حمیدرضا مقصودی

Numerous studies have been conducted to explore the relationship between unemployment, inflation expectations, exchange rates, and inflation. However, the connection among these factors remains ambiguous, especially in the context of Iran's economy, where the macroeconomic structure and geopolitical situation significantly heighten its importance. In this research, the dynamics of the New Keynesian Phillips Curve, considering the exchange rate, are analyzed over the period from Q1 2000 to Q4 2022 on a seasonal frequency using a Multivariate Continuous Wavelet Transform (MCWT) model across different frequencies (short-term, medium-term, and long-term). According to the findings of this study, the structure of the Phillips Curve does not align with the realities of Iran's economy. Even during periods of economic recession and expansion, a significant relationship between inflation and unemployment is sometimes absent, even in the short term. However, inflation is primarily influenced by inflation expectations and, to a lesser extent, by the exchange rate in the medium and long term. This indicates that if expectations and exchange rates are not managed, they could lead to persistent long-term inflation. Furthermore, due to price stickiness, even with successful management of exchange rates and expectations, a significant reduction in prices may remain elusive.

Petrochemical is the best relative advantage of Iran's economy and has an undeniable role in the development, authority, income generation and realization of resistance economy. Petrochemical has the capacity of the highest innovations, the invention of countless new materials, the completion of the value chain, the creation of maximum added value and the acquisition of economic hegemony, but many challenges have caused it to sell crude and cause the lack of use of capacities, the lack of up-to-date technology, the lack of the value chain, and the reduction of income, and staying out of competition. Identifying challenges and providing effective solutions leads to more use of knowledge-based technology, higher productivity and higher quality products. In response to the question of the main challenges of the petrochemical industry, this article has identified and ranked 35 important challenges using quantitative descriptive research, interviews with elites, questionnaires, fuzzy Delphi method and SWARA method. The conclusion of the article is the possibility of the Petrochemical industry approaching the standard level by solving its challenges.

The growth and elevation of any civilization requires careful, comprehensive and forward-looking attention to the various dimensions and components of that civilization. In the meantime, the seminary, as one of the mega-organizations that has a critical place in the formation of Islamic civilization, is facing various strategic issues that must be managed in a way that enhances its leadership power. One of the most important and effective issues that has faced many challenges in recent years is the financing system. Therefore, it seems necessary to deal with the financing of seminaries in this era. In the meantime, one of the important topics that needs research and investigation is to deal with the principles and foundations of financing seminaries. Although extracting the principles and foundations of financing the seminary requires detailed jurisprudential, theological and philosophical researches, but in order to plan the correct financing system in the seminary, a short-cut solution can be used, which is the examination of the basics and principles based on the opinion of the imams of the revolution and the upper documents of the seminary. . Therefore, in the present research, using the method of thematic analysis, the statements of the Imam, the Supreme Leader, as well as the higher documents of the seminary were examined, and the network of their themes was extracted and analyzed in relation to the subject of the research. In this regard, a total of 751 basic themes appropriate to the subject were identified in all three sections, which led to the production of 80 organizing themes and 13 inclusive themes.

The motivational system and human decision-making mechanism are the focus of many important developments in economic knowledge. The theory of motivational system in the science of economics, by abandoning the restrictive neoclassical assumptions, is presenting a more complete analysis of the motivational system and the way people behave in real economic conditions. This progress in the theory of motivation also affected the "economy of science" and made economists to examine the effect of internal motivations and non-financial motivations on the performance of science producers. In the current research, while counting the types of motivations and incentives that influence the motivation of scientists and science producers, using the partial least squares (PLS) method, the data completed by 65 faculty members (33 full professors, 32 assistant professors and associate professor) from 19 universities all over the country were investigated and analyzed in SMART PLS4 software, and the influence of Intrinsic motivation, religious motivation, career rewards and financial rewards endives on the motivation system of scientists was investigated. A determination coefficient of one for the model shows that the defined dimensions completely cover and explain the central structure. The findings of the research show that internal, religious, occupational and financial incentives have positive effects on the scientist's motivation system with 0.38, 0.45, 0.24 and 0.33 respectively. Also, based on the importance-performance matrix, religious motivation, internal motivation, and financial incentive are respectively the most important in the scientist's motivation system, and in terms of performance, religious motivation has the highest performance. These findings can influence science and technology policy-making studies with the approach of resistance economy and Islamic economy.

