فهرست مطالب حمیدرضا شیرزاد

Potential establishment of the Zangezur corridor is among the most radical geopolitical changes in the Caucus region that imposes various effects on the regional countries. Among them, Iran, due to sever international sanctions, enjoys the least opportunity to reap the possible transit benefits of the corridor but finds his security adversely affected. Considering the gap on a comprehensive study in the literature and methodological and epistemic deficiencies of the previous studies, the current research is an attempt to employ regional security complex theory, use a mixed-methods approach in research (exploratory analysis, structural analysis and scenario writing), use expert panel and reliable software (SPSS, MicMac and Scenario wizard) for validating the finding to investigate these consequences. It was revealed that 18 variables with accepted factor loading under four components of Economic, Transit, Hegemonic/Geopolitics and Military affect Iran’s security due to the corridor. Also, structural interpretation showed that these system of effects involve critical, risk, target and output variables that have exclusive nature and behavior. Also, the scenario development revealed that “strengthening convergence with Armenia”, “financing common transit routes with Armenia”, “and preserving status quo in the border” and “removing sanctions and reviving trade competition” are the key critical variables in the most consistent scenario.

The shift in US strategy - from a counterbalanced strategy to a region now called the Indo-Pacific - is significant in a variety of ways. Therefore, this study aims to examine the future of the US strategy in Indo-Pacific and seeks to answer the question that according to the US strategy in the Asia-Pacific, how will the balance of power in the vast and strategic region change in the next decade? The region's unique features add to the Indo-Pacific strategic importance, and so the United States has sought to maintain its dominance in the region by shifting its strategy from Atlantic to Pacific. Regarding the rebalancing strategy, there seems to be ambiguities in its priorities and its components, which were tried to be reduced by presenting documents, findings, descriptions and explanations. Descriptive-analytical method was implemented to do the research and as per its findings, from one perspective, the change in China's behavior has caused the US strategic pivot to the region, and from the other perspective, the US strategic turn to the region has changed China's behavior as an active and effective regional power over the past two decades. In a nutshell, the turbulance in the regional balance of power, especially with the implementation of the massive Silk Road economic belt project (BRI) and the use of Anti-Access/Area Denial (A2/AD) strategy to deepen control on the vast Indo-Pacific, challenging US supremacy and causing problems in balance of power in favor of Beijing.

Turkey’s energy consumption has been increasing during recent years due to the country’s economic growth. This issue, accompanied by inadequate fossil fuel (oil and gas) resources, is one of the most effective elements in turkey’s foreign relations with the most important energy providing countries which provide energy for turkey. In addition to studying Turkey’s energy strategy regarding Azerbaijan and Iraq, this research tries to assess the success or failure of this strategy. The main question of this paper states: turkey’s energy strategy towards Azerbaijan and Iraq has been shaped based on which elements and how is it evaluated? The hypothesis of the research is that turkey’s energy strategy is based on diversifying energy (oil and gas) providing countries and reducing reliance on limited number of countries in providing energy and on the basis of this approach, turkey has been paying more attention to Caspian Sea and Middle East regions, especially the Republic of Azerbaijan and Iraq. The findings of this research, which has been conducted on the basis of descriptive-analytical method, indicates the expansion of Turkey’s relations with Azerbaijan and Iraq based on the volume of oil and gas exchanges and diversity of energy lines with the centrality of Turkey; this shows that turkey’s energy strategy has been successful.

Iran’s uneven experience in its economic development process during the last decades, which seemingly culminated in the JCPOA process and continuous efforts made at the removal of sanctions, has made Iran revise its choice of partners in the international scene in order to attain economic development. In the meantime, world developments and the shift in power paradigm based on economy or in other words, the new international order relying on economic variables provide observes with a new outlook. In the existing order, economic rivalries based on technology, communications and information provide the basis for the formation of power structure in the international system. The major players of the international system, which give rise to such rivalries and form international interactions and transactions, include rising economic powers. To investigate this issue, this article proposed the following question: What are the place and role of the rising economies comparatively in the process of Iran’s economic development? To answer it, a hypothesis is put forward which suggests that considering Iran’s development conditions and structure, rising economies possess a salient place in development relations with Iran because of their flexibility in relations, and cheap, low cost, low risk, non-political and efficient characteristics.

