenge reactive oxygen species and reduce antioxidant enzyme activity and proline accumulation, which in turn, leads to increased seed yield and quality with improving growth conditions.

This experiment was conducted to effect of putrescine foliar application on morphologic characteristics of wheat (Tiriticum aestivum var sw-82-9) under water deficit stress as split pilot arrangement and randomized complete block design with three replication (12 plots) at Islamic Azad University farm. The main split including four irrigation levels: normal irrigation, withholding irrigation in stem elongation, withholding irrigation in flowering and withholding irrigation in grain filling and the secondary plot including foliar application with purred water, Putrescine foliar applications with 75 and 150 ppm. Minimum plant and ear length were in withholding irrigation in stem elongation with 70.29 and 8.86 cm,
respectively while the mentioned characteristics in Putrescine foliar applications with 150 ppm were 84.04 and 11.06, respectively. Maximum plant and ear length in normal irrigation with putrescine foliar applications 150 ppm were 84.4 and 10.63 cm, respectively. Minimum grain yield and harvest index were at withholding irrigation in flowering with 5045.7 and 38.16 % and Maximum grain yield and harvest index were at normal irrigation with putrescine foliar applications stage with 150 ppm, 6428.3 and 42.8 %, respectively. Putrescine foliar application in all groups ameliorated grain yield, wheat length, thousand of grain weight, biological yield and number of ear per mm2 and seen positive correlation. Putrescine foliar application increased plant length (81.27 cm) ear length (11.06 cm) grain yield (6528.3 Kg.ha) and harvest index (43.24 %) with respect to control group. It seems putrescine foliar application modified morphologic traits.