The present study aimed at monitoring and evaluating the performance of General Departments of Physical Education and Extracurricular Activities in Iranian universities. The method of the research was descriptive-survey and the data was collected in fieldwork. The population of the study consisted of all managers of Departments of Physical Education and Extracurricular in the Iranian universities including the University of Isfahan, Razi University of Kermanshah, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Qom University, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Lorestan University, University of Mazandaran, the University of Tehran and Shahid Beheshti University which were randomly selected as the sample. To collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was employed which was obtained from interviews with physical education directors of universities and officials of the General Department of Physical Education in the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology. To analyze the data, descriptive (mean, standard deviation) and inferential (AHP hierarchical) statistics with Excel and Expert Choice software were used. Finally, 11 components and 76 indicators including championship sports development, public sports development, management and development of sports venues, financial resource management, operational planning, administrative interactions, organizational structure, and human resources, safety and environmental considerations (green sports), health and sports consulting, monitoring general units, facilities, and office automation were identified as indicators for evaluating and monitoring the performance of General Departments of Physical Education in universities.

According to market design theory, every market needs regularity and regulation. Influential levers in the market include pricing, limiting, motivating, thickening, congestion removal, and clearing levers. In a parallel Islamic</em> approach based on Shahid Sadr </em>thoughts, it is of Fiqh </em>or Islamic Jurisprudence </em>to determine and regulate economic framework of the markets. In other words, Fiqh has the responsibility of just and fair allocation and distribution of goods among all the people in the Islamic society. Through this task, Islamic thoughts are weaved through social instructions and so we can expect the realization of shariah goals in the economy. Thus, we can see that Islamic Jurisprudence is a kind of market design based on shariah teachings. Investigating this conceptual relationship, we are aimed in this article to extract the implications of market design theory using Islamic approach. Based on the results of this research, economic governance based on Islamic rules in each of four sectors of government, public, cooperative and private sector depends on creating motivation, increasing thickness, removing congestion and safety in the logic of jurisprudential exchanges. To sort out and link different economic sectors and increase coordination and coherence, increase the thickness of the market and reduce congestion, it is necessary to conduct interactions based on fair behavior, anti-monopoly and anti-hoarding, as well as adherence to Islamic rules.

The book “Why Nations Fail: The Roots of Power, Wealth and Poverty" written by Daron Ajmoglu and James E. Robinson is one of the works of new institutionalism. By examining the history of nations, the authors have analyzed the reasons for the growth and decline of societies. This work, like other works of the authors, is based on the comparative study of the long-term development experience of different nations. In this article, while examining the formal structure and quality of the translation of the book, which was done by Mohsen Mirdamadi and Mohammad Hossein Naimipour, the content of the book has also been examined. The book has content and methodological weaknesses. The authors claim to have derived their theory with a historical approach and an inductive method, but in fact, by choosing oriented analytical and comparative methods and of course philosophical ones, they have presented an ideological reading of the history of countries and the quality of their development. The lack of statistical evidence and the contention of the analytical method and repeated emphasis on the author's opinion with repeated identifications have weakened the content of the book. Claiming to be inductive and rejecting this claim by using an analogical approach is one of the most important problems of this book. The book has a fluent translation, but it has many editing problems. The design of its cover and back cover unfairly evokes a black, defeated, and poor image of the people of Iran.

The moral framework, as one of the basic coordinates for understanding concepts, has found a special role in the social sciences. If we consider the moral philosophy as a criterion for the validity or inadmissibility of an action, then the knowledge of ethical philosophy will be in charge of examining the theories of normative ethics. One of the concepts whose normative framework should be examined based on the knowledge of the philosophy of ethics is social capital. Although examples of social capital in the religion of Islam are also considered, but neglect of the normative framework of this concept in religious studies has led to the introduction of religion and religiosity in some studies only as a micro component to strengthen social capital. The present study, conducted in an analytical manner and in the context of moral philosophy, presents a division of religious studies in the field of social capital. The study extracts the normative framework of social capital and shows the criticisms of the concept of social capital witch emerged through the framework of "Utilitarianism". According to the findings of this study, the components that are presented as social capital in Islam, while having a collective consequence, have some characteristics that justify them in the form of "deontological ethics" and this is something that is far from the eyes of researchers in this field. While this study is not going to analyze the social capital on the basis of the Islamic moral philosophy, its denotations will be informative for religious studies due to its consideration of the features of concepts introduced into the humanities.