Iran and China as two important and influential countries in the international system, have common interests and goals to expand cooperation in various fields. China's various capabilities, especially in the political and economic fields, have made this country an important activist in the field of international politics.The signing of the 25-year comprehensive cooperation document between Iran and China in April 2021 has been met with a lot of positive and negative opinions. Considering the recent regional developments, the China-US dispute, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the acceptance of Iran's official membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the effects and consequences of the spread of the Corona virus and the changes in global value chains and the direction of investments, the power structure in the system. The international community will most likely change in the next few years, and in this regard, adopting a suitable strategy in relations with China is one of the most important goals and priorities of Iran's foreign policy.In fact, in the era of complex interdependence, China has a high capacity and ability to strengthen the current development process in Iran, and therefore, in the upcoming article, we are seeking to find out the fields and requirements of achieving the goals of the comprehensive document of 25 years of cooperation between Iran and China from a political and economic point of view, executive and development-oriented within the framework of the theory of complex interdependence to investigate and feasibility.

True understanuing of U.S. Pivot to Asia-Pacific as the most powerful world country with its vast geopolitical coverage in the region is of high importance. To study the consequence of the confluence of U.S. Rebalance and the fragile balance of power in Asia-Pacific, the article is trying to answer this question: How the balance of power in the region could change within the next decade? Unique charachtristics of the region, increasing its importance, made U.S. change its strategy from Atlantic to Pacific, aiming to maintain its dominance over Asia-Pacific. There are some ambiguities on the pivot, its inception, priorities and components, and this article offering documents, findings, descriptions and explanations tries to reduce the ambiguities. As per findings, the pivot has caused a change in China’s behaviour as a regional power within the last two decades and therefore the current turbulence in the regional balance of power strenghthened by One Belt- One Road initiative (OBOR) and Anti-Access/Area Denial (A2/AD) strategy to deepen control in indopacific, challenging U.S. supremacy and disarranging regional balance of power in favor of Beijing is being analyzed. This research involves descriptive – analytical research methodology within the framework of a library research process.

The continent of Europe was the starting point of two World Wars. But after World War II, the two main former enemies, France and Germany decided to move away from the state of hostility and move toward cooperation. Although joint cooperation in the field of coal and steel began and gradually expanded to other areas, what was important were the areas and elements that encouraged cooperation and convergence and strengthened it over time. Cultural and value commonalities, the cost of war and hostility, the fear of a common threat, Soviet-centered communism, mutual needs for joint cooperation, the importance of the economic component, and etc. were among the factors that encouraged cooperation. The impetus for cooperation and expansion of cooperation and convergence to other Western European countries led to the continuous strengthening of unity and convergence. In fact, the success of cooperation in a sector caused that sector to become a unifying element and strengthen cooperation. Achieving monetary unity and having a single currency was one of those unifying elements. In fact, the economy played an important role in the emerging political community in Europe, and monetary unity was one of the dreams of European politicians before the formation of the European Union, an ideal that was recognized at the beginning of the 21st century in the European Union. The recognition of the euro as a common currency was realized.Achieving a single currency played an important role in strengthening the European Union and the common sense of unity. Although countries such as Britain and Denmark tried from the beginning to avoid accepting the single currency, there was no escaping this fact. With the Brexit, Britain has officially separated from the euro and the common currency. Given the importance of the British economy in Europe on the one hand, and the importance of the Euro alongside the dollar, as one of the most important world currencies on the other hand, it is important to consider how the British withdrawal will affect European monetary unity. Where the future of the Euro will go with the UK withdrawing from the EU monetary union; an important issue that this article seeks to answer. This study, by extracting scenarios from the future of European monetary union, finds it more likely that the British withdrawal will lead to greater cohesion of the European Union and, consequently, to strengthen monetary unity.

The research is qualitative and its approach is descriptive-analytic. Also, due to the nature of this research, the future research method and in particular making scenario is used. By considering independent and dependent variables, related topics are extracted and while coding, we record them in research sheets. In this regard, by referring to written sources and works of recent years, as well as interviews with elites, the method of information analysis is used.

In this section, in the first step, the geopolitical foundations of the European Union are examined. In fact, this section examines the starting point of convergence and the importance of monetary unity. The second step examines the 2008 financial crisis, which sparked pessimism about monetary unity and highlighted the challenges as well as the weaknesses of the union's financial institutions. It also provided space for the formation of opposing currents of convergence. Then, in the third step, the impact of Britain's withdrawal from the EU on monetary unity will be discussed.

