حمیدرضا فرشچی

Since women have always had a special and respectable place in before and after Islam Iranian culture, such an attitude can be examined in the works of civilization, especially architecture. The problem of the present study is to investigate how the psychological components of women are related to architectural design variables and the main purpose of this study is to investigate the manifestation of feminine features in Iranian architectural works. In this research, the documentary and library methods have been used to identify the components and the field observation method has been used to match the gender components with the architectural example. A case study of this research is the " Malek Al Tojjar’s House " in Isfahan, this building is one of the examples of Qajar house with quality and variety of space that can properly reflect the Iranian life. The findings confirm that the Iranian home is designed based on gender characteristics, so that women can enjoy comfort and convenience in life, maintaining value, maintaining rights, maintaining self-esteem and maintaining morale and emotions. The mentioned components are in accordance with the function, form, connection with the natural bed, choice of materials and decorations, and finally it can be seen that many of the spaces of Iranian houses correspond to the feminine characteristics.

Iranians have faced the problem of water shortage since ancient times, and this has caused great ideas in various fields of water extraction, storage, and transfer, such as reservoirs and Qanats. On the other hand, the high consumption of water for various purposes of drinking, agriculture, and industry has reduced the running and underground water resources. With the help of technology and science, new methods have been created to absorb water from air humidity. In one of these methods, obstacles are placed in the path of air movement, and when the air hits them, water molecules suspended in the air are absorbed and transferred to a specific tank. In this research, we investigated the process of absorbing water from air humidity, aiming to achieve the composition of the water extraction device with the help of architectural elements such as solar chimneys, towers, volume, and aspect of the building. Descriptive-analytical research methods and library studies (examination of similar samples in different regions of the world), related software (drawing, analysis), field surveys have been used, and villages that have the necessary capacity in terms of climate have been identified. The results show that The villages of Tehran's Firouzkoh region, including Amin Abad village, are suitable areas for extracting water from air humidity; because these areas are located on the southern slope of the Alborz mountain range and have characteristics such as humidity above 50%, the required direction and prevailing wind, sunlight, slope and suitable features of the land. These factors cause the production of fog in the valleys and create the ability to harvest water from the fog. The method of extracting water from the fog by three-dimensional water-absorbing fabric is proposed. By selecting and placing the device, architectural design in harmony with the specific features of the region, and the use of absorbent curtains with a high percentage of water absorption, the desired result can be achieved. The proposed method can provide water for the daily use of 8 selected residential units in this village without depending on water sources and energy generators.

The use of pavilions and geometric principles in the design and construction of buildings in Iran is one of its architectural principles, so that in most buildings from the past to the present it is well considered and buildings that lack it are considered worthless. The house is one of the most important man-made structures that meets various human needs. In the architecture of the center of the Iranian plateau, the house is composed of various components, the most important of which is the central courtyard as a small garden in the heart of the house. The central courtyard, while connecting all the spaces, meets a variety of needs as well. The city of Kashan is several thousand years old and has a rich historical context with valuable houses. According to research, it is likely that these houses have been formed with their beautiful and coherent architecture with special geometric thinking and systems, and geometric principles have been used to build them. Now the main issue of this research is what geometric proportions and architectural systems have been used in the design and implementation of the central courtyard and its walls. The purpose of this study is to extract the architectural systems and geometric proportions used in the design of the central courtyard of the Qajar period houses in Kashan and to investigate the frequency of each of them. This research is based on the method of analysis of architectural systems and geometric proportions of the courtyard and its walls in ten houses of the Qajar period in Kashan in order to extract the architectural systems and its geometric proportions. The statistical population has been selected based on the index of the building and the existence of sufficient data related to the research objectives. Also, in selecting the houses, an attempt was made to consider different scales of houses, from large-scale to small-scale in different parts of the historical area of the city. In terms of time, the studied samples are limited to the Qajar period. First, by examining the architectural systems and geometric proportions, three architectural systems, four, five, six and three geometric proportions √2, √3 and √4, were selected as the index geometric principles. Then, according to these principles, the map of the central courtyard of ten historical houses in Kashan was analyzed. The results of this study indicate that the entire yard is built with the previous design and follows the above architectural systems and geometric proportions. These systems and proportions can be seen in part and in general in the plans and wall constructions around the yard. Of course, this does not mean that all houses have all these six architectural systems and geometric proportions, but in some houses, some of these proportions and architectural systems have not been used. Architectural systems four and six with a frequency of 15 and proportion √3 with a frequency of 9 have been the most used and the courtyard of the Abbasid house with 14 architectural systems and geometric proportions is the richest house in terms of applying geometric principles.