Trade has always been a key element in Iran's economic system. The privileged geographical location and the passage of important trade highways such as the Silk Road through Iran can be considered as one of the reasons for the prosperity of trade and commercial activities in these areas. Sistan and Baluchestan region also had a significant commercial prosperity due to its special geographical location and its position in the important trade routes of the past. But in recent centuries, with the shift of trade from land to sea, these areas have gradually become isolated.
Lack of economic development and job opportunities have led to smuggling and insecurity in Sistan and Baluchestan. As a result, with the spread of smuggling and increasing insecurity, a purely security approach prevailed in the border areas of the province. In order to eliminate the problem of smuggling and reduce insecurity, the present study has studied the idea of reproducing the trade system under the strategy of reviving the Silk Road and changing the security approach to a commercial approach. In this applied research, which has a descriptive approach, library resources, articles and semi-structured interviews were used to collect information and data.
The statistical population of this study is hidden economy experts and academics and for the analysis of the data, obtained from the interviews, the method of Grounded Theory has been used. The results of the analysis of the interviews indicate that connecting to international economic corridors will create jobs and reduce smuggling in the region. Also, facilitating and accelerating trade and achieving endogenous security will be among the results of adopting a trade approach in the Sistan and Baluchestan region, which can be achieved by an active diplomacy in the areas of roads and economy, as well as improving and expanding communication infrastructure under the strategy of reviving the Silk Road or similar projects.

The growing role of science and technology in economic development makes the necessity of policymaking and planning for the science and technology system more important. In line with centralized, top-down planning approaches to science and technology policymaking, the spatial planning approach is a bottom-up effort to identify regional capacities and potentials in order to provide an endogenous and balanced model for the development of science and technology. Although the spatial planning approach in its general form has a multi-decade history in the planning literature, the optimization of this approach in the science and technology governance needs methodological innovations. The purpose of this study was to provide a science and technology spatial planning methodology using institutional mapping. To this end, we used two cross-sections. On the one hand, we took into account innovation within a regional system, and on the other hand, we adopted the institutional mapping to attain a method for its analysis and estimation. In this system, first the institutions of the science and technology institution including the science institution, the technology institution, and the market institution were identified, and then the interconnection capabilities of these three institutions and their subsidiaries were evaluated. This was done through the extraction of the similarity graph. The similarity graph, which was obtained through the quantification of binary relationships of the science and technology system sub-institutions, expressed the diversity and intensity of the connections of each institute with other institutes. The more diverse and intense the relationships among the institutions were in general, the more optimal the science and technology system would be. Ultimately, observing this graph, the policymaker can design a scenario for moving toward regional balance for each of these institutions so that in the predetermined chronological horizons, the institutional proximity is increased and the agreement and accord of the institutions are enhanced.

In a knowledge-based economy, by the injection of high-level knowledge in different economic sectors (including technical and market knowledge), the functioning of institutions, components and relations will be facilitated and the economic structure will be more consolidated. In the knowledge-based industries as one phenomenon of knowledge-based economy, with the injection of innovation and advanced technical and market knowledge in the production process, it is possible to speed up the product achievement and its quality or to design a new product to meet some needs. With an increasing boost in economic growth, these industries will double the economic capabilities and boost the level of authority of the countries. In this paper, by examination of the two common and competitive approaches in knowledge-based industries, and pros and cons of the two approaches, we attend to describe a third approach for the knowledge-based industries which brings more economic security for the countries; an approach whose design is based on the Eghtesad-e-Moghavemati theory. The knowledge-based Moghavemati industry is a small-scale, easy-to-use and capable-of-extension type of industry, and regarding the change of this kind of industrialization into the public culture in a sustainable and balanced manner, it contributes to the countries’ economic growth. This kind of industry could not be threatened easily, and in that case, it will not be damaged easily.
 

Institutions of science and technology system, as drivers of science, knowledge, industry and the market, always play a key role in Innovation Systems. Generally, three kinds of such institutions can be recognized: (i) Institution of science including universities and other higher-education institutions; (ii) Institution of technology such as science and technology parks, R&D units, research centers and knowledge-based enterprises; (iii) Institution of market in its wide meaning including industries, services and agriculture sectors. Considering each of these three institutions independently, we have analyzed their strategies based on the preferences of cooperating or non-cooperating through dynamic games with complete information. In order to solve this game, we have used the method of Subgame Perfect Equilibrium (SPE). As a result, we have shown modes of action, leading strategies, outcome of each strategy, Nash equilibria as well as sub-game equilibrium. Whole game is also shown in its extended and matrix form. Among several Nash equilibria, only one equilibrium was credible according SPE which is triple partnership between all institutions.