The UK's withdrawal from the EU which has always been opposed to monetary union has made it possible for the EU to move towards more cohesion and convergence with the focus on other top economies such as France, Germany and Switzerland. This paper considers this scenario to be the most probable scenario. Britain's special position in the European Union as a non-aligned member has led to more order and cohesion for the EU to leave. This cohesion seems more likely due to Germany's common desire as a European economic power on the one hand and France's desire as a political and military power on the Green Continent on the other hand. According to this scenario, the demographic potential of the euro area, which is 330 million, is itself a factor influencing the convergence and continuity of European monetary unity. Even with The UK's withdrawal from the EU, countries like Germany, Switzerland and France which have strong economies can have better markets in trade.

The construction industry is one of the most important industrial sectors due to its significant effect on the employment, family welfare and Gross national product (GNP), where more than 100 industries are directly and indirectly involved. The dimensions considered in this industry indicate the the advers effects of government interventions on housing finance or the inability of the government to cope with the problem. Also, most of the available financing instruments are focused on manufacturer financing. This is despite the fact that in recent years, due to the significant growth of housing prices, real purchasing power has fallen sharply. The introduced sukuk has not yet been able to completely meet the financing needs of the industry due to mismatching of project cash flow. Salam security as one of the new financing instruments has been very popular. To date, numerous studies have been conducted on the salam security considering the islamic law and country’s law, but there is a research gap regarding the use of this financial instrument, especially in developing a model that complies with the Construction industry regulations. The research question was focused on using salam securities for buying house (especially buyers in salam).Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop the new financing instrument for buying house through issuing the Salam securities based on a descriptive-analytical approach especificly to deliver housing unit at the maturity. It can be used as an appropriate financial instrument in the country’s capital market to finance the housing sector. Salam security introduced in this study was focused on financing the buyer as new Islamic Financial instrument in the housing sector. The results of the study and their comparison with the rules and regulations, especially those approved by the jurisprudential committee, indicated the possibility of implementing the proposed model

The Russian Federation has been increasingly affected by growing regional and international developments since Putin's second term. Putin sought to regain power by adopting the policy of pragmatism and the strategy of the normative great modern power; However, the path to regaining power since 2014 has been accompanied by regional obstacles, which have manifested themselves in two general categories: the crisis in Ukraine and the Crimean peninsula, and the leverage of Russian gas exports to Europe. In this study, we sought to understand the regional obstacles to regaining power in the Russian Federation during Putin's second term from 2014 to 2019, from the perspective of defensive realism theory. The research method was descriptive and library studies. The study found that Russia was facing obstacles in regaining its power, such as the Ukraine crisis, NATO's expansion to the east, the deployment of a missile defense shield, leverage to export gas to Europe, and the issue of EU energy security.

With the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran and the change in the Islamic Republic of Iran's position on how to communicate with the international system, especially the West, as well as Iran's withdrawal from the alliance with the West, the United States was outraged by Iran's withdrawal from its sphere of influence As a result, he put a series of activities on the agenda to put pressure on Iran. Meanwhile, the issue of sanctions in various fields is one of the most important tools of the United States against Iran, most of which include the Iranian aerospace industry. In this regard, this article has tried to express and examine the effects and consequences of sanctions in the aviation industry of the Islamic Republic of Iran, on the main actors in the political and legislative structure of the United States of America, namely Congress, Treasury Department and US Treasury Department. Pay attention. This article provides a more realistic picture of how the US government is making decisions and imposing sanctions on Iran Until policymakers are more precise about the reality of the origins of aviation sanctions, they will be able to apply the best guidelines in addition to addressing the destructive effects of sanctions.

The phenomenon of Islamophobia has intensified in the West since the 1990s due to its historical context. This phenomenon, by presenting a directional and negative image of Islam and Muslims, has been able to be effective among its audience. On the other hand, Salafi-Takfiri currents, with their own reading of religion, as a group of Muslims, have attempted to portray Islam and other Islamic groups and have carried out acts such as suicide operations in order to deny others and achieve their goals. Now, the question arises that what effect does the operation of Takfiri terrorism have on the phenomenon of Islamophobia?

The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and explanatory and the data collection tool is library and statistical.

Considering that the phenomenon of Islamophobia, having both negative and positive aspects, has been able to influence the formation of negative views towards Muslims and Islam in the West; the hypothesis of this research is that the suicide operations of Salafi-Takfiri currents have a positive effect on the phenomenon of Islamophobia. Accordingly, the suicide operations of Salafi-Takfiri currents, considering the three geographical factors of occurrence, form and method of attacks and the media, have had a positive effect on the phenomenon of Islamophobia, among which the media plays a more prominent role due to its functional nature.