The Chāhārfasl (Four Seasons) Bathhouse is considered as one of the most beautiful historic places with glorious tiles from the Qajar dynasty, Iran. This bathhouse is unique for its diverse artistic patterns, particularly in its apodyterium. The tile patterns and motifs of this bathhouse are a testimony to the past rich culture and art of the Islamic world, which in the absence of written documents would play a considerable role in depicting Qajar artistic taste. On the other hand, such traditional patterns reflect the beliefs and culture of the people. Therefore, an analysis of subjects and concepts of the mentioned patterns of these tiles can help us extend our understanding of Iranian architecture and art in the recent centuries. The shortage of academic studies on the architecture and art of Arak is a matter emphasizing the importance of carrying out a detailed investigation into its historic sites and places, most specifically the Chāhārfasl Bathhouse. It should also be noted that no specific study has ever been undertaken on the themes of this bathhouse’s ornaments. Considering this issue and the need to know more on art and culture connections, we proceeded to study the themes and subjects of the tiles in the bathhouse’s apodyterium. This study is based on analytical-descriptive methodology conducted by the means of field and desk research. The motifs studied here could be categorized as: sun, spiral icons, human soldiers, lion and dragon, lion and cow, birds, owl, flower and vase, landscapes and arabesque and khata’i. Results of the study indicate that these icons, patterns and designs are not just decorative, but they derive inspirations from epic, historic, religious, political and western figures.

Panje Shah is one of the oldest neighborhoods of Kashan and has special authenticity. Any action in it must be in line with maintaining its authenticity. The revival of the historical fabric of Kashan has so far been concentrated in a specific area and other areas have been abandoned. This approach has isolated other valuable areas and taken them away from their original form. In the past, the center of Panje Shah Neighborhood was a complex including the tomb of Harun Ibn Musa (AS), Aqashah bath, several passages and chambers, Sharbafi workshops, Spinning, Oil mill, Caravanserai, and Ab-Anbar. This complex, as an important center, has played a significant role for the residents of the neighborhood. Urban development in recent years and the expansion of the Baba Afzal Street have destroyed this complex, its isolation, lack of proper understanding of it, and losing its original form. Today, only the tomb, the Ab-Anbar, and a number of its chambers remain separately from this complex. Such changes have caused the disruption of the cohesive structure of the neighborhood, the gradual destruction of buildings, losing its social value, and diminishing of its originality and local identity. The remaining monuments serve as historical evidence for the future generation and residents of this historic neighborhood to remind them of the authenticity and identity of this area. Now, these historical monuments are also in a state of disarray, and it is feared that after a while, no trace of the passage chambers will remain.

The purpose of this paper is to study and identify the existing challenges of this context, strengths, and opportunities, weaknesses, and threats facing it.

The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and historical; first, based on library studies, international documents and laws on intervention in historical contexts and field research have been used to describe and interpret the current context and its challenges. Then, by measuring the problem strategies based on the SWOT technique, multiple protective, managerial, offensive, and competitive strategies for intervening in the context are presented. Using a strategic plan, a plan is developed as a framework for revitalization and intermediate design in the context.

Findings show that this context requires three general qualitative and organizing strategies, preservation, revitalization, and solutions that suggest a physical and functional program.

Among significant sources of past Iranian Islamic architecture theories is the scholarship dating to that cultural era, since a large part of cultural, scientific, practical, ideological, and religious matters are represented in textual compositions of that era. Although ancient Islamic texts do not include a specific book on the theoretical foundations of architecture, there is some old literature from which we can extract basic information and supporting ideas about architecture. This kind of literature has hardly been studied by architectural researchers, while it can provide a clearer and deeper understanding of the past architecture of Iran. The findings show that contrary to common belief, the traditional Islamic architecture system was not limited only to the construction chapter, but that scientific and gnostic knowledge as well, such as geometry and ethics made up a significant share of the training of architects. In this paper, some of the fundamental features of architectural theory in the Islamic world are investigated with inferential analysis, based on Farabi’s extant writings with emphasis on Ehsa al-‘Olum, which is a primary source among other foundational and scholarly works of the early Islamic culture. The results of this research demonstrate that in addition to the consideration of order, logic, mathematics, and geometry, observation of ethics and civil rights were of utmost importance in Islamic craftsmanship, and acquiring human perfection (eternal life) was the ultimate purpose for Muslims in Farabi’s views.

Currently, dietary supplements are used with trust to promote human health. Micronutrient deficiency as a result of insufficient nutrition is a common problem threatening general health. As a common rule, improvement of nutrition quality has a principal role in preventing the side effects of the lack of micronutrients. Nevertheless, consumption of dietary supplements including vitamins and essential minerals could have beneficial effects in specific age groups of people. For example: prescription of folic acid in women during reproductive ages and pregnancy prevents neural tube defects. Vitamin D in infants and children, and calcium plus vitamin D supplementations in older people have principal role in bone health adequacy. Due to the prevalence of non-communicable diseases, especially various types of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, which may cause death and morbidity, a theory has been raised that supplements containing multivitamin and minerals can prevent these major health issues. However, there is a big debate regarding the beneficial effects of dietary supplements in preventing non-communicable diseases in people consuming high quality diet. This review has attempted to summarise the scientific evidence regarding the beneficial effects of multivitamin minerals supplementation, which may provide evidence based recommendation for general population.

Architecture of any country and territory is the sign of its identity. Our country, Iran, with bright and widespread background of Islamic world, has a strong historic, Iranian and Islamic background and a prerequisite of maintaining this identity is transferring it, generation by generation. This knowledge has been transferred by teacher-student system in the past, but nowadays such a practical training is missed in architecture schools. Reviving this tradition, we can vitalize prior Iranian Islamic identity of ourselves with help of training in modern architecture schools. This paper, seeks to find solutions for teaching Iranian Islamic architecture at universities, in order to instruct some architects who develop functional structures with Iranian Islamic architecture identity, by using past experiences and adjusting them with today’s needs and sciences .Since no edited work inherit to this paper was found in this area, and most of current researches have not investigated theoretical principles of traditional architecture professionally while they were shaped based on Islamic architecture works, we are going to find out what the theoretical principles of traditional architecture training methods and reflections have been. In this way, we investigate theoretical principles from scientific and cognitive views, emphasizing on grade one Persian texts1, in the period of first to twelfths Hijri centuries, using trusted evidences followed by inferential methods. The research literature consists of two categories, first category is a research that collects, announces, modifies, and makes reviews on ancient manuscripts related to the architecture which is fall within the scope of this article. (For example: Helabi, 1984; Daneshpazhoh, 1996; KhanMohammadi, 1992; Farabi, 1969; Necipoglu, 2010). The second category includes researches that explore and analyze these resources to find different instructions and guidelines (for example: Mohaghegh, 1991). The present study belongs to the second category. This research consists of three main questions: 1. what are the theoretical principles of traditional architects? 2. How theoretical principles have influenced on the design and construction of architects? 3. What is the aspects of architecture training? For achieving this goal, we will extract related subjects to architecture and pay attention to subjects which can be used in training future architects by investigating ancient manuscripts (-Fotovvatname- books about rectitude, scientific cognitive pamphlet.) In this course, Ihsa-al-olum [classifying sciences], Mojmal-al- hikmat [a brief of histories], elite of Ekhvan-al-safa [brothers of honesty], Resale-ye-Me’mariyeh [pamphlet of architecture], Fotovvatname-ye- Bannayan [a book about rectitude of architects], have been investigated. Based on this research, theoretical principles of Iranian Islamic identity can be categorized into four parts. First, items related to God, second, items related to human, third, items related to architecture science and at least, fourth, items related to architecture teaching. The results of this studies were ranked in these four categories. At the end, we found that, Assimilate Moral education is a requirement for our future architectural identity. It needs integration of executive, research and educational centers. Review of main university courses in architecture and related fields is a strategy to achieve this goal. for this purpose, following executive solutions are recommended:A) Learning geometry based on wisdom of Iranian Islamic geometry in applied geometry courses and architectural design. It should be noted that geometry is not the only form and line but rather a deep connection with the meaning, rules and order of creation.
B) Paying attention to the system of education in traditional architects, including moral texts like “Fotovvatname” [a book about rectitude of architects], as a pattern of architectural ethics in both theoretical and practical functions, to shape the ethics worthy of architects
C) Using practices and solutions, related to valuable Iranian Islamic buildings in the process of designing courses to have institutionalized monotheistic and purposeful thinking in architecture design.
D) Since specialized disciplines separate different sciences, adding courses that explain the relationship of sciences, like: Logic, literature, theology and ethics is necessary.
For future research, Persian ancient manuscripts are rich resources for difference subjects and can be used to access to basic information for various sciences while they require further research in different specializations to reveal their true values.

Rasmi-bandi is one of the distinctive and original patterns in traditional architecture which provide the ceiling coverage. This domestic artwork represents the mastery of Iranian architects in geometry. Unlike the other architectural geometric ornaments such as Yazdi-Bandi, Muqarnas, kaseh-sazi, Rasmi-bandi seeks an excellent order in the setting. Although appropriate setting is achieved for Rasmi-bandi during implementation by preparing the impost experimentally, but there are some vague points in dimensional symmetry and the provided solutions are not efficient. This paper dealing specifically with the setting of Rasmi-bandi derived from peripheral circles, firstly investigates the history of interaction between mathematicians and architects and the role of geometry in architecture and then by presenting the definition and the status of Rasmi-bandi and the viewpoint of experts, deals with the formation of assorted types of Rasmi-bandi in peripheral circle and its analysis. Providing the frequency table of each type of Rasmi-bandi, providing dimensional asymmetry of Rasmi-bandi settings, and determining the geometric system and the numerical relation among them are some of the findings of this article.

Reinforced concrete buildings are considered as one of the most important types of structures. According to the implementation nature of these buildings, mainly as in place construction, usually their connections are performed as fixed connections. Because of restraint form of girder-column connection in the reinforced concrete buildings, their participation in the lateral load bearing will be in the form of moment frame system. Nowadays stair -column connection in the middle of story is considered as one of the design and implementation problems. Since using of multiple arm stairs is the best method in terms of performance, cost and safety to make an appropriate connection between stories, different methods will be used to transfer landing plate (stations) load to structural members in order to increase stability and safety of the stairs. Two general methods of landing plate load transfer include: A) transfer of stations load to lower or upper balanced beam of the floor B) transfer of stations load to columns around the stair. In our country more attention is paid to the second method (B) due to the ease of implementation and financial and time savings. Fixed and unchangeable behavior of landing plate- column connections in the middle of story is one of the most important properties of a good connection. This target can be achieved largely through designing and implementing of joint connections of landing plates to columns. It is a long time that this connection is designed in our country as joint connection but there are no appropriate details of implementation for the given assumptions. Always in the typical methods there is a considerable moment imposed on the column because of restraint nature of in place reinforced concrete practice. It is clear that this unusual beam – column connection in the middle of story is considered practically an obvious weakness for these columns and the whole structure in terms of loading and final variable behaviors of several columns connected to half-height slab of the stairs. Purpose of the present study is to introduce a new joint connection that is consistent with national building regulations, part 9 and also can be easily performed and designed. Suggested connection with a shear – friction function can be applied in the connection of slab stairs in the middle of the story to columns. It can also be considered as a suitable method for consistent relationship of design and implementation. Force transmission in this connection is just in a shear form (because moment arm is not formed) and mainly takes place by reinforcement bars. Although concrete connection friction can transmit substantial shear force; it is recommended to ignore this capacity. However, friction connection capacity is predictable and applicable in the theoretical relationships. Implementation of this connection is very simple and can be created just by preparation of several bars as antennae (dowel) with appropriate and minimum aanchorage length. Implementation of suggested connection leads to removal of the beam in the middle of the story staircase. Finally, it causes high amount of savings in the use of concrete, bars and shuttering and increases the accuracy and speed of implementation. According to loading of each staircase, amount of required reinforcement will be calculated based on shear force as well as tensile force.

SCBF (Special Concentrically Braced Frame) is a common structural system for steel construction in Iran. This system could be used where increasing of strength and stiffness is the main concern for a structural system over the ductility. In SCBF, it is assumed that most of stiffness and strength are provided by the brace element. The contribution of gusset plates in total stiffness and strength values is even overlooked in the structural analysis and design. Ignoring these effects is conservative for controlling of seismic responses and is on the safe side. But, in practice, this hypothesis is not valid since this extra portion of stiffness and strength values is not included in the design of gusset plates and the connections. The importance of this phenomenon will be more noticeable when the brace element material behavior significantly enters the nonlinear phase. Based on previous descriptions, experimental and analytical study of this kind of structural system under seismic loading seems necessary in order to evaluate the contribution of stiffness and strength of each mentioned element i.e. gusset plates and double- seat angle connections. Three test specimens were built in half scale and designed regarding the AISC seismic provisions (2005); the first test specimen consisted of one-by-one story frame with simple connection, i.e. double seat angle connections, known as simple frames. The second specimen was simple frame with gusset plate connections without brace elements. The third specimen was braced frame; the specimens were tested cyclically and companion Finite Element (FE) analysis was then conducted. Verification of FE models in ANSYS finite element program using “Solid 45” element with proper mesh dimensions, obtained by sensitivity analysis, showed good agreement between the analytical and experimental responses. The experimental results showed that the stiffness value of simple frame and simple frame with gusset plates reached 60% to 65% and 86% to 98% of stiffness values of the braced frame, respectively. Also energy absorption values of simple frame and simple frame with gusset plate reached 4 % and 10% of the energy absorption value of braced frame, respectively. Moreover, ultimate strength value for simple frame and simple frame with gusset plate reached 11% and 25% of the ultimate strength values of braced frame. As a result, it could be mentioned that gusset plates and double seat angle connections have significant contribution in the total stiffness values of a braced frame whereas their contributions in strength value of a braced frame are insignificant. The results of FE analysis also confirmed the above-mentioned results with a definite low tolerance.