Commodification of affairs and concepts and justifying them to physical goods is the process that began from formation of conventional economics. At this process gradually it has been struggled to put up all affairs and concepts below economic logic and marketized them to transaction. Knowledge is a concept that commoditized after 1950s. This article has been written in analytical method on the base of economic philosophy by critical approach to commodification of knowledge. Knowledge in capital and transactive structure has been entered into economic literature and formed Economics of Science. Based on Economics of Science, knowledge can enter to transaction as commodity on one hand and as capital into economic growth function to improve production and wealth. Staying knowledge as market agent defined market as main motivator of knowledge production and ignored other motivators like need, culture, politics, security, wish and taste. Changing of conditions from marketized knowledge to progressive and perfect knowledge needs some institutions that can satisfied scientist’s wishes and incentives in to parallel Priority.

The development of the Islamic Iranian pattern of progress requires, in advance, theories that address its nature and clarify the limits of this model. This theory is the product of a second view of the pattern, and its rules can form the basis of the pattern. Therefore, the method of analysis in the theory of modeling is a philosophical reflection and a fundamentalist critique. In the book Islamic and Iranian Progress Pattern Theory (Axioms and Elements), the author has tried to present several concepts about Islamic and Iranian progress and finally enumerated the basic principles and elements of this theory. In this article, two parts of this book have been criticized. Firstly, formal and visual flaws including the design of the book and the way it is referenced and the quality of the resources used. Secondly, given the issues raised in the book, the present book cannot be considered as a strong and usable book in the field of Islamic and Iranian progress theory, and its use, whether as a book containing precise theories or as a textbook containing various theories is problematic.

The Purpose of this Study was Development of Structural Equation Models of Strategical Thinking and Organizational Agility in Selected Iranian Sports Federations. The research method was Correlation Methods that used Structural Equation Models (Structal Equation & path diagram). the Measuring Instruments was Included Strategical Thinking Questionnaire (Liedtka, 1998) and Organization Agility Questionnaire (Spitzer, 2007).Validity of Questionnaires was face and Content and Cronbach's Alpha Coefficients Strategical Thinking Questionnaire was 0.96 and Organizational Agility Questionnaire was 0.96 Determined. The Statistical Population of this Research was Including 22 Islamic Republic of Iranian Selected Sport Federation and Statistical sample was 269 Experts and Executives of 22 of Iranian Selected Sport Federation was distributed byKrejcie and Morgan (1970) Table for Determining Sample Size to SimpleRandom Sampling thatwas analyzed by using LISREL Statistical Software. Results indicate that there was Impact Positive Significant the Elements of Strategic Thinking System Perspective (=β0.86), Intent Focus (=β0.91), Hypothesis Driven (=β0.87), Intelligent opportunism (=β0.92) andThinking in Time (=β0.88) on Strategical Thinking. That was Impact Positive Significant the Component Speed (=β0.92), Competency (=β0.92), Felxiability (=β0.85) and Responsiveness (=β0.85), on Organizational Agility (P>0.01).In totally that was Impact Positive Significant Strategical Thinking on Organizational Agility (=β0.86, t=17.82, P>0.01).Those Sequential Model Fitting Procedures Indicate Impacted Strategical Thinking on Organizational Agility in Selected Iranian Sports Federations. Therefore, by Setting Goals and Developing a Cohesive Strategically Thinking between Managers and Staffs ofSports Federations can be Identified Improving Organizational Agility in Sports Federations in the Future.

Conventional approach considers explicitly a concrete and precise concept for ‘theory’ insofar as you think all economists look at the clear concept. In order to evaluating this approach, we survey concept of ‘theory’ in historical and analytical perspectives.
In this philosophical analytical article after historical survey around modality of ‘Theory’ appear among Renaissance economists, we follow the possibility of founding the coherent characteristics for Economic Theory. Then we referred our results to Sadr’s points of view. It is rejected that: economists have a consensus about nature of theory and there is a specific and clear definition for this word.
But we can extract some nonconsensus characteristics that can show some dimensions of economic theory. Based on Methodological Individualism and Methodological Partialism, Independence of Theory from Method and From theorist (be Scientific, realistic and explanatory), based on unique analytical factor, possibility of independence of knowledge disciplines and theory specialization, mathematical logic governance on theories and empirical method governance on theories are basic affaires of Economic theories that Sadr criticize all